{"slug": "mikhail-gorbachev", "label": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30487", "qid": "Q30487", "description": "leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991 (1931–2022)", "entries": 16, "years": 9, "span": [1931, 2022], "span_label": ["1931 CE", "2022 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 6}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 3}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 2}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "soviet-union", "label": "Soviet Union", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "ronald-reagan", "label": "Ronald Reagan", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "cold-war", "label": "Cold War", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "china", "label": "China", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "nobel-peace-prize", "label": "Nobel Peace Prize", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "geneva", "label": "Geneva", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "united-states", "label": "United States", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "president-of-the-united-states", "label": "President of the United States", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "pope-john-paul-ii", "label": "Pope John Paul II", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "ottawa", "label": "Ottawa", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1931, "year_label": "1931 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "March 2", "text": "March 2 – Mikhail Gorbachev, the 8th and final leader of the Soviet Union, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2022)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371310518#March", "title": "1931", "revid": 1371310518, "section": "Births › March"}}, {"year": 1985, "year_label": "1985 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 11", "text": "March 11 – Mikhail Gorbachev becomes General Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party and de facto leader of the Soviet Union.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369963057#March", "title": "1985", "revid": 1369963057, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1985, "year_label": "1985 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 19", "text": "November 19 – Cold War: In Geneva, U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Soviet Union leader Mikhail Gorbachev meet for the first time.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369963057#November", "title": "1985", "revid": 1369963057, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1986, "year_label": "1986 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "February 25", "text": "February 25 – The 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union opens in Moscow. The General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev introduces the keywords of his mandate to the audience: Glasnost and Perestroika.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373510075#February", "title": "1986", "revid": 1373510075, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1986, "year_label": "1986 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 11", "text": "October 11–12 – Cold War: Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev meet in Reykjavík, Iceland, to continue discussions about scaling back their intermediate missile arsenals in Europe, which end in failure.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373510075#October", "title": "1986", "revid": 1373510075, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1987, "year_label": "1987 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 8", "text": "December 8 – The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty is signed in Washington, D.C. by U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. It expired in 2019.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372769014#December", "title": "1987", "revid": 1372769014, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1987, "year_label": "1987 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 12", "text": "June 12 – During a visit to Berlin, Germany, U.S. President Ronald Reagan challenges Soviet general secretary Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372769014#June", "title": "1987", "revid": 1372769014, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1988, "year_label": "1988 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – The Soviet Union begins its program of economic restructuring (perestroika) with legislation initiated by Premier Mikhail Gorbachev (though Gorbachev had begun minor restructuring in 1985).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373532411#January", "title": "1988", "revid": 1373532411, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1988, "year_label": "1988 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 29", "text": "May 29–June 3 – The Moscow Summit meeting between U.S. President Ronald Reagan and General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev takes place, where the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) was finalized.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373532411#May", "title": "1988", "revid": 1373532411, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1989, "year_label": "1989 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 1", "text": "December 1 – In a meeting with Pope John Paul II, General Secretary of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev pledges greater religious freedom for citizens of the Soviet Union.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557705#December", "title": "1989", "revid": 1369557705, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1989, "year_label": "1989 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May 14", "text": "May 14 – Mikhail Gorbachev visits China, the first Soviet leader to do so since Nikita Khrushchev in the 1960s, ending the Sino-Soviet split.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557705#May", "title": "1989", "revid": 1369557705, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1990, "year_label": "1990 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 20", "text": "January 20 – Cold War: Black January – Soviet troops occupy Baku, Azerbaijan SSR, under the state of emergency decree issued by General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev, and kill over 130 protesters who were demonstrating for independence. The Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic declares its independence from the USSR.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366571855#January", "title": "1990", "revid": 1366571855, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1990, "year_label": "1990 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 1", "text": "June 1 – Cold War: U.S. President George H. W. Bush and Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev sign a treaty to end chemical weapon production and begin destroying their respective stocks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366571855#June", "title": "1990", "revid": 1366571855, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1990, "year_label": "1990 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "May 29", "text": "May 29 – Mikhail Gorbachev arrives in Ottawa for a 29-hour visit.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366571855#May", "title": "1990", "revid": 1366571855, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1991, "year_label": "1991 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 16", "text": "April 16–18 – General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev begins the first ever visit of a Soviet leader to Japan, but fails to resolve the two countries' dispute over ownership of the Kuril Islands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371487470#April", "title": "1991", "revid": 1371487470, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 2022, "year_label": "2022 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 30", "text": "August 30 – Mikhail Gorbachev, the final leader of the Soviet Union, dies at the age of 91.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371998228#August", "title": "2022", "revid": 1371998228, "section": "Events › August"}}]}