{"slug": "milan", "label": "Milan", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q490", "qid": "Q490", "description": "Italian commune and capital city of Lombardy", "entries": 96, "years": 93, "span": [-221, 2020], "span_label": ["222 BCE", "2020 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 37}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 19}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 14}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 6}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 5}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 4}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 3}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 3}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 3}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 2}], "related": [{"slug": "mediolanum", "label": "Mediolanum", "shared": 13}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-italy-holy-roman-empire", "label": "Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "verona", "label": "Verona", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "lombards", "label": "Lombards", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "rome", "label": "Rome", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "lombardy", "label": "Lombardy", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-france", "label": "Kingdom of France", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "pavia", "label": "Pavia", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "brescia", "label": "Brescia", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-the-lombards", "label": "Kingdom of the Lombards", "shared": 3}], "items": [{"year": -221, "year_label": "222 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "After taking Acerrae Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus marches on Mediolanum (modern Milan), another stronghold of the Insubres, which also falls into Roman hands, upon which the chieftains of the Insubres lose all hope and surrendered unconditionally. Thus the Romans succeeded in conquering the largest independent Celtic tribe in Italy and firmly established their hegemony over the Po Valley, then the most productive agricultural region in the peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1295080485#Roman_Republic", "title": "222 BC", "revid": 1295080485, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 256, "year_label": "256 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Franks cross the Rhine; the Alemanni reach Mediolanum (Milan) (disputed date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188385#Roman_Empire", "title": "256", "revid": 1371188385, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 259, "year_label": "259 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Mediolanum: A Germanic confederation, the Alamanni (300,000 warriors), who crossed the Alps, are defeated by Roman legions under Gallienus, near Mediolanum (modern Milan).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331138913#Roman_Empire", "title": "259", "revid": 1331138913, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 260, "year_label": "260 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Gallienus establishes himself at Mediolanum (modern Milan); he reorganizes the army, supported by elite cavalry, and dispatches troops to the Rhine frontier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371187251#Roman_Empire", "title": "260", "revid": 1371187251, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 261, "year_label": "261 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Gallienus crushes the Alemanni at Milan (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188936#Roman_Empire", "title": "261", "revid": 1371188936, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 265, "year_label": "265 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Gallienus gives the order to fortify Milan and Verona.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369159579#Roman_Empire", "title": "265", "revid": 1369159579, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 268, "year_label": "268 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Gallienus is killed by his senior officers at Mediolanum (Milan) while besieging his rival Aureolus. Aureolus is murdered in turn by the Praetorian guard.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325890231#Roman_Empire", "title": "268", "revid": 1325890231, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 291, "year_label": "291 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Winter: The emperors Diocletian and Maximian convene in Milan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1270957689#Roman_Empire", "title": "291", "revid": 1270957689, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 313, "year_label": "313 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February", "text": "February: Emperors Constantine I and Licinius convene in Mediolanum (modern Milan). Licinius marries Constantine's half-sister Constantia, and they issue the Edict of Milan. This edict ends the Great Persecution against the Christians and is the first piece of legislation in western history to decree freedom of religion. It also returns property confiscated from Christians. The edict is posted in Nicomedia on June 13.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330160715#Roman_Empire", "title": "313", "revid": 1330160715, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 313, "year_label": "313 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 3", "text": "February 3 – Edict of Milan: Constantine the Great and co-emperor Licinius meet at a conference in Mediolanum (modern Milan). They proclaim a policy of religious freedom for all, ending the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire and returning property confiscated from Christians. The edict is posted in Nicomedia on June 13.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330160715#Religion", "title": "313", "revid": 1330160715, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 344, "year_label": "344 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Bishop Eustorgius I brings relics of the Three Magi from Constantinople to Milan, according to a 12th century legend.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1314901826#Religion", "title": "344", "revid": 1314901826, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 345, "year_label": "345 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Constans orders the Basilica di Santa Tecla to be constructed in Milan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1287502922#Italy", "title": "345", "revid": 1287502922, "section": "Events › By place › Italy"}}, {"year": 352, "year_label": "352 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "By the end of the year Constantius enters Milan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1279672452#Roman_Empire", "title": "352", "revid": 1279672452, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 355, "year_label": "355 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Pope Liberius refuses to sign a condemnation of Athanasius, Patriarch of Alexandria, imposed at Milan by Constantius II. Liberius is exiled to Beroea (Greece) and replaced by Felix II. He becomes an antipope and bishop of Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331300399#Religion", "title": "355", "revid": 1331300399, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 381, "year_label": "381 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Gratian moves the capital to Mediolanum (modern-day Milan). Because of his Christian beliefs, he eliminates Pontifex Maximus as Imperial title. Gratian also refuses the robe of office, insulting the pagan aristocrats of Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1281451732#Roman_Empire", "title": "381", "revid": 1281451732, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 384, "year_label": "384 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Ambrosius refuses the request of Empress Justina for a church in Milan, where she can worship according to her Arian belief.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364741473#Religion", "title": "384", "revid": 1364741473, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 390, "year_label": "390 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April", "text": "April – Massacre of Thessalonica: Resentment among the citizens of Thessalonica (Macedonia) breaks out into violence after the arrest of a popular charioteer. Butheric, military commander of Illyricum, is murdered. Emperor Theodosius I orders vengeance, despite the pleas for mercy by Ambrose, bishop of Milan; more than 7,000 inhabitants are massacred by the Roman army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355430318#Roman_Empire", "title": "390", "revid": 1355430318, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 395, "year_label": "395 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 17", "text": "January 17 – Emperor Theodosius I, age 48, dies of a disease involving severe edema in Milan. The Roman Empire is divided for the final time into an eastern and a western half. The Eastern Roman Empire is centered in Constantinople under Arcadius, son of Theodosius, and the Western Roman Empire in Mediolanum under his brother Honorius.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1334185587#Roman_Empire", "title": "395", "revid": 1334185587, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 400, "year_label": "400 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Resurrection and \"Two Marys with Angel near the Empty Tomb\", panel of a diptych, found in Rome, is made. It is now kept at Castello Sforzesco, Milan (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347571639#Art", "title": "400", "revid": 1347571639, "section": "Events › By topic › Art"}}, {"year": 402, "year_label": "402 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Visigoths advance on Mediolanum (modern Milan) and besiege Asti in Liguria. King Alaric I sends envoys to negotiate a peace, but the Roman government refuses to make deals with \"barbarians.\"", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326555519#Roman_Empire", "title": "402", "revid": 1326555519, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 452, "year_label": "452 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Huns under Attila invade Northern Italy. Emperor Valentinian III flees from Ravenna to Rome, and sends Pope Leo I to persuade Attila to return to the Hungarian Plain. The cities of Aquileia, Padua and Verona are destroyed by the Huns. Milan is saved because Attila is offered a huge amount of gold. Flavius Aetius (magister militum) is unable to raise a new army against him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342662685#Europe", "title": "452", "revid": 1342662685, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 489, "year_label": "489 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Ostrogoths capture the cities Pavia and Milan. The majority of Odoacer's army, including his magister militum Tufa, surrenders to Theodoric.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364747647#Europe", "title": "489", "revid": 1364747647, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 490, "year_label": "490 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 11", "text": "August 11 – Battle of the Adda River: Theodoric and his ally Alaric II defeat the forces of Odoacer, on the Adda River, near Milan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364755224#Europe", "title": "490", "revid": 1364755224, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 538, "year_label": "538 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April", "text": "April – Belisarius secures Liguria, Mediolanum (modern Milan) and Ariminum, but disagreements, especially with Narses, leads to disunity in the Byzantine army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351200776#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "538", "revid": 1351200776, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 539, "year_label": "539 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March", "text": "March – Gothic War: The Goths and the Burgundians recapture Mediolanum (modern Milan), after many months of siege, the city reaching the point of starvation. The Byzantine garrison (1,000 men) surrenders and is spared, but the inhabitants are massacred (according to Procopius 300,000 people are murdered), and the city itself is destroyed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754969#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "539", "revid": 1364754969, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 540, "year_label": "540 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – Gothic War: Belisarius conquers Mediolanum (modern-day Milan) and the Gothic capital Ravenna. Vitiges and his wife Matasuntha are taken as captives to Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367291057#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "540", "revid": 1367291057, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 569, "year_label": "569 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – The Lombards conquer Forum Iulii (Cividale del Friuli) in northeastern Italy. Later in the year, the Lombards conquer Milan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349645704#Europe", "title": "569", "revid": 1349645704, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 590, "year_label": "590 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Franks and Burgundians under King Guntram invade Italy. They capture the cities Milan and Verona, but are forced to leave by a plague outbreak in the Po Valley.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364753220#Europe", "title": "590", "revid": 1364753220, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 591, "year_label": "591 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Agilulf, cousin of Authari (called \"the Thuringian\"), is raised on the shield (a ceremonial investment) by Lombard warriors in Milan. He becomes king of the Lombards, on advice of the Lombard dukes (dux). Agilulf marries widowed queen Theodelinda and is baptized to please her.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751608#Europe", "title": "591", "revid": 1364751608, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 600, "year_label": "600 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "King Agilulf of the Lombards and Queen Theodelinda build a palace complex at Monza, northeast of Milan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751689#Europe", "title": "600", "revid": 1364751689, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 661, "year_label": "661 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Perctarit and Godepert become co-rulers of the Lombards, following the death of their father Aripert I. They split the kingdom, and establish their capitals in Milan and Pavia (northern Italy).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804600#Europe", "title": "661", "revid": 1340804600, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 671, "year_label": "671 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Perctarit returns to Lombardy from exile and reclaims his realm, which is being ruled on behalf of Garibald, since his father King Grimoald I died. He deposes the young king, and becomes the new ruler of the Lombard Kingdom in Italy. During his reign Perctarit makes Catholicism the official religion, but does not recognize papal authority. Grimoald is buried in the St. Ambrogio Church (Milan).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805234#Europe", "title": "671", "revid": 1340805234, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 749, "year_label": "749 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King Ratchis of the Lombards besieges Perugia, but is convinced to lift the siege by Pope Zachary. His decision to lift the siege of Perugia undermines his authority among the Lombard nobility, and ultimately results in the nobility deposing him at a council in Milan. King Ratchis is forced to retire with his family to the monastery at Monte Cassino.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365938976#Europe", "title": "749", "revid": 1365938976, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 875, "year_label": "875 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 12", "text": "August 12 – Emperor Louis II dies in Brescia, after having named his cousin Carloman, son of King Louis the German, as his successor. Louis is buried in the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio in Milan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352180718#Europe", "title": "875", "revid": 1352180718, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 894, "year_label": "894 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – King Arnulf of Carinthia invades Italy at the head of an East Frankish expeditionary army, joining up with the deposed king Berengar I at Verona. He conquers Brescia after little resistance, and sacks Bergamo after a one-month siege. The cities of Milan and Pavia open their doors to Arnulf. Emperor Guy III escapes from Pavia, to hide in the mountains of Spoleto (Umbria).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130298#Europe", "title": "894", "revid": 1341130298, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 941, "year_label": "941 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Fall – Hugh of Provence, king of Italy, leads a fourth expedition to Rome to dislodge Alberic II. He proceeds to Lazio, preparing a campaign to capture the papal capital. Again the attacks fail and Hugh retreats to Milan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512041#Europe", "title": "941", "revid": 1341512041, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 945, "year_label": "945 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Berengar of Ivrea invades Italy with hired Lombard troops and takes up residence in Milan. Berengar proceeds to Verona, where he is joined by forces of Count Milo and other partisans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365595392#Europe", "title": "945", "revid": 1365595392, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1026, "year_label": "1026 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Spring – King Conrad II, \"the Elder\", assembles an army of thousands of armored knights for an expedition into Italy. He besieges Pavia and marches to Milan, where he is crowned with the Iron Crown by Archbishop Aribert as king of the Lombards. Duke William V (\"the Great\") of Aquitaine, who is already en route for Italy, decides to renounce his claim to the Lombard throne and turns back.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365590752#Europe", "title": "1026", "revid": 1365590752, "section": "Events › Asia › Europe"}}, {"year": 1118, "year_label": "1118 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The economic competition between Milan and Como drives the two cities to war.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365269195#Italy", "title": "1118", "revid": 1365269195, "section": "Events › By place › Italy"}}, {"year": 1134, "year_label": "1134 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Humiliati retreat to a monastery in Milan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1321069056#Religion", "title": "1134", "revid": 1321069056, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1158, "year_label": "1158 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 11", "text": "January 11 – Vladislav II becomes king of Bohemia. He is crowned by Frederick Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor, with a diadem (called by the chroniclers a diadema or circulus). Vladislaus is also invested with Upper Lusatia, and accompanies Frederick to Milan to suppress the rebellion in Lombardy (northern Italy).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1301998061#Europe", "title": "1158", "revid": 1301998061, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1162, "year_label": "1162 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 6", "text": "March 6 – German forces led by Frederick Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor, capture Milan; much of the city is destroyed three weeks later on the emperor's orders. The fortifications are demolished and the churches are destroyed. The population is dispersed, and the commune abolished. The fate of Milan leads to the submission of Brescia, Piacenza, and many other northern Italian cities.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184511#Europe", "title": "1162", "revid": 1369184511, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1164, "year_label": "1164 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Rainald of Dassel brings relics of the Three Magi from Milan to Cologne as a gift for Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362164526#Religion", "title": "1164", "revid": 1362164526, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1167, "year_label": "1167 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 7", "text": "April 7 – Oath of Pontida: Supported by Pope Alexander III, the Lombard League is founded, a military alliance between the municipalities of Milan, Lodi, Ferrara, Piacenza and Parma, against the German invading forces of Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) in Northern Italy. The League (with other Italian cities) openly challenges Frederick's claim to power (Honor Imperii).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361983030#Europe", "title": "1167", "revid": 1361983030, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1208, "year_label": "1208 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "November 11", "text": "November 11 – Otto IV is elected by the German nobles as king of Germany at Frankfurt. He is engaged to Beatrice and travels to Milan where he receives the Iron Crown and the title of King of Italy, which continues until the end of World War I in 1918.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371078934#Europe", "title": "1208", "revid": 1371078934, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1238, "year_label": "1238 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 11", "text": "July 11 – Siege of Brescia: Emperor Frederick II begins the siege of Brescia. He rejects the negotiations of the Lombard League and insists on unconditional surrender to the imperial forces in northern Italy. This blocks all possibilities of a peaceful settlement. Milan and five other Lombard cities are attacked. In early October, after a successful sortie by the city's defenders, Frederick is forced to lift the siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1337076438#Europe", "title": "1238", "revid": 1337076438, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1277, "year_label": "1277 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 21", "text": "January 21 – Battle of Desio: Lombard forces under Archbishop Ottone Visconti defeat the Della Torre family troops for the rule of Milan. Later, Ottone enters the city in triumph, and imprisons Napoleone della Torre in the Castello Baradello at Como (Northern Italy).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362646784#Europe", "title": "1277", "revid": 1362646784, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1311, "year_label": "1311 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 6", "text": "January 6 – Henry VII, the future Holy Roman Emperor, is crowned King of Italy in Milan with a mock-up of the Iron crown of Lombardy. The Tuscan Guelphs refuse to attend the ceremony and begin preparing for resistance against Henry's rule. Henry approves the despotic regimes of Matteo I Visconti in Milan and Cangrande I della Scala in Verona. The cities of Piedmont and Lombardy submit to Henry – in accordance with the proclaimed program of peace and justice. Florence and their Guelph (anti-imperialist) allies in Tuscany and Romagna move to defend themselves against Henry's accession.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332018282#January_–_March", "title": "1311", "revid": 1332018282, "section": "Events › January – March"}}, {"year": 1323, "year_label": "1323 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 11", "text": "June 11 – Bertrand du Pouget, French papal legate, commanding a military campaign against the Ghibellines besieges Milan – but abandons the siege when Louis IV of Bavaria, King of the Romans, sends a relief army to Italy to aid the city and to protect his domains against the Kingdom of Naples, which is together with France the strongest ally of the Papal States.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332018212#April_–_June", "title": "1323", "revid": 1332018212, "section": "Events › April – June"}}, {"year": 1324, "year_label": "1324 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 16", "text": "August 16 – In Italy, Pagano della Torre, Patriarch of Aquileia, is defeated in battle at Vaprio d'Agogna in Piedmont in his attempt to reclaim Milan from the Visconti family, and abandons further crusades.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1303312513#July_–_September", "title": "1324", "revid": 1303312513, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1327, "year_label": "1327 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 4", "text": "July 4 – During a banquet given by Galeazzo I Visconti in Milan, an attempt is apparently made to poison the guest of honor, Louis IV, newly crowned as King of Italy. Galeazzo's brother, Stefano Visconti, becomes ill after tasting food and drink intended for Louis and dies suddenly at home. Stefano's brothers Galeazzo, Giovanni, and Luchino, along with his nephew Azzone Visconti, are all imprisoned on orders of the Holy Roman Emperor based on accusations of a fourth brother, Marco Visconti.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367267747#July_–_September", "title": "1327", "revid": 1367267747, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1378, "year_label": "1378 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 4", "text": "August 4 – Gian Galeazzo Visconti succeeds his father, Galeazzo II Visconti, as ruler of Milan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366019926#July–September", "title": "1378", "revid": 1366019926, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1385, "year_label": "1385 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 19", "text": "December 19 – Bernabò Visconti, Lord of Milan (b. 1319)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362439687#Deaths", "title": "1385", "revid": 1362439687, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1412, "year_label": "1412 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 16", "text": "May 16 – Gian Maria Visconti, the Duke of Milan since 1402, is assassinated in front of the church of San Gottardo in Milan by a party of Milanese Ghibellines on the orders of his terminally ill rival, Facino Cane. Visconti is stabbed in the leg and then in his head. Filippo Maria Visconti, Gian Maria's son, becomes the new Duke of Milan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357537157#April–June", "title": "1412", "revid": 1357537157, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1418, "year_label": "1418 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August 23", "text": "August 23 – Beatrice Lascaris di Tenda, Duchess of Milan as the wife of the Duke Filippo Maria Visconti, is secretly arrested for adultery and removed from the walled city of Milan while its gates are locked. On her husband's orders, she is transferred to the Castello Visconteo in nearby Binasco, where she, two of her maidens, and her lover, the troubadour Michele Orombelli, are tortured. Beatrice is beheaded on September 13, and her three accomplices are put to death on the same day.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357024356#July–September", "title": "1418", "revid": 1357024356, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1449, "year_label": "1449 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 6", "text": "July 6 – The Ambrosian Republic of Milan defeats the armies of the Swiss canton of Uri at the Battle of Castione in what is now Switzerland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365251873#July–September", "title": "1449", "revid": 1365251873, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1450, "year_label": "1450 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 26", "text": "February 26 – Francesco Sforza enters Milan after a siege, becoming Duke of the city-state, and founding a dynasty that will rule Milan for a century.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358834049#January–March", "title": "1450", "revid": 1358834049, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1473, "year_label": "1473 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 12", "text": "February 12 – The first complete inside edition of Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine (Latin translation) is published in Milan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361813739#January–March", "title": "1473", "revid": 1361813739, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1480, "year_label": "1480 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "November 3", "text": "November 3 – Ludovico Sforza succeeds his sister-in-law, Bona of Savoy, as regent of Milan for his 12-year-old nephew Gian Galeazzo Sforza, Bona's son and the Duke of Milan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370179650#October–December", "title": "1480", "revid": 1370179650, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1498, "year_label": "1498 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 9", "text": "February 9 – Leonardo da Vinci completes his painting The Last Supper, on the refectory wall of Milan's Santa Maria delle Grazie Convent. Because the location is a thin exterior wall, the effects of humidity and moisture-retaining rock behind the wall begin to cause the painting to deteriorate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363338704#January–March", "title": "1498", "revid": 1363338704, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1499, "year_label": "1499 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 26", "text": "October 26 – King Louis XII of France and his troops seize Milan, driving out Duke Ludovico Sforza, and Leonardo da Vinci flees to Venice.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369343359#October–December", "title": "1499", "revid": 1369343359, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1500, "year_label": "1500 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 5", "text": "February 5 – Ludovico Sforza's Swiss mercenary army retakes the city of Milan from the French during the Second Italian War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371377541#January–March", "title": "1500", "revid": 1371377541, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1500, "year_label": "1500 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 5", "text": "January 5 – Duke Ludovico Sforza recaptures Milan, but is soon driven out again by the French.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371377541#January–March", "title": "1500", "revid": 1371377541, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1507, "year_label": "1507 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 14", "text": "May 14 – In Italy, King Louis XII of France departs from Genoa and makes a triumphant entry into Milan on May 24.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367240730#April–June", "title": "1507", "revid": 1367240730, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1509, "year_label": "1509 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 1", "text": "October 1 – The siege of Padua ends with Venetian victory, causing the retreat of HRE and French forces back to Tyrol and Milan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369335853#October–December", "title": "1509", "revid": 1369335853, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1516, "year_label": "1516 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 13", "text": "August 13 – The Treaty of Noyon is signed. King François I of France recognizes Charles I of Spain's claim to Naples, and Charles recognizes Francis's claim to Milan. The treaty also promised Louise of France to Charles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368315851#July–September", "title": "1516", "revid": 1368315851, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1516, "year_label": "1516 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 29", "text": "November 29 – The \"Treaty of Perpetual Peace\" is signed in the city of Fribourg in Switzerland, between representatives of the Thirteen Cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy, and King Francis of the Kingdom of France, confirming the French victory in the 1515 Battle of Marignano. The Swiss Confederacy renounces all claims to the French protectorate of Milan in Italy, in for 700,000 gold crowns in compensation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368315851#October–December", "title": "1516", "revid": 1368315851, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1521, "year_label": "1521 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 23", "text": "November 23 – Spanish–German–Papal forces under Prospero Colonna force French Marshal Odet de Lautrec to abandon Milan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369246997#October–December", "title": "1521", "revid": 1369246997, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1522, "year_label": "1522 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 27", "text": "April 27 – In the Battle of Bicocca, French and Swiss forces under Odet de Lautrec are defeated by the Spanish in their attempt to retake Milan, and are forced to withdraw into Venetian territory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372799978#April–June", "title": "1522", "revid": 1372799978, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1523, "year_label": "1523 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In northern Italy, a French army under Guillaume Gouffier tries to recover Milan but fails due to an offensive by Spanish, Imperial and English troops and they retreat in mid-November.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561167#Date_unknown", "title": "1523", "revid": 1369561167, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1528, "year_label": "1528 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August 4", "text": "August 4 – The \"Peace of St. Ambrose\" is signed in Milan at the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio, bringing an end to the civil strife between the Milanese nobility and the local merchants.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369577446#July–September", "title": "1528", "revid": 1369577446, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1609, "year_label": "1609 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 8", "text": "December 8 – One of the first public libraries, the Biblioteca Ambrosiana, is opened in the Italian city of Milan, founded by Cardinal Federico Borromeo. Unlike other reading rooms, the library houses its collection on shelves along the walls, rather than chained to reading tables.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365588617#October–December", "title": "1609", "revid": 1365588617, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1629, "year_label": "1629 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "September 20", "text": "September 20 – 1629–1631 Italian plague: the plague arrives in the nation-state of Milan as German soldiers are granted a stay at the Forte di Fuentes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365103352#July–September", "title": "1629", "revid": 1365103352, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1630, "year_label": "1630 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "May 17", "text": "May 17 – The first case of plague is reported in Milan. By the end of 1631, the city of 250,000 suffers 186,000 deaths, losing almost three-quarters of its population to plague.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351974391#April–June", "title": "1630", "revid": 1351974391, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1695, "year_label": "1695 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "January 24", "text": "January 24 – Milan's Court Theater is destroyed in a fire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368691153#January–March", "title": "1695", "revid": 1368691153, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1771, "year_label": "1771 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 17", "text": "October 17 – The opera Ascanio in Alba by Wolfgang Mozart, age 15, premieres in Milan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363214109#October–December", "title": "1771", "revid": 1363214109, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1778, "year_label": "1778 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August 3", "text": "August 3 – The La Scala Opera House opens in Milan, with the première of Antonio Salieri's Europa riconosciuta.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371073991#July–September", "title": "1778", "revid": 1371073991, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1799, "year_label": "1799 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 27", "text": "April 27 – French Revolutionary Wars: The Battle of Cassano takes place outside of Milan, as Russian and Austrian troops commanded by General Alexander Suvorov rout the French Army under the command of General Jean Moreau.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370057226#April–June", "title": "1799", "revid": 1370057226, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1839, "year_label": "1839 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "November 17", "text": "November 17 – Giuseppe Verdi's first opera, Oberto, conte di San Bonifacio, opens in Milan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360384794#October–December", "title": "1839", "revid": 1360384794, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1842, "year_label": "1842 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 9", "text": "March 9 – Giuseppe Verdi's third opera Nabucco premieres at La Scala in Milan; its success establishes Verdi as one of Italy's foremost operatic composers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365455258#January–March", "title": "1842", "revid": 1365455258, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1843, "year_label": "1843 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 11", "text": "February 11 – Giuseppe Verdi's opera I Lombardi alla prima crociata premieres at La Scala in Milan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366016136#January–March", "title": "1843", "revid": 1366016136, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1883, "year_label": "1883 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "June 28", "text": "June 28 – In Milan, Italy, the first central European electricity power station is inaugurated.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366127181#June", "title": "1883", "revid": 1366127181, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1898, "year_label": "1898 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 7", "text": "May 7–9 – Bava Beccaris massacre: Hundreds of demonstrators are killed, when General Fiorenzo Bava Beccaris orders troops to fire on a rally in Milan, Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367547011#May", "title": "1898", "revid": 1367547011, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1902, "year_label": "1902 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "April 11", "text": "April 11 – Tenor Enrico Caruso makes the first million-selling recording, for the Gramophone Company in Milan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373318639#April", "title": "1902", "revid": 1373318639, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1904, "year_label": "1904 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 17", "text": "February 17 – Puccini's opera Madama Butterfly debuts at La Scala in Milan, to no great acclaim. On May 28 a revised version opens in Brescia, to huge success.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373337754#February", "title": "1904", "revid": 1373337754, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1908, "year_label": "1908 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 9", "text": "March 9 – Football Club Internazionale is founded in Milan, Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373410903#March", "title": "1908", "revid": 1373410903, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1910, "year_label": "1910 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "March 20", "text": "March 20 – The first clinic for treatment of occupational diseases is opened in Milan (Italy).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373495790#March", "title": "1910", "revid": 1373495790, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1913, "year_label": "1913 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Prada is established as a leather goods dealer in Milan, by Mario Prada and his brother.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373505613#Date_unknown", "title": "1913", "revid": 1373505613, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1919, "year_label": "1919 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 23", "text": "March 23 – Benito Mussolini founds his Italian Fascist political movement in Milan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373508849#March", "title": "1919", "revid": 1373508849, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1926, "year_label": "1926 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 19", "text": "September 19 – Giuseppe Meazza (San Siro) Stadium, well known among sports venues in Italy, officially opens in Milan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373503199#September", "title": "1926", "revid": 1373503199, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1945, "year_label": "1945 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "April 28", "text": "April 28 – The bodies of Benito Mussolini, his mistress, Clara Petacci, and other followers are hung by their heels at a gas station in the public square of Milan, Piazzale Loreto, following their execution by Italian partisans after an attempt to flee the country.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371513862#April", "title": "1945", "revid": 1371513862, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1965, "year_label": "1965 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 27", "text": "May 27 – Internazionale beats Benfica 1–0 at the San Siro, Milan and wins the 1964–65 European Cup in Association football.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368843670#May–June", "title": "1965", "revid": 1368843670, "section": "Events › May–June"}}, {"year": 1969, "year_label": "1969 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "December 12", "text": "December 12 – The Piazza Fontana bombing in Milan, Italy, kills 17 people and injures 88.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373164180#December", "title": "1969", "revid": 1373164180, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1999, "year_label": "1999 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 28", "text": "May 28 – After 22 years of restoration work, Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper is placed back on display in Milan, Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369767946#May", "title": "1999", "revid": 1369767946, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2001, "year_label": "2001 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "October 8", "text": "October 8 – 2001 Linate Airport runway collision: A twin-engine Cessna and Scandinavian Airlines jetliner collide in heavy fog during takeoff from Milan, Italy, killing 118 people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373523156#October", "title": "2001", "revid": 1373523156, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 2020, "year_label": "2020 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "February 6", "text": "February 6 – Livraga derailment: A Frecciarossa high-speed train traveling from Milan to Salerno derailed in Livraga, Lombardy, Italy. Two people were killed, and 31 were injured.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371633312#February", "title": "2020", "revid": 1371633312, "section": "Events › February"}}]}