{"slug": "moors", "label": "Moors", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moors", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169260", "qid": "Q169260", "description": "an exonym used in European languages to designate primarily the Muslim populations of North Africa (the Maghreb) and the Iberian Peninsula (particularly al-Andalus) during the Middle Ages", "entries": 50, "years": 47, "span": [169, 1436], "span_label": ["169 CE", "1436 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 26}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 11}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 8}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 3}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 2}], "related": [{"slug": "spain", "label": "Spain", "shared": 11}, {"slug": "al-andalus", "label": "Al-Andalus", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "catalonia", "label": "Catalonia", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "numidia", "label": "Numidia", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "francia", "label": "Francia", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "iberian-peninsula", "label": "Iberian Peninsula", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "toledo-spain", "label": "Toledo, Spain", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "genseric", "label": "Genseric", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "pyrenees", "label": "Pyrenees", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "tunisia", "label": "Tunisia", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "mauretania", "label": "Mauretania", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 169, "year_label": "169 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Northern African Moors invade what is now Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371302818#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 169", "revid": 1371302818, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 398, "year_label": "398 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Gildo, Moorish prince and comes Africae (governor)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364744112#Deaths", "title": "398", "revid": 1364744112, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 440, "year_label": "440 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A Vandal fleet and their allies (Alans, Goths and Moors) set out from Carthage for Sicily, the principal supplier of oil and grain to Italy after the loss of North Africa. They loot all the coastal towns and besiege Palermo. Heavily laden ships return to the court of King Genseric.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364748079#Africa", "title": "440", "revid": 1364748079, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 460, "year_label": "460 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Genseric, fearing a Roman invasion, tries to negotiate peace with Majorian, who refuses. The Vandals devastate Mauretania and Moorish warriors poison the wells.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360598361#Roman_Empire", "title": "460", "revid": 1360598361, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 468, "year_label": "468 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Cape Bon: The Vandals defeat the Roman navy under Basiliscus, anchored at Promontorium Mercurii, 45 miles from Carthage (Tunisia). During peace negotiations Genseric uses fire ships, filling them with brushwood and pots of oil, destroying 700 imperial galleys. Basiliscus escapes with his surviving fleet to Sicily, harassed all the way by Moorish pirates.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360138410#Roman_Empire", "title": "468", "revid": 1360138410, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 523, "year_label": "523 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Leptis Magna (modern Libya) is sacked by Berber (Moor) raiders. Gelimer leads a successful expedition in North Africa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340792003#Africa", "title": "523", "revid": 1340792003, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 534, "year_label": "534 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April", "text": "April – Belisarius leaves a small force in Africa under the Byzantine general Solomon, to continue the subjugation of the province. He is appointed governor (Exarch) and pacifies the Moorish tribes with success. Malta becomes a Byzantine province (until 870).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353013996#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "534", "revid": 1353013996, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 535, "year_label": "535 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Solomon defeats the Moorish rebels at Mount Mammes and Mount Bourgaon. He secures Byzacena (modern Tunisia) and establishes fortifications along the Numidian border.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342880383#Africa", "title": "535", "revid": 1342880383, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 540, "year_label": "540 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Solomon captures the Aurès Mountains from the Moors and extends Byzantine authority over Numidia and Mauretania Sitifensis. The city of Theveste (Algeria) is restored and fortified.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367291057#Africa", "title": "540", "revid": 1367291057, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 544, "year_label": "544 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Cillium: A medium-sized Byzantine army under Solomon is defeated by the Moors on the border of Numidia. Solomon and his bodyguard are forced to retreat and are later killed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1317382475#The_Mediterranean_World,_Europe,_and_the_Middle_East", "title": "544", "revid": 1317382475, "section": "Events › By place › The Mediterranean World, Europe, and the Middle East"}}, {"year": 547, "year_label": "547 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Marta: The Byzantine army under John Troglita is defeated by Moorish tribes in Tripolitania. He flees to Lunci (9 km south of Mahares), and is forced to withdraw north to the fortress of Laribus (near modern El Kef).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364909272#Africa", "title": "547", "revid": 1364909272, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 548, "year_label": "548 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Battle of the Fields of Cato: The Byzantine army, under John Troglita, crushes the Moorish revolt in Byzacena (Tunisia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368141112#Africa", "title": "548", "revid": 1368141112, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 710, "year_label": "710 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "An Arab army is invited into Ceuta by its governor, Julian, who is an opponent of Roderick. He encourages them to invade the Iberian Peninsula. Tariq ibn Ziyad is appointed governor of Tangier (Morocco), and establishes a Moorish garrison of 1,700 men.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807117#Europe", "title": "710", "revid": 1340807117, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 711, "year_label": "711 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 19", "text": "July 19 – Battle of Guadalete: The Muslim Arabs defeat the Visigothic army (33,000 men) under King Roderick, who dies in battle. The Visigoth capital of Toledo opens its city gates; Tariq ibn Ziyad sends Moorish detachments to capture the cities of Córdoba and Seville (Andalusia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358403455#Arabian_Empire", "title": "AD 711", "revid": 1358403455, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 729, "year_label": "729 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "An alliance between Duke Eudes of Aquitaine and Munuza, the Moorish governor of Cerdanya, is cemented by marriage to Eudes' illegitimate daughter Lampégia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808680#Europe", "title": "729", "revid": 1340808680, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 733, "year_label": "733 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Umayyad conquest of Hispania: Muslim forces under Abd al-Malik ibn Katan al-Fihri, governor (wali) of Al-Andalus, cross the Pyrenees and ravage both sides of the mountains. He establishes colonies along the Ebro Valley, and within Basque territory. The Moorish main military efforts are in Catalonia, Aragon, Navarre and Septimania (Southern France), strengthening the towns already in their hands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809659#Europe", "title": "733", "revid": 1340809659, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 735, "year_label": "735 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Siege of al-Sakhra: Moors under Uqba ibn al-Hajjaj (governor of Al-Andalus) besiege Pelagius, king of Asturias, in the uppermost Northern mountain ranges in Iberia. The battle ends inconclusively, with Pelagius surviving, but 270 out of his 300 followers are killed (at least according to a Muslim chronicle from the 11th century).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809672#Europe", "title": "735", "revid": 1340809672, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 735, "year_label": "735 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Charles Martel, Merovingian mayor of the palace, invades Burgundy. Duke Hunald I of Aquitaine refuses to recognise the authority of the Franks, whereupon Charles marches south of the River Loire, seizing the cities of Bordeaux and Blaye. Within 4 years he will have subdued all the Burgundian chieftains, while continuing to fight off Moorish advances into Gaul.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809672#Europe", "title": "735", "revid": 1340809672, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 738, "year_label": "738 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Moors under Uqba ibn Al-Hajjaj cross the Pyrenees into France. Uqba fortifies Narbonne and reconquers Avignon, Arles, Nimes. He then advances into Provence, and penetrates as far as Piedmont; he then heads North, and conquers Dauphiné, destroying the city of Saint-Paul, taking Valence, Vienne and Lyon, which he uses as a base to attack Bourgogne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809691#Europe", "title": "738", "revid": 1340809691, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 740, "year_label": "740 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of the Nobles: The Berber rebels under chieftain Khalid ibn Hamid al-Zanati defeat and overwhelm the Umayyad forces of Khalid ibn Abi Habib al-Fihri, near Tangier (Northern Morocco), undermining Arab domination in Islamic North Africa. The rebellion spreads in Al-Andalus (Spain), causing governor Ubayd Allah ibn al-Habhab to withdraw Moorish troops from many garrisons north of the Pyrenees.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352534655#Africa", "title": "740", "revid": 1352534655, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 785, "year_label": "785 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Frankish Kingdom conquers Girona and Urgell (modern Spain) from the Moors. The Franks divide Catalonia into 14 countships. Charlemagne suppresses a rebellion by count Hardrad of Thuringia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351342449#Europe", "title": "785", "revid": 1351342449, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 795, "year_label": "795 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Charlemagne creates the Hispanic Marches, a buffer zone beyond the former province of Septimania. A group of Iberian lordships form a defensive barrier between the Umayyad Moors of Al-Andalus (modern Spain) and the Frankish Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848647#Europe", "title": "795", "revid": 1340848647, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 816, "year_label": "816 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Pancorbo: A Moorish army from the Emirate of Córdoba is sent by Emir Al-Hakam I, to take control of the pass at Pancorbo. They defeat the army of Asturian-Basque Frankish vassals.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941190#Europe", "title": "816", "revid": 1340941190, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 816, "year_label": "816 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Winter – The Basques, supported by the Moors, cross the Garonne River and revolt against the Franks in Gascony (north of the Pyrenees).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941190#Europe", "title": "816", "revid": 1340941190, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 846, "year_label": "846 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Mozarabs, Iberian Christians who live under Moorish rule, try to repopulate León in Al-Andalus (modern Spain). The city is recaptured by the Muslim Arabs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1308185700#Europe", "title": "846", "revid": 1308185700, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 868, "year_label": "868 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The County of Portugal is established around the town of Portus Cale (present-day Porto) by Vímara Peres, an Asturian nobleman, after the reconquest from the Moors of the region north of the Douro River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358169430#Europe", "title": "868", "revid": 1358169430, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 893, "year_label": "893 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "King Alfonso III repopulates the city of Zamora with Mozarabs (Iberian Christians who have lived under Moorish rule) from Toledo in Al-Andalus (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364917563#Europe", "title": "893", "revid": 1364917563, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 902, "year_label": "902 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Winter – The Balearic Islands are conquered by the Emirate of Córdoba. The Moors improve agriculture with irrigation on the islands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130244#Europe", "title": "902", "revid": 1341130244, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 917, "year_label": "917 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of San Esteban de Gormaz: Umayyad forces under Abi-Abda besiege the repoblación of San Esteban de Gormaz (Northern Spain). King Ordoño II of León (supported by his brother Fruela II of Asturias) allies himself with Sancho I, king of Pamplona, and defeats the Moors. Abi-Abda is captured and executed by decapitation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468140#Islamic_Empire", "title": "917", "revid": 1364468140, "section": "Events › By place › Islamic Empire"}}, {"year": 942, "year_label": "942 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Fraxinet: King Hugh of Provence launches an attack on Fraxinet, the Moorish fortress on the Côté d'Azur that had taken control of the Piedmontese valleys. With the assistance of a Byzantine fleet sent by Emperor Romanos I, Hugh lays siege to the Moorish fortress with the help of Hungarian auxiliary troops (Kabars).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364918673#Europe", "title": "942", "revid": 1364918673, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 954, "year_label": "954 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – The Hungarians plunder the surroundings of Laon, Reims, Chalon, Metz, and Gorze. After that, they return to Burgundy. In Provence, the Hungarians battle with the Moors from the Muslim enclave of Fraxinet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360671354#Europe", "title": "954", "revid": 1360671354, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 985, "year_label": "985 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 6", "text": "July 6 – The city of Barcelona is sacked by Moorish troops under Al-Mansur, the de facto ruler of Al-Andalus (modern-day Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468346#Europe", "title": "985", "revid": 1364468346, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1004, "year_label": "1004 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Moorish forces under vizier Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar sack the Catalan city of Manresa (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369529611#Europe", "title": "1004", "revid": 1369529611, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1021, "year_label": "1021 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Abd al-Aziz al-Mansur, a grandson of the prominent Andalusian figure Almanzor begins his rule in Taifa of Valencia, a Moorish kingdom in Al-Andalus (modern Spain), ushering in a period of relative stability and prosperity that will last until 1061. Taifa of Valencia gained its independence from the Caliphate of Córdoba in 1010.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342212958#Europe", "title": "1021", "revid": 1342212958, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1085, "year_label": "1085 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 25", "text": "May 25 – King Alfonso VI of León and Castile (\"the Brave\") recaptures Toledo from the Moors, and occupies other cities such as Madrid and Talavera (including the castle of Aledo). Alfonso moves his capital to Toledo, and consolidates his power between Sistema Central and the Tagus River, from where he launches more attacks against the taifas of Córdoba, Seville, Badajoz and Granada (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362159073#Europe", "title": "1085", "revid": 1362159073, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1086, "year_label": "1086 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 23", "text": "October 23 – Battle of Sagrajas: Spanish forces under King Alfonso VI (\"the Brave\") of Castile are defeated by the Moors and their allies, the Almoravids, who have been invited to help on orders by Emir Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1277859585#Europe", "title": "1086", "revid": 1277859585, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1106, "year_label": "1106 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The city of Balaguer (located in Catalonia) is conquered from the Moors by Ermengol VI, count of Urgell.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365266175#Europe", "title": "1106", "revid": 1365266175, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1113, "year_label": "1113 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 7", "text": "September 7 – The Republic of Pisa signs a treaty with Ramon Berenguer III ('the Great'), count of Barcelona. The Pisan fleet embarks on a campaign against the Moors in the Balearic Islands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267067505#Europe", "title": "1113", "revid": 1267067505, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1114, "year_label": "1114 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Count Ramon Berenguer III (the Great) of Barcelona, joins the expedition to the Balearic Islands. A Pisan and Catalan fleet (some 450 ships), supported by a large army, conquer Ibiza and Mallorca. They destroy the bases on the islands used by Moorish pirates to prey on Mediterranean shipping.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184492#Europe", "title": "1114", "revid": 1369184492, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1116, "year_label": "1116 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona (\"the Great\"), sails to Rome in an effort to gain support from the Italian states and a licence from Pope Paschal II for his crusade against the Moors in Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362168627#Europe", "title": "1116", "revid": 1362168627, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1118, "year_label": "1118 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The troops of Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, led by archbishop Oleguer Bonestruga, capture Tarragona from the Moors.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365269195#Spain", "title": "1118", "revid": 1365269195, "section": "Events › By place › Spain"}}, {"year": 1118, "year_label": "1118 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 18", "text": "December 18 – Alfonso the Battler expels the Moors from Zaragoza. The Aragonese reconquer many of the valleys of the Jalón and the Jiloca.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365269195#Spain", "title": "1118", "revid": 1365269195, "section": "Events › By place › Spain"}}, {"year": 1119, "year_label": "1119 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March", "text": "March – Olegarius Bonestruga, archbishop of Tarragona, preaches successfully a Crusade against the Moors in Catalonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361127585#Religion", "title": "1119", "revid": 1361127585, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1135, "year_label": "1135 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "A Moorish fleet raids the Catalan port-town of Elna (Southern France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184463#Europe", "title": "1135", "revid": 1369184463, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1234, "year_label": "1234 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Reconquista – King Sancho II of Portugal conquers the cities of Aljustrel and Mértola from the Moors.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364989988#Europe", "title": "1234", "revid": 1364989988, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1238, "year_label": "1238 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 28", "text": "September 28 – King James I of Aragon captures the city of Valencia from the Moors, who retreat to Granada. During the campaign, James' cousin, Bernat Guillem de Montpeller, dies from wounds received in action.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1337076438#Europe", "title": "1238", "revid": 1337076438, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1243, "year_label": "1243 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March", "text": "March – King Ferdinand III (the Saint) turns the independent Taifa of Murcia into a protectorate, and initiates the process of the colonization and Christianization of the region. He receives the submission of the Moors, under the terms of a peace agreement (the famous Treaty of Alcaraz).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367489265#Europe", "title": "1243", "revid": 1367489265, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1263, "year_label": "1263 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Reconquista – King James I of Aragon (\"the Conqueror\") captures Crevillent from the Moors and it becomes a part of the Kingdom of Valencia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1296179530#Europe", "title": "1263", "revid": 1296179530, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1415, "year_label": "1415 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 21", "text": "August 21 – Conquest of Ceuta: Portugal conquers the city of Ceuta from the Moors, initiating the Portuguese Empire, and European expansion and colonialism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371593286#July–September", "title": "1415", "revid": 1371593286, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1436, "year_label": "1436 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August 31", "text": "August 31 – An attempt by Spain to recapture Gibraltar from the Moors fails as the expedition leader Enrique Pérez de Guzmán drowns along with 40 of his men after reaching the shore.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320639#July–September", "title": "1436", "revid": 1351320639, "section": "Events › July–September"}}]}