{"slug": "military-alliance", "label": "Military alliance", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_alliance", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127126", "qid": "Q1127126", "description": "alliance between different states with the purpose to cooperate militarily", "entries": 39, "years": 39, "span": [-655, 965], "span_label": ["656 BCE", "965 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 25}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 5}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 3}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 2}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 2}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "lombards", "label": "Lombards", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "duchy-of-benevento", "label": "Duchy of Benevento", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "alps", "label": "Alps", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "charles-martel", "label": "Charles Martel", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "western-roman-empire", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-the-lombards", "label": "Kingdom of the Lombards", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "dal-riata", "label": "Dál Riata", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "francia", "label": "Francia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-burgundy", "label": "Kingdom of Burgundy", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "rhine", "label": "Rhine", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "scandinavian-york", "label": "Scandinavian York", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": -655, "year_label": "656 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Shamash-shum-ukin of Babylon forms a secret alliance with Arabs, Aramaeans, Elamites, Persians, and Egyptians against his half brother Ashurbanipal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370510215#Assyria", "title": "656 BC", "revid": 1370510215, "section": "Events › By place › Assyria"}}, {"year": -651, "year_label": "652 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Elam withdraws from her alliance with king Shamash-shum-ukin of Babylon, who launches a premature attack on his half brother Ashurbanipal at year's end without waiting for reinforcements that have been promised by the Egyptian king Psamtik I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370510221#Middle_East", "title": "652 BC", "revid": 1370510221, "section": "Events › Middle East"}}, {"year": -70, "year_label": "71 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Marcus Antonius is defeated by the Cretans, who have made an alliance with the pirates. He is compelled to concede a humiliating peace. Antonius dies in office the same year and is awarded, posthumously, with the cognomen Creticus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1212466388#Roman_Republic", "title": "71 BC", "revid": 1212466388, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -40, "year_label": "41 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Mark Antony meets Cleopatra VII in Tarsus (Cilicia) and forms an alliance. He returns to Alexandria with her and they become lovers in the winter of 41–40 BC. To safeguard herself and Caesarion, she has Antony order the execution of her (half) sister Arsinoe IV, who is living at the temple of Artemis in Ephesus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267079508#Egypt", "title": "41 BC", "revid": 1267079508, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -35, "year_label": "36 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Publius Canidius Crassus invades Armenia and Iberia (Georgia); he forces Parnavaz II into an alliance against Zober, king of Albania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372976843#Roman_Republic", "title": "36 BC", "revid": 1372976843, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 435, "year_label": "435 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Huneric, eldest son of Genseric, is sent as a child hostage to the court at Ravenna to secure the alliance with the Western Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339038049#Africa", "title": "435", "revid": 1339038049, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 451, "year_label": "451 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Eudocia, daughter of Emperor Valentinian III, marries Huneric in Ravenna. The engagement serves to strengthen the alliance between the Western Roman Empire and the Vandal Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361438720#Europe", "title": "451", "revid": 1361438720, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 453, "year_label": "453 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Theodoric II succeeds his brother Thorismund as king of the Visigoths, Thorismund having been murdered after he violated the alliance with the Western Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348812409#Europe", "title": "453", "revid": 1348812409, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 466, "year_label": "466 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Euric sends an embassy to the Eastern Roman Empire for recognition of the Visigoth sovereignty. He forms an alliance with the Suebi and the Vandals.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739705#Europe", "title": "466", "revid": 1364739705, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 566, "year_label": "566 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Justin II, facing an empty treasury, breaks the treaty with the Gepids that has existed since 565. King Alboin of the Lombards makes an alliance with the Avars under Bayan I, at the expense of tough conditions. They demand a tenth of the Lombards' cattle and half of the war booty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749385#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "566", "revid": 1364749385, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 581, "year_label": "581 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Palace coup in Austrasia: New advisors break the peace treaty with King Guntram, and make a new alliance with his half brother Chilperic I, in which Childebert II, age 11, is recognized as Chilperic's heir.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340801589#Europe", "title": "581", "revid": 1340801589, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 583, "year_label": "583 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Liuvigild lays siege to Seville (Southern Spain), and forms an alliance with the Byzantines. He summons his rebellious son Hermenegild back to Toledo, and forces him to abandon the Chalcedonian Faith.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372793107#Europe", "title": "583", "revid": 1372793107, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 596, "year_label": "596 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Raith: An invading force of Angles lands on the Fife coast near Raith (Kirkcaldy) and defeats an alliance of Scots, Britons and Picts, under King Áedán mac Gabráin of Dál Riata (Scotland).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739187#Britain", "title": "596", "revid": 1364739187, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 607, "year_label": "607 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Visigoths, Austrasians, Neustrians and Lombards form an alliance against King Theuderic II of Burgundy, whose grandmother and sister have murdered Theuderic's wife Ermenberga, daughter of Witteric, king of the Visigoths. Fighting takes place around Narbonne, but little is known of the details or outcome (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340802681#Europe", "title": "607", "revid": 1340802681, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 630, "year_label": "630 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Penda of Mercia besieges Exeter in southwest England. King Cadwallon ap Cadfan of Gwynedd lands with a force nearby, and negotiates an alliance with Penda.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340803540#Britain", "title": "630", "revid": 1340803540, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 635, "year_label": "635 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Heraclius makes an alliance with Kubrat, ruler (khagan) of Great Bulgaria, to break the power of the Avars on the Balkan Peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364906250#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "635", "revid": 1364906250, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 637, "year_label": "637 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 24", "text": "June 24 – Battle of Mag Rath: King Oswald of Northumbria sends troops to Ireland, to assist Domnall Brecc King of Dál Riata in his alliance with King Congal Cáech of Ulaid against Domnall mac Áedo High King of Ireland, during the Irish dynastic wars. Domnall Brecc, Congal and their forces are defeated near Moira. At the Mull of Kintyre (southwest Scotland), Domnall mac Áedo's fleet destroys Domnall Brecc's naval force of Dál Riata.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1315736944#Britain", "title": "637", "revid": 1315736944, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 660, "year_label": "660 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Baekje in southwestern Korea is conquered by an alliance of the Tang dynasty and Silla, led by general Su Dingfang and King Munmu of Silla. The Japanese envoys detained in Chang'an are paroled.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359584981#Korea", "title": "660", "revid": 1359584981, "section": "Events › By place › Korea"}}, {"year": 718, "year_label": "718 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Liutprand of the Lombards builds a close alliance with Charles Martel, and attacks the Bavarian castles on the River Adige, maintaining strategic control of the Alpine passes in the Italian Alps (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367661186#Western_Europe", "title": "718", "revid": 1367661186, "section": "Events › By place › Western Europe"}}, {"year": 725, "year_label": "725 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Duke Eudes of Aquitaine seeks an alliance with Munuza, governor of Cerdagne (eastern Pyrenees), currently in rebellion against the central Umayyad government at Córdoba in Andalusia (probably not cemented until 729).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808658#Europe", "title": "725", "revid": 1340808658, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 730, "year_label": "730 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Liutprand contracts an alliance with Eutychius, exarch of Ravenna, and agrees to support him in his attack on Rome, while subjugating the independent southern Lombard duchies of Benevento and Spoleto.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808684#Europe", "title": "730", "revid": 1340808684, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 731, "year_label": "731 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Ragenfrid, ex-mayor of the palace of Neustria, meets Duke Eudes of Aquitaine, to accept his rule and independence from the Frankish Kingdom. Fearing an alliance against him, Charles Martel exiles Ragenfrid's supporter Wandon of Fontenelle, and imprisons bishop Aimar of Auxerre.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358697487#Europe", "title": "731", "revid": 1358697487, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 736, "year_label": "736 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Charles Martel, Merovingian mayor of the palace, forms local alliances with the Burgundians, and imposes Frankish domination on Provence. He defeats Muslim forces at Sernhac and Beaucaire in Septimania (Southern France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809679#Europe", "title": "736", "revid": 1340809679, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 740, "year_label": "740 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Duke Thrasimund II recovers the duchy of Spoleto and kills Hilderic with Papal-Beneventian aid. He does not return the confiscated papal cities, and his alliance with Pope Gregory III ruptures.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352534655#Europe", "title": "740", "revid": 1352534655, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 753, "year_label": "753 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Grifo, Frankish duke and illegitimate son of Charles Martel, rebels against King Pepin III (\"the Short\") (his half-brother), in alliance with the Bretons. He flees to Italy to join King Aistulf of the Lombards, but is caught and killed while passing the Alps.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809798#Europe", "title": "753", "revid": 1340809798, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 778, "year_label": "778 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Saxon Wars: Widukind and his close followers return to Saxony from Denmark. He probably makes alliances with the Danes and the northwestern Slav tribes. Saxon rebels destroy the fortress of Karlsburg and sack Deutz (near Cologne), but are unable to cross the Rhine. They are driven back by the garrison of Koblenz, but then ambush and defeat the Frankish pursuers. Counter-attacking Frankish forces pursue the Saxons up the Lahn Valley, and defeat them near Leisa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267081416#Europe", "title": "778", "revid": 1267081416, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 783, "year_label": "783 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October", "text": "October – Charlemagne marries Fastrada, the 18-year-old daughter of a Frankish count named Rudolph, and makes her his queen at Worms. The probable reason behind the marriage is to solidify a Frankish alliance east of the Rhine, against the Saxons in Lower Saxony (modern Germany).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351342197#Europe", "title": "783", "revid": 1351342197, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 792, "year_label": "792 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Offa arranges coastal defences to fend off Viking attacks. He forms an alliance with Essex, Kent and Sussex, in an attempt to unify England (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364906591#Britain", "title": "792", "revid": 1364906591, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 798, "year_label": "798 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Bornhöved: King Charlemagne forms an alliance with the Obodrites. Together with Prince Drożko (Thrasco), he defeats the Nordalbian Saxons near the village of Bornhöved (modern-day Neumünster), obliging these 'northerners' to submit and give hostages against their future good behavior. In the coming years they are granted areas of present-day Hamburg.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848766#Europe", "title": "798", "revid": 1340848766, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 807, "year_label": "807 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Vikings land on the Cornish coast, and form an alliance with the Cornish to fight against Wessex.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342124762#Britain", "title": "807", "revid": 1342124762, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 808, "year_label": "808 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "King Godfred of the Danes forms an alliance with the Wiltzi and other Wendic tribes, against the pagan but pro-Frankish Abodrites. Godfred builds earthworks (Danevirke) across the isthmus of Schleswig-Holstein, separating Jutland from the northern extent of the Frankish Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848803#Europe", "title": "AD 808", "revid": 1340848803, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 885, "year_label": "885 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Kings Hyfaidd of Dyfed, Elisedd of Brycheiniog and Hywel of Glywysing, being harassed by the armies of King Anarawd in Wales, seek the protection of Alfred the Great, and submit to his overlordship. Anarawd seeks an alliance with King Guthred of York.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366655145#Britain", "title": "885", "revid": 1366655145, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 889, "year_label": "889 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Boris I, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, abdicates the throne after a 37-year reign, and retires to a monastery. He is succeeded by his eldest son Vladimir, as monarch of Bulgaria. Vladimir falls under the influence of the old boyars; many remain anti-Christian and anti-Byzantine. He attempts to restore the former Frankish alliance, and to reestablish paganism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129924#Europe", "title": "889", "revid": 1341129924, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 893, "year_label": "893 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Vladimir, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, is dethroned by his father Boris I, with help from loyal boyars. He is blinded, and succeeded by his brother Simeon I, as prince of Bulgaria; the capital is moved from Pliska to Preslav. Simeon makes an alliance with the Pechenegs (or Patzinaks), a semi-nomad Turkic tribe from the Central Asian steppes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364917563#Europe", "title": "893", "revid": 1364917563, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 896, "year_label": "896 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Prince Klonimir, pretender to the throne of the Serbian Principality, is defeated by his ruling cousin, Petar. He is recognized as sole ruler of Serbia by Simeon I, resulting in a 20-year peace and alliance (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346094345#Europe", "title": "896", "revid": 1346094345, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 900, "year_label": "900 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Atenulf I, Lombard prince of Capua, conquers the Duchy of Benevento. He deposes Duke Radelchis II and unites the two southern Lombard duchies in Mezzogiorno (Southern Italy). The Byzantines offer a strategic alliance to Atenulf who directs a campaign against the Saracens. They establish themselves on the banks of the Garigliano River. From here, Arab warbands launch frequent raids in Campania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364042634#Europe", "title": "900", "revid": 1364042634, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 917, "year_label": "917 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Lady Æthelflæd of Mercia cements an alliance with King Constantine II of Scotland against Norse York. She captures the fortress at Derby (belonging to the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw), while her brother, King Edward the Elder, takes Towcester. Æthelflæd's armies also ravage Brycheiniog (Wales) in revenge for killing the Mercian abbot Ecbryht (see 916).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468140#Britain", "title": "917", "revid": 1364468140, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 942, "year_label": "942 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Fall – Hugh of Provence makes a truce with the Moors of Fraxinet, after hearing the news that a Swabian army is about to descend on Italy. He allows the Moors to attack the Alpine passes for his own political ends in his struggle with Berengar of Ivrea. The Byzantines cry foul and end their alliance with Hugh.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364918673#Europe", "title": "942", "revid": 1364918673, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 965, "year_label": "965 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Boleslaus I (the Cruel), duke of Bohemia, expands his territory into the Polish territories of Upper Silesia and Lesser Poland. By occupying the city of Kraków, he controls important trade routes from Prague to Kiev and Lviv. Prince Mieszko I of Poland makes an alliance with Boleslaus and marries his daughter Dobrawa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371364470#Europe", "title": "965", "revid": 1371364470, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}]}