{"slug": "middle-ages", "label": "Middle Ages", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12554", "qid": "Q12554", "description": "period of European history from the 5th to the late 15th-century", "entries": 13, "years": 13, "span": [374, 1616], "span_label": ["374 CE", "1616 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 4}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 3}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 2}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "holy-roman-empire", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "europe", "label": "Europe", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "india", "label": "India", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "central-asia", "label": "Central Asia", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "xuanzang", "label": "Xuanzang", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "republic-of-venice", "label": "Republic of Venice", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "lothair-of-france", "label": "Lothair of France", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "adelaide-of-italy", "label": "Adelaide of Italy", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "douai", "label": "Douai", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-france", "label": "Kingdom of France", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "wallachia", "label": "Wallachia", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 374, "year_label": "374 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 7", "text": "December 7 – The people of Milan astonish Ambrosius, governor of Aemilia-Liguria, by acclaiming him bishop. He is the second son of the former praetorian prefect of Gaul, and becomes a creative thinker whose ideas will provide the paradigm for medieval church-state relations.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1288884897#Religion", "title": "374", "revid": 1288884897, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 476, "year_label": "476 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 4", "text": "September 4 – Romulus Augustulus, Roman usurper of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed by Odoacer at Ravenna. Odoacer spares the boy's life and gives him a pension of 6,000 solidi, but exiles him to the \"Castellum Lucullanum\" (Castel dell'Ovo), on the island of Megaride in the Gulf of Naples. This event will later be romanticized in Western literature and history as the Fall of Western Rome, and is traditionally used by historians to mark the beginning of the European Middle Ages.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355222972#Roman_Empire", "title": "476", "revid": 1355222972, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 520, "year_label": "520 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Priscian, Latin grammarian, writes the Institutiones Grammaticae (\"Grammatical Foundations\"). In Constantinople, he codifies this manuscript in 18 volumes, which will be widely used through the Middle Ages. It provides the raw material for the field of speculative grammar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364908909#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "520", "revid": 1364908909, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 646, "year_label": "646 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Xuanzang completes his book Great Tang Records on the Western Regions, which later becomes one of the primary sources for the study of medieval Central Asia and India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804476#Religion", "title": "646", "revid": 1340804476, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 765, "year_label": "765 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "European writings make the first known mention of a three-field system in use in medieval Europe. The crop rotation is the practice of growing a series of different types of crops in the same area in sequential seasons. Under this system, the land of an estate or village is divided into three large fields, and makes a given section of land productive 2 years out of 3, instead of every other year (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340847741#Agriculture", "title": "765", "revid": 1340847741, "section": "Events › By topic › Agriculture"}}, {"year": 778, "year_label": "778 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – Battle of Roncevaux Pass (Pyrenees): Charlemagne is defeated by the Basques. Among those killed is Roland, governor of the Breton March, who will be immortalized in the 11th century epic The Song of Roland. This marks the beginning of medieval French literature.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267081416#Europe", "title": "778", "revid": 1267081416, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 966, "year_label": "966 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Spring – King Lothair of France marries Princess Emma of Italy (the only daughter of Adelaide of Burgundy—second wife of Emperor Otto the Great, from her first marriage with King Lothair II, member of the Bosonid dynasty). Lothair strengthens his ties with the Holy Roman Empire. He temporarily remains in control of the cities of Arras and Douai. The latter becomes a flourishing textile market centre during the Middle Ages.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341513206#Europe", "title": "966", "revid": 1341513206, "section": "Events › Europe"}}, {"year": 1218, "year_label": "1218 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "The city of Rheims emits the first recorded public life annuity in Medieval Europe. This type of instrument had been mostly issued by religious institutions. The emission by Rheims is the first evidence of a consolidation of public debt that is to become common in the Langue d'Oïl, the Low Countries and Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347207200#Markets", "title": "1218", "revid": 1347207200, "section": "Events › By topic › Markets"}}, {"year": 1246, "year_label": "1246 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Robert Grosseteste translates Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics from Greek into Latin, which marks the true start of the rediscovery of the philosopher by Medieval Europe.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356775338#Arts", "title": "1246", "revid": 1356775338, "section": "Events › By topic › Arts"}}, {"year": 1262, "year_label": "1262 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "The Venice Senate starts consolidating all of the Republic's outstanding debt into a single fund, later known as the Monte Vecchio. The holders of the newly created prestiti are promised a 5% annual coupon. These claims can be sold, and quickly (before 1320) give rise to the first recorded secondary market for financial assets, in Medieval Europe.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1275696322#Markets", "title": "1262", "revid": 1275696322, "section": "Events › By topic › Markets"}}, {"year": 1308, "year_label": "1308 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Dante Alighieri begins work on his Divine Comedy, comprising Inferno, Purgatorio and Paradiso. It is one of the most influential works of the European Middle Ages (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367315343#Literature", "title": "1308", "revid": 1367315343, "section": "Events › By topic › Literature"}}, {"year": 1396, "year_label": "1396 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 25", "text": "September 25 – Battle of Nicopolis: The Ottomans defeat a joint crusade by Hungary, France, the Holy Roman Empire, and Wallachia, led by King Sigismund of Hungary. This is the last large-scale crusade of the Middle Ages.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360576293#July–September", "title": "1396", "revid": 1360576293, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1616, "year_label": "1616 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 25", "text": "December 25 – \"Father Christmas\" is a main character of Christmas, His Masque, written by Ben Jonson and presented at the court of King James I of England. Father Christmas is considered a papist symbol by Puritans, and later banished from England until the English Restoration. The traditional, comical costume for this jolly figure, as well as regional names, indicate that he is descended from the presenter of the medieval Feast of Fools.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366307823#November-December", "title": "1616", "revid": 1366307823, "section": "Events › November-December"}}]}