{"slug": "moscow", "label": "Moscow", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q649", "qid": "Q649", "description": "capital and most populous city of Russia", "entries": 63, "years": 58, "span": [1147, 2025], "span_label": ["1147 CE", "2025 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 25}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 13}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 5}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 5}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 5}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 3}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 2}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 2}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "tsardom-of-russia", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "russian-empire", "label": "Russian Empire", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "kremlin", "label": "Kremlin", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "russia", "label": "Russia", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "vasily-ii-of-moscow", "label": "Vasily II of Moscow", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "grand-duchy-of-moscow", "label": "Grand Duchy of Moscow", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "ivan-the-terrible", "label": "Ivan the Terrible", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "saint-petersburg", "label": "Saint Petersburg", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "polishlithuanian-commonwealth", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "soviet-union", "label": "Soviet Union", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "english-people", "label": "English people", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "joseph-stalin", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 1147, "year_label": "1147 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The first known reference to Moscow as a meeting place of Rurikid princes Yuri Dolgoruky and Sviatoslav Olgovich.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362163362#Europe", "title": "1147", "revid": 1362163362, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1156, "year_label": "1156 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Yuri Dolgorukiy, Grand Prince of Kiev, founds and fortifies the town of Moscow and erects a wooden Kremlin within the settlement (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362168074#Europe", "title": "1156", "revid": 1362168074, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1177, "year_label": "1177 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": null, "text": "Moscow is burned down by Gleb I, prince of Ryazan, and its inhabitants are killed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1273054652#Date_unknown", "title": "1177", "revid": 1273054652, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1238, "year_label": "1238 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 15", "text": "January 15–20 – Siege of Moscow: The Mongols under Batu Khan and Subutai campaign across the northern heartland of the Kievan Rus', committing numerous atrocities across multiple settlements, including the sacking of an insignificant town known as Moscow. According to the Chronicle of Novgorod, Moscow is a fortified village, a trading post \"on a crossroads of four rivers\". The village is taken by the Mongols after 5 days of siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1337076438#Mongol_Empire", "title": "1238", "revid": 1337076438, "section": "Events › By place › Mongol Empire"}}, {"year": 1240, "year_label": "1240 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Alexander Nevsky quarrels with the nobles (boyars) and merchants of Novgorod, probably about peaceful trade with the westerners. He is banished, along with his mother, wife and his druzhina to take up residence in the region around Moscow, a minor town on the western border of the Grand Principality of Vladimir.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361428406#Europe", "title": "1240", "revid": 1361428406, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1368, "year_label": "1368 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Moscow attacks Tver, which counter-attacks with the aid of Lithuania and the Blue Horde.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371792677#Date_unknown", "title": "1368", "revid": 1371792677, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1370, "year_label": "1370 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 6", "text": "December 6 – Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, leads a siege of Moscow itself, the capital of the Grand Principality, and his forces burn and pillage the city as Moscow's Grand Prince Dmitry Donskoy retreats to the safety of the Kremlin. Donskoy's allies, his cousin Vladimir the Bold of Serpukhov and Prince Vladimir Dmitrievich Yaroslavich of Pronsk, come to Moscow's aid.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370872148#October–December", "title": "1370", "revid": 1370872148, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1379, "year_label": "1379 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Dmitry Donskoy of Moscow raids Estonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368794716#Date_unknown", "title": "1379", "revid": 1368794716, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1397, "year_label": "1397 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Sretensky Monastery is founded in Moscow.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363907908#Date_unknown", "title": "1397", "revid": 1363907908, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1434, "year_label": "1434 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 16", "text": "March 16 – Muscovite War of Succession: Yury of Zvenigorod defeats his nephew, Vasily II, Grand Prince of Moscow, in a battle at Rostov, about 125 mi from Moscow.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1335073150#January–March", "title": "1434", "revid": 1335073150, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1434, "year_label": "1434 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 31", "text": "March 31 – Yury of Zvenigorod marches into Moscow with his army and plunders Vasily II's treasury.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1335073150#January–March", "title": "1434", "revid": 1335073150, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1441, "year_label": "1441 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 19", "text": "March 19 – Isidore of Kiev, the Russian Orthodox Church Metropolitan of Kiev and all Russia, returns to his home in Moscow after having attended the Council of Florence, where he agreed to unify the Russian Church with the Roman Catholic Church. When he arrives, he is arrested on the order of Grand Prince Vasily II and imprisoned under minimum security.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361382363#January–March", "title": "1441", "revid": 1361382363, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1441, "year_label": "1441 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "September 15", "text": "September 15 – The Metropolitan Isidore of Kiev is allowed by Grand Prince Vasily II to escape from imprisonment in Moscow, along with two of his disciples, Gregory the Bulgarian and Afanasy. He flees to Tver and then to Novogrudok and eventually to Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361382363#July–September", "title": "1441", "revid": 1361382363, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1445, "year_label": "1445 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 7", "text": "July 7 – The Battle of Suzdal takes place 120 mi from Moscow when Ulugh Muhammad of the Khanate of Kazan attacks Nizhny Novgorod, part of the Grand Principality of Moscow. The Grand Prince Vasily II of Moscow is captured in battle as a prisoner of war and held for ransom until the payment of 200,000 rubles is completed in November.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370372937#July–September", "title": "1445", "revid": 1370372937, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1446, "year_label": "1446 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "October 10", "text": "October 10 – An earthquake occurs in Moscow but causes little damage", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360566332#October–December", "title": "1446", "revid": 1360566332, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1447, "year_label": "1447 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 26", "text": "March 26 – Dmitry Shemyaka flees Moscow from the supporters of Vasily II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359486325#January–March", "title": "1447", "revid": 1359486325, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1480, "year_label": "1480 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 8", "text": "October 8 – The Great Stand on the Ugra River begins as troops of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, led by the Grand Duke Ivan III and General Ivan Molodoy battle against the invading Mongol armies of the Golden Horde, led by their ruling monarch, Akhmat Khan. The invasion began after Ivan III stopped paying tribute to the Horde. The Theotokos of Vladimir icon is credited with saving Moscow. The standoff between the troops lasts five weeks before Akhmat and the Mongol troops retreat.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370179650#October–December", "title": "1480", "revid": 1370179650, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1547, "year_label": "1547 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 16", "text": "January 16 – Grand Prince Ivan IV is crowned as Tsar of all Russia at the Dormition Cathedral in Moscow, thereby proclaiming the Tsardom of Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369359234#January–March", "title": "1547", "revid": 1369359234, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1551, "year_label": "1551 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 23", "text": "February 23– At the Kremlin in Moscow, Tsar Ivan IV and the Metropolitan Macarius, present the proposed code of laws, drafted by the Stoglavy Synod, to the clergy, nobility and principal Russian citizens for their approval.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352783865#January–March", "title": "1551", "revid": 1352783865, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1552, "year_label": "1552 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 16", "text": "June 16 – Yuri of Uglich, the only brother of the Russian Tsar Ivan the Terrible, is placed in charge of Russia's domestic affairs as Ivan departs Moscow to lead 150,000 troops in the Russo-Kazan War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364394581#April–June", "title": "1552", "revid": 1364394581, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1561, "year_label": "1561 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August 20", "text": "August 20 – English merchant Anthony Jenkinson arrives in Moscow on his second expedition to the Grand Duchy of Moscow.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358043209#July–September", "title": "1561", "revid": 1358043209, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1562, "year_label": "1562 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 15", "text": "March 15 – English merchant Anthony Jenkinson has an audience with Ivan the Terrible in Moscow, before departing the city on April 27 and continuing his second expedition through the Grand Duchy of Moscow to Qazvin, capital of the Safavid dynasty in Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362000458#January–March", "title": "1562", "revid": 1362000458, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1564, "year_label": "1564 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 3", "text": "December 3 – Ivan the Terrible, Tsar of all the Russias, sends his government a letter of abdication, ostensibly because of embezzlement and treason by the aristocracy and the clergy. Ivan leaves Moscow and moves to the city of Alexandrovskaya Sloboda, taking with him the relics of the palace and most of his royal court, until being persuaded to return in February on the promise that he will have absolute power.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363117508#October–December", "title": "1564", "revid": 1363117508, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1571, "year_label": "1571 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "May 24", "text": "May 24 – Moscow is burnt by the Crimean army, under Devlet I Giray.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369367955#April–June", "title": "1571", "revid": 1369367955, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1591, "year_label": "1591 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 9", "text": "August 9 – The Khan of the Crimean Tatara, Ğazı II Giray, is wounded by the defenders against his siege of Moscow. Gazi's brother, Fetih I Giray, continues the siege, which is finally settled with a peace agreement and payment of 10,000 rubles in 1594.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358075583#July–September", "title": "1591", "revid": 1358075583, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1591, "year_label": "1591 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 13", "text": "July 13 – A Crimean army, led by the Tatar Khan Ğazı II Giray, begins a siege of Moscow.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358075583#July–September", "title": "1591", "revid": 1358075583, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1599, "year_label": "1599 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November", "text": "November – Persian embassy to Europe (1599–1602): A diplomatic delegation from Safavid Persia, led by Hossein Ali Beg Bayat and his staff after being dispatched by the Shah Abbas the Great, arrives in Moscow as part of a mission to enlist European nations into an alliance against the Ottoman Empire. The Persians are accompanied by English adventurer Anthony Shirley, who had persuaded Shah Abbas to undertake the initiative.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373325746#October–December", "title": "1599", "revid": 1373325746, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1608, "year_label": "1608 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 23", "text": "September 23 – The siege of the Troitsky monastery by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth begins in Russia north of Moscow, but fails after 16 months.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352783723#July–September", "title": "1608", "revid": 1352783723, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1610, "year_label": "1610 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 4", "text": "July 4 – (June 24 O.S.); Polish–Russian War – Battle of Klushino: The outnumbered forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth defeat the combined Russian and Swedish armies; Polish troops go on to occupy Moscow.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361322431#July–September", "title": "1610", "revid": 1361322431, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1610, "year_label": "1610 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 21", "text": "September 21 (September 11 O.S.) – Forces of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth capture Moscow and begin occupation of the Kremlin for the next two years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361322431#July–September", "title": "1610", "revid": 1361322431, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1611, "year_label": "1611 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 19", "text": "March 19–20 – The Moscow Uprising, an armed rising of the inhabitants of Moscow in the Tsardom of Russia against the military Polish–Lithuanian occupation of Moscow (Fall 1610–Fall 1612), results in the occupying forces starting a major fire in the city and the death of 6–7,000 Muscovites.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1277342005#January–March", "title": "1611", "revid": 1277342005, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1612, "year_label": "1612 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 1", "text": "September 1 – Battle of Moscow (1612): Led by General Jan Karol Chodkiewicz, a relief force from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, whose troops had been occupying Moscow for two years, make an unsuccessful attempt to break the Russian siege of the Kremlin, where General Mikolaj Strus and his troops are trapped. Both the Russians (led by Dmitry Pozharsky) and the Commonwealth troops suffer at least 1,000 deaths, but the Russians prevail. General Chodkiewicz tries a second attack the next day and fails.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366306597#July–September", "title": "1612", "revid": 1366306597, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1613, "year_label": "1613 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 12", "text": "May 12 – Mikhail Romanov arrives in Moscow to begin his reign as Tsar of Russia, after having been elected on March 3.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366649732#April–June", "title": "1613", "revid": 1366649732, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1649, "year_label": "1649 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 1", "text": "June 1 – Alexis, Tsar of the Russian Empire orders all English merchants to leave Moscow.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367892628#April–June", "title": "1649", "revid": 1367892628, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1668, "year_label": "1668 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 28", "text": "December 28 – Fritz Cronman arrives in Moscow as the Swedish Empire's ambassador to the Russian Empire, accompanied by a staff of 35 people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365989896#October_–December", "title": "1668", "revid": 1365989896, "section": "Events › October –December"}}, {"year": 1712, "year_label": "1712 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 16", "text": "January 16 – A military engineering school is established in Moscow which is to become the A.F. Mozhaysky Military-Space Academy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367964331#January–March", "title": "1712", "revid": 1367964331, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1712, "year_label": "1712 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 19", "text": "May 19 – Peter the Great moves the capital of Russia from Moscow to Saint Petersburg.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367964331#April_–June", "title": "1712", "revid": 1367964331, "section": "Events › April –June"}}, {"year": 1728, "year_label": "1728 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 9", "text": "January 9 – The coronation of Peter II as the Tsar of the Russian Empire takes place in Moscow.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363462071#January–March", "title": "1728", "revid": 1363462071, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1735, "year_label": "1735 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "November 25", "text": "November 25 – The largest bell in the world, the 22 foot diameter Tsar Kolokol, is successfully cast in Moscow within the Kremlin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365121192#October_–December", "title": "1735", "revid": 1365121192, "section": "Events › October –December"}}, {"year": 1748, "year_label": "1748 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "June 1", "text": "June 1 – A fire in Moscow kills 482 people and destroys 5,000 buildings.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361284371#April–June", "title": "1748", "revid": 1361284371, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1752, "year_label": "1752 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "June 3", "text": "June 3 – A fire destroys 13,000 houses in Moscow in the Russian Empire, only 11 days after a May 23 fire destroyed 5,000 homes; by June 6, two-thirds of the city has been damaged or destroyed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362993688#April–June", "title": "1752", "revid": 1362993688, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1753, "year_label": "1753 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "November 12", "text": "November 12 – A fire destroys the Emperor's Palace in Moscow.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362641691#October–December", "title": "1753", "revid": 1362641691, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1771, "year_label": "1771 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "April 4", "text": "April 4 – The first quarantines are started in Moscow and Saint Petersburg to fight the bubonic plague epidemic. Over the next 12 months, more than 52,000 people die from the plague in Moscow alone.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363214109#April–June", "title": "1771", "revid": 1363214109, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1772, "year_label": "1772 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "December 14", "text": "December 14 – Russian government offices reopen at Moscow and Saint Petersburg after being closed for 15 months because of an epidemic of bubonic plague.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362979438#October–December", "title": "1772", "revid": 1362979438, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1776, "year_label": "1776 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 28", "text": "March 28 – Foundation of the ballet troupe which becomes the world-renowned Bolshoi Ballet in Moscow, Russian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365773863#March–April", "title": "1776", "revid": 1365773863, "section": "Events › March–April"}}, {"year": 1812, "year_label": "1812 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 16", "text": "August 16–18 – Battle of Smolensk: The Grande Armée (180,000 men) under Emperor Napoleon I defeats the Russian army on the road to Moscow.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364673712#July–September", "title": "1812", "revid": 1364673712, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1886, "year_label": "1886 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 23", "text": "March 23 – Tchaikovsky’s Manfred symphony premieres in Moscow, Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372679431#March", "title": "1886", "revid": 1372679431, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1901, "year_label": "1901 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "November 9", "text": "November 9 – Rachmaninoff's Piano Concerto No. 2 is premiered in Moscow with the composer playing the solo part.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373318021#November", "title": "1901", "revid": 1373318021, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1922, "year_label": "1922 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 8", "text": "May 8 – In Moscow, eight priests, two laymen and one woman are sentenced to death for opposition to the Soviet government's confiscation of church property.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369983934#May", "title": "1922", "revid": 1369983934, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1931, "year_label": "1931 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 5", "text": "December 5 – The original Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow (1883) is demolished, by order of Joseph Stalin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371310518#December", "title": "1931", "revid": 1371310518, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1949, "year_label": "1949 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 21", "text": "December 21 – Soviet Leader Joseph Stalin's 70th Birthday is Held in Moscow.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370167995#December", "title": "1949", "revid": 1370167995, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1956, "year_label": "1956 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "July 31", "text": "July 31 – Luzhniki Stadium, well known sports venue of Russia and the Soviet Union, officially opens in Moscow.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022627#July", "title": "1956", "revid": 1370022627, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1964, "year_label": "1964 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "April 20", "text": "April 20 – British businessman Greville Wynne, imprisoned in Moscow since 1963 for spying, is exchanged for Soviet spy Gordon Lonsdale.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371069587#April", "title": "1964", "revid": 1371069587, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1969, "year_label": "1969 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 5", "text": "June 5 – An international communist conference begins in Moscow.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373164180#June", "title": "1969", "revid": 1373164180, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1977, "year_label": "1977 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 8", "text": "January 8 – Three bombs explode in Moscow within 37 minutes, killing seven. The bombings are attributed to an Armenian separatist group.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371657539#January", "title": "1977", "revid": 1371657539, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1985, "year_label": "1985 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 9", "text": "May 9 – The 3rd total Victory Day Parade (the first being in 1945 and the next in 1965) is held on Red Square in Moscow in the Soviet Union. It features T-34-85 tanks, veterans of World War II from Poland, Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union, and is the first parade to be held during the reign of Mikhail Gorbachev.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369963057#May", "title": "1985", "revid": 1369963057, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1987, "year_label": "1987 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "November 7", "text": "November 7 – The Soviet Union celebrates the 70th Anniversary of The October Revolution with a Parade on Moscow's Red Square.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372769014#November", "title": "1987", "revid": 1372769014, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1989, "year_label": "1989 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "May 3", "text": "May 3 – Cold War: Perestroika – The first McDonald's restaurant in the USSR begins construction in Moscow. It will open on January 31, 1990.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557705#May", "title": "1989", "revid": 1369557705, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1991, "year_label": "1991 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 28", "text": "June 28 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Comecon is dissolved in Moscow, Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371487470#June", "title": "1991", "revid": 1371487470, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 2002, "year_label": "2002 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 23", "text": "October 23–26 – Chechen rebels take control of the Nord-Ost theatre in Moscow and hold the audience hostage. At least 170 people are killed following a Russian attempt to subdue the militants.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372652846#October", "title": "2002", "revid": 1372652846, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 2009, "year_label": "2009 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 12", "text": "May 12–16 – The Eurovision Song Contest 2009 takes place in Moscow, Russia, and is won by Norwegian entrant Alexander Rybak with the song \"Fairytale\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367728140#May", "title": "2009", "revid": 1367728140, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2024, "year_label": "2024 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 8", "text": "December 8 – Syrian civil war: Syrian President Bashar al-Assad flees from Damascus to Moscow after being overthrown, ending his presidency and the Ba'athist Syria regime after a total of 61 years. The Syrian opposition forms the Syrian transitional government as a provisional government.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371869228#December", "title": "2024", "revid": 1371869228, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 2025, "year_label": "2025 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 20", "text": "September 20 – Intervision 2025 is held in Moscow, Russia. Vietnamese contestant Đức Phúc wins with the song \"Phù Đổng Thiên Vương\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372865033#September", "title": "2025", "revid": 1372865033, "section": "Events › September"}}]}