{"slug": "mughal-empire", "label": "Mughal Empire", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33296", "qid": "Q33296", "description": "great Turkic descent empire ruling India (1526–1857)", "entries": 99, "years": 74, "span": [1526, 1857], "span_label": ["1526 CE", "1857 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 60}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 11}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 8}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 5}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 5}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 3}, {"title": "Births", "count": 2}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 2}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "india", "label": "India", "shared": 20}, {"slug": "aurangzeb", "label": "Aurangzeb", "shared": 20}, {"slug": "shah-jahan", "label": "Shah Jahan", "shared": 11}, {"slug": "maratha-confederacy", "label": "Maratha Confederacy", "shared": 10}, {"slug": "akbar", "label": "Akbar", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "jahangir", "label": "Jahangir", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "shivaji", "label": "Shivaji", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "agra", "label": "Agra", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "delhi", "label": "Delhi", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "madhya-pradesh", "label": "Madhya Pradesh", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "sur-empire", "label": "Sur Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "rajasthan", "label": "Rajasthan", "shared": 3}], "items": [{"year": 1526, "year_label": "1526 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 21", "text": "April 21 – Battle of Panipat: Babur becomes Mughal emperor, invades northern India and captures Delhi, creating the Mughal Empire, which lasts until 1857.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369353275#April–June", "title": "1526", "revid": 1369353275, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1526, "year_label": "1526 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 25", "text": "February 25 – The Battle of Hisar Firoza is fought in what is now the Indian state of Haryana, between the Mughal Empire (whose army is led by Prince Humayun) and the Delhi Sultanate, led by Hamid Khan. Humayun, in his first command, leads the Mughals to victory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369353275#January–March", "title": "1526", "revid": 1369353275, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1530, "year_label": "1530 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 26", "text": "December 26 – Humayun starts to rule the Mughal Empire after Babur's death.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366794362#October–December", "title": "1530", "revid": 1366794362, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1535, "year_label": "1535 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Mughal Emperor Humayun gives battle to Bahadur Shah of Gujarat.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561145#Date_unknown", "title": "1535", "revid": 1369561145, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1539, "year_label": "1539 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 26", "text": "June 26 – Battle of Chausa in modern-day Buxar, India: Sher Shah Suri defeats the Mughal emperor, Humayun (Sher Shah goes on to form the Sur Empire, and take control of nearly all Mughal territory).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366494992#April–June", "title": "1539", "revid": 1366494992, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1540, "year_label": "1540 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 17", "text": "May 17 – Battle of Kannauj: Sher Shah Suri defeats and deposes Mughal Emperor Humayan, establishing the Sur Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366494590#April–June", "title": "1540", "revid": 1366494590, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1544, "year_label": "1544 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 4", "text": "January 4 – In India, Maldeo Rathore, King of Marwar (now part of the state of Rajasthan) is tricked by counterintelligence spread by Mughal Emperor and Afghan Shah Sher Shah Suri into departing from Jodhpur. The Battle of Sammel begins shortly afterward and is won by the Afghan and Mughal armies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359947848#January–March", "title": "1544", "revid": 1359947848, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1545, "year_label": "1545 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 15", "text": "November 15 – (10 Ramadan 952 AH) Hamida Banu Begum, Empress consort of India's Mughal Empire and wife of the Emperor Humayun, returns to the capital, Agra, after a three-year absence. She is accompanied by an army provided to Humayun by Tahmasp I, Shah of Iran.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366653612#October–December", "title": "1545", "revid": 1366653612, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1555, "year_label": "1555 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Humayun resumes rule of the Mughal Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561106#Date_unknown", "title": "1555", "revid": 1369561106, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1556, "year_label": "1556 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 14", "text": "February 14 – Akbar the Great ascends the throne of the Mughal Empire in India at age 13; he will rule until his death in 1605, by which time most of the north and centre of the Indian subcontinent will be under his control.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1320371006#January–March", "title": "1556", "revid": 1320371006, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1556, "year_label": "1556 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 5", "text": "November 5 – Second Battle of Panipat: Fifty miles north of Delhi, a Mughal army defeats the forces of Hemu and recaptures Delhi for the Mughal Empire, guaranteeing Akbar's rule.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1320371006#October–December", "title": "1556", "revid": 1320371006, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1556, "year_label": "1556 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 7", "text": "October 7 – The Battle of Delhi is fought in India, at Tughlaqabad) near Delhi between forces of the Sur Empire (ruled by Muhammad Adil Shah) and the Mughal Empire (ruled by Akbar the Great). General Hemchandra Vikramaditya (Hemu) of the Suris overwhelms the forces commanded by the Mughal Governor of Delhi, Tardi Beg Khan within one day.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1320371006#October–December", "title": "1556", "revid": 1320371006, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1560, "year_label": "1560 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March", "text": "March – Bairam Khan, the Vakil or prime minister of India's Mughal Empire, is forced to retire by the Emperor Akbar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359957428#January–March", "title": "1560", "revid": 1359957428, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1561, "year_label": "1561 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 31", "text": "January 31 – Mughal Empire General Bairam Khan is assassinated by an Afghan warrior, Mubarak Khan Lohani, while traveling through Gujarat in India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358043209#January–March", "title": "1561", "revid": 1358043209, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1562, "year_label": "1562 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 6", "text": "February 6 – In the Mughal Empire in India, the Emperor Akbar marries Mariam-uz-Zamani, daughter of Raja Bharmal, the ruler of the Kingdom of Amber. The marriage takes place in Sambhar in what is now the state of Rajasthan, where Akbar has stopped on his way back to the Mughal capital of Agra.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362000458#January–March", "title": "1562", "revid": 1362000458, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1564, "year_label": "1564 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 6", "text": "August 6 – In India Akbar, ruler of the Mughal Empire, defeats the rebellious governor of Malwa, Abdullah Khan Uzbeg. The defeat comes the day after the Imperial Army's arrival at Indore, now in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363117508#July–September", "title": "1564", "revid": 1363117508, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1568, "year_label": "1568 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 23", "text": "February 23 – Akbar the Great of the Mughal Empire captures the massive Chittor Fort in northern India from the Kingdom of Mewar after the Siege of Chittorgarh that began on October 23, 1567.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362476556#January–March", "title": "1568", "revid": 1362476556, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1575, "year_label": "1575 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 3", "text": "March 3 – Battle of Tukaroi: The Mughal Empire decisively defeats the Karrani dynasty of Bengal. The battle took place near the village of Tukaroi in present-day Balasore District of Odisha.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362481402#January–March", "title": "1575", "revid": 1362481402, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1576, "year_label": "1576 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 12", "text": "July 12 – The Mughal Empire annexes Bengal after defeating the Bengal Sultanate at the Battle of Rajmahal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362635528#July–September", "title": "1576", "revid": 1362635528, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1580, "year_label": "1580 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 28", "text": "February 28 – Three Jesuit priests from Portuguese Goa, including Rodolfo Acquaviva, arrive in Agra on the mainland of India as guests of the Mughal Emperor, Akbar the Great, who is curious about Christianity. The Emperor grants land to the Jesuit fathers for the building of the first Roman Catholic Church in the Mughal Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369376205#January–March", "title": "1580", "revid": 1369376205, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1581, "year_label": "1581 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 11", "text": "January 11 – Chandrasen Rathore, ruler of the Kingdom of Marwar (now part of the state of Rajasthan in India) dies at the age of 39, leaving a power vacuum that allows the Mughal Empire to take control of the kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362478489#January–March", "title": "1581", "revid": 1362478489, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1583, "year_label": "1583 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 13", "text": "November 13 – In India, the city of Allahabad (modern-day Prayagraj in the state of Uttar Pradesh) is founded as a strategic fortress by Akbar, Emperor of the Mughal Empire.Surendra Nath Sinha (1974).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363312090#October–December", "title": "1583", "revid": 1363312090, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1585, "year_label": "1585 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 20", "text": "December 20 – Enraged by the disrespect shown to him by Yousuf Shah Chak, the Mughal Emperor, Akbar, orders the invasion of Kashmir with 5,000 men.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365931198#October–December", "title": "1585", "revid": 1365931198, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1591, "year_label": "1591 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 18", "text": "July 18 (6 Shawal 999 AH) – In India, the four-day Battle of Bhuchar Mori ends in the Gujarat state, as General Mirza Aziz Koka leads the Mughal Empire gains a decisive victory over Nawanagar, led by the Sultan Muzaffar Shah III.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358075583#July–September", "title": "1591", "revid": 1358075583, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1595, "year_label": "1595 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 14", "text": "December 14 – Sultan Murad, 4th son of Emperor Akbar of the Mughal Empire invades Ahmednagar Sultanate which is defended by Chand Bibi.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339059002#October–December", "title": "1595", "revid": 1339059002, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1595, "year_label": "1595 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "November 9", "text": "November 9 – In India, Prince Man Singh I, Maharaja of Amber within the Mughal Empire, becomes the Mughal Governor (subahdar) of Bengal in what is now Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal. He lays the foundations of a new capital of Bengal, Akbarnagar (now Rajmahal, Jharkhand state).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339059002#October–December", "title": "1595", "revid": 1339059002, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1602, "year_label": "1602 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 22", "text": "August 22 – Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak, the prime minister for India's Mughal Emperor Akbar, is assassinated at Narwar as part of a plot by Emperor Akbar's son, Prince Salim, who will later succeed Akbar as Emperor Jahangir. Abu'l-Fazl's killer, Vir Singh Bundela, sends the victim's severed head to Prince Salim as proof of the plot's success.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351972919#July–September", "title": "1602", "revid": 1351972919, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1605, "year_label": "1605 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "January 16", "text": "January 16 – Shahryar, fifth and youngest son of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir (d. 1628)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362477436#January–March", "title": "1605", "revid": 1362477436, "section": "Births › January–March"}}, {"year": 1605, "year_label": "1605 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 3", "text": "November 3 – Jahangir, the fourth Mughal Emperor, begins his 22-year reign over the Mughal Empire in northern India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362477436#October–December", "title": "1605", "revid": 1362477436, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1611, "year_label": "1611 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 5", "text": "December 5 (30 Ramadan 1020 A.H.) – To celebrate the end of the daily fasting of the month of Ramadan, the Mughal Empire Army commander, Mubariz Khan, hosts the celebration banquet and learns that Pashtun rebel leader Khwaja Usman and 250 of his men have evacuated Bokainagar (modern-day Gouripur in Bangladesh) during the Mughal Army's holiday observance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1277342005#October–December", "title": "1611", "revid": 1277342005, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1612, "year_label": "1612 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 12", "text": "March 12 – At Daulambapur, near Kamalganj in what is now the Sylhet Division in Bangladesh, a battle takes place between 4,500 troops led by General Islam Khan I of India's Mughal Empire, and 12,000 defenders led by the Afghan warlord Khwaja Usman. The Mughals are almost defeated until Usman is struck in the eye by an arrow fired from a crossbow.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366306597#January–March", "title": "1612", "revid": 1366306597, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1615, "year_label": "1615 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "February 2", "text": "February 2 – Sir Thomas Roe sets out to become the first ambassador from the court of the King of England to the Mughal Emperor Jahangir, departing from Tilbury Hope on the ship Lyon under the command of captain Christopher Newport.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365922608#January–March", "title": "1615", "revid": 1365922608, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1615, "year_label": "1615 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November", "text": "November – The Mughals under Jahangir launch the first offensive against Kajali, a border post of the Ahom kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365922608#October–December", "title": "1615", "revid": 1365922608, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1616, "year_label": "1616 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Richard Steel and John Crowther complete their journey from Ajmeer in the Mughal Empire to Ispahan in Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366307823#Date_unknown", "title": "1616", "revid": 1366307823, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1616, "year_label": "1616 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "January 10", "text": "January 10 – English diplomat Sir Thomas Roe presents his credentials to the Mughal Emperor Jahangir, in Ajmer Fort, opening the door to the British presence in India. Roe sailed in the Lyon under the command of captain Christopher Newport, best known for his role in the Virginia colonies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366307823#January–February", "title": "1616", "revid": 1366307823, "section": "Events › January–February"}}, {"year": 1618, "year_label": "1618 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "January 6", "text": "January 6 – Jahangir, ruler of the Mughal Empire in northern India, gives an audience for the first time to a representative of the British East India Company, receiving Sir Thomas Roe at the capital at Ahmedabad.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365216026#January–March", "title": "1618", "revid": 1365216026, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1624, "year_label": "1624 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "October 9", "text": "October 9 – Murad Bakhsh, Mughal prince (d. 1661)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331350573#October–December", "title": "1624", "revid": 1331350573, "section": "Births › October–December"}}, {"year": 1628, "year_label": "1628 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 14", "text": "February 14 – The coronation of Shah Jahan as ruler of the Mughal Empire takes place in Agra.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352890088#January–March", "title": "1628", "revid": 1352890088, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1630, "year_label": "1630 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "In the Mughal Empire, Shah Jahan's Pearl Mosque at Lahore Fort is consecrated (completed 1635).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351974391#Date_unknown", "title": "1630", "revid": 1351974391, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1633, "year_label": "1633 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "May 28", "text": "May 28 – Aurangzeb, Crown Prince of the Mughal Empire in India, narrowly escapes death when an elephant stampedes through his encampment, but is able to defend himself with a lance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369169348#April–June", "title": "1633", "revid": 1369169348, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1635, "year_label": "1635 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "In the Mughal Empire, Shah Jahan's Pearl Mosque at Lahore Fort is completed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360049087#Date_unknown", "title": "1635", "revid": 1360049087, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1635, "year_label": "1635 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 23", "text": "December 23 – Shah Jahan, Emperor of India's Mughal Empire, issues a decree against Portuguese Jesuits, ordering that the Agra Church be demolished and barring them from attempting to convert Hindus and Muslims to the Christian faith, but allows them to conduct their religious ceremonies in private.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360049087#October–December", "title": "1635", "revid": 1360049087, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1635, "year_label": "1635 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 22", "text": "March 22 – The Peacock Throne of India's Mughal Empire is inaugurated in a ceremony in Delhi to support the seventh anniversary of Shah Jahan's accession to the throne as Emperor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360049087#January–March", "title": "1635", "revid": 1360049087, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1637, "year_label": "1637 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 16", "text": "January 16 – The siege of Nagpur ends in the modern-day Maharashtra state of India, as Kok Shah, the King of Deogarh, surrenders his kingdom to the Mughal Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339166592#January–March", "title": "1637", "revid": 1339166592, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1649, "year_label": "1649 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 22", "text": "February 22 – The Mughal–Safavid War begins when Shah Abbas II of the Safavid Empire in Persia captures the Afghan city of Kandahar from the Mughal Empire of India after a six-week siege. The Mughals, led by Shah Jahan, fail to recapture Kandahar after three sieges in four years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367892628#January–March", "title": "1649", "revid": 1367892628, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1653, "year_label": "1653 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 7", "text": "December 7 – The Moti Masjid, an Islamic mosque made completely of white marble and within the walls of the Agra Fort in what is now the city of Agra in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, is dedicated by the Mughal Emperor, Shah Jahan, on 16 Muharram 1064.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365981775#October–December", "title": "1653", "revid": 1365981775, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1653, "year_label": "1653 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 29", "text": "September 29 – In India, the third and final attempt by the Mughal Empire, to recapture the city of Kandahar from the Safavid Empire, ends in failure after almost six months despite the presence of 70,000 Mughal soldiers under the command of Prince Dara Shukoh.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365981775#July–September", "title": "1653", "revid": 1365981775, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1657, "year_label": "1657 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "September", "text": "September – Shah Jahan becomes ill, allowing his son to take control of the Mughal Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366656979#July–September", "title": "1657", "revid": 1366656979, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1658, "year_label": "1658 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 15", "text": "April 15 – In India, the Battle of Dharmat is fought in the modern-day state of Madhya Pradesh between rival claimants to the throne of the Mughal Empire. Prince Muhi al-Din Muhammad, the son of the Emperor Shah Jahan, leads 30,000 men in a triumph over 22,000 troops led by Jaswant Singh of Marwar and Ratan Singh Rathore. Despite heavy losses, with more than 11,000 casualties, Prince Muhi, who has adopted the name Aurangzeb, continues toward Samugarh and Agra and captures the throne at the end of July.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986033#April–June", "title": "1658", "revid": 1365986033, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1658, "year_label": "1658 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 31", "text": "July 31 – After Shah Jahan completes the Taj Mahal, his son Aurangzeb deposes him as ruler of the Mughal Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986033#July–September", "title": "1658", "revid": 1365986033, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1659, "year_label": "1659 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "June 10", "text": "June 10 – Dara Shikoh, at one time the heir apparent for the Mughal Empire, is betrayed by an Afghan chieftain, Junaid Khan Barozai, who had initially given him refuge from pursuit from the new emperor, Aurangzeb. Turned over to Aurangzeb's men, Dara Shikoh is killed on August 30.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986380#April–June", "title": "1659", "revid": 1365986380, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1659, "year_label": "1659 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 11", "text": "March 11 – Prince Dara Shikoh, who had been the heir apparent to the throne of the Mughal Empire in India until the overthrow of his father, Shah Jahan, makes a stand near Ajmer to fight the armies sent by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, but loses and is forced to flee.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986380#January–March", "title": "1659", "revid": 1365986380, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1661, "year_label": "1661 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 14", "text": "December 14 – Murad Bakhsh, Mughal prince (b. 1624)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986603#Deaths", "title": "1661", "revid": 1365986603, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1663, "year_label": "1663 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 23", "text": "January 23 – The Treaty of Ghilajharighat is signed in India between representatives of the Mughal Empire and the independent Ahom Kingdom (in what is now the Assam state), with the Mughals ending their occupation of the Ahom capital of Garhgaon, in return for payment by Ahom in silver and gold for costs of the occupation, and King Sutamla of Ahom sending one of his daughters to be part of the harem of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988068#January–March", "title": "1663", "revid": 1365988068, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1664, "year_label": "1664 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 5", "text": "January 5 – Battle of Surat in India: The Maratha leader, Chhatrapati Shivaji, defeats the Mughal Army Captain Inayat Khan, and sacks Surat.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372648278#January–March", "title": "1664", "revid": 1372648278, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1665, "year_label": "1665 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 11", "text": "June 11 – Shivaji, leader of the Bhonsale clan of the Marathas in India, signs the Treaty of Purandar with the Mughal Empire, giving up 23 of the 35 forts under his control, agreeing to pay reparations to the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, and sending his son to stay as a hostage at Agra.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988545#April–June", "title": "1665", "revid": 1365988545, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1666, "year_label": "1666 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 27", "text": "January 27 – Mughal conquest of Chittagong: Mughal forces of Emperor Aurangzeb, in alliance with the Portuguese, under Shaista Khan and his son Buzurg Umed Khan, expel the Maghs from the Bengal port city of Chittagong, renaming the city as Islamabad.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988943#January–March", "title": "1666", "revid": 1365988943, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1666, "year_label": "1666 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March", "text": "March – The Tavernier Blue, precursor to the Hope Diamond, is first recorded, when French gem merchant Jean-Baptiste Tavernier purchases it from the Kollur Mine in the Mughal Empire in uncut form.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988943#January–March", "title": "1666", "revid": 1365988943, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1666, "year_label": "1666 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 12", "text": "May 12 – In India, General Shivaji Bhonsale of the Maratha Empire arrives at the Agra Fort for a meeting with Emperor Aurangzeb of the Mughal Empire, as part of the terms of peace under the 1665 Treaty of Purandar. After taking offence at the disrespect shown to him, he gets angry and attempts to leave; he and his son Sambhaji are immediately placed under arrest and imprisoned at the fort.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988943#April–June", "title": "1666", "revid": 1365988943, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1667, "year_label": "1667 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "After Shivaji's escape, hostilities between the Marathas and the Mughals ebb, with Mughal sardar Jaswant Singh acting as intermediary between Shivaji and Aurangzeb for new peace proposals.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365989201#Date_unknown", "title": "1667", "revid": 1365989201, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1667, "year_label": "1667 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 19", "text": "December 19 – Emperor Aurangzeb, ruler of the Mughal Empire in India, orders a massive counterattack on Assam's Ahom kingdom after learning that Mughal troops had captured Guwahati. Aurangzeb appoints Raja Ram Singh to command a force of 36,000 infantry, 18,000 cavalry, 2,000 archers and 40 ships to conquer Ahom. The war lasts until the defeat of the Mughals by the smaller Ahom force in March 1671.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365989201#October–December", "title": "1667", "revid": 1365989201, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1667, "year_label": "1667 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 11", "text": "January 11 – Aurangzeb, monarch of the Mughal Empire, orders the removal of Rao Karan Singh as Maharaja of the Bikaner State (part of the modern-day Rajasthan state of India) because of Karan's dereliction of duty in battle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365989201#January–March", "title": "1667", "revid": 1365989201, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1667, "year_label": "1667 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 8", "text": "May 8 – Prince Prithviraj Singh, eldest son of the Maharaja Jaswant Singh of the Kingdom of Marwar (within India's Mughal Empire, part of the modern-day Rajasthan state) dies painfully at the age of 14, supposedly after putting on a khalat (a ceremonial robe) given to him by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. According to the folklore of Marwar, the khalat was actually a garment infused with poison that penetrated the skin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365989201#April–June", "title": "1667", "revid": 1365989201, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1667, "year_label": "1667 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 2", "text": "November 2 – In India, Assam troops led by General Lachit Borphukan, dispatched by King Supangmung, captures the Mughal Empire city of Guwahati after a victory in battle at Itakhuli.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365989201#October–December", "title": "1667", "revid": 1365989201, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1669, "year_label": "1669 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 9", "text": "April 9 – Aurangzeb, the Muslim Emperor of the Mughal Empire in India, issues a firman decree for the protection of all Hindu temples and schools in his kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366419040#April–June", "title": "1669", "revid": 1366419040, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1669, "year_label": "1669 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 28", "text": "November 28 – In India, the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb learns of a rebellion of Hindu residents of in various parts of the Mathurá where he had given the order for the destruction of non-Muslim temples, with rioting in Mauza' Rewarah, Chandarkah, and Surkhrú. The Emperor's historian, Saqi Mustaid Khan, records Aurangzeb's dispatch of General Hasan 'Ali Khán to attack the rebels, and 300 of them are \"sent to perdition\" while the Mughals lose \"many imperial soldiers\". Another 250 surviving rebels are arrested. Kokilá Ját, leader of the rebels, is among the prisoners put to death a month later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366419040#October–December", "title": "1669", "revid": 1366419040, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1670, "year_label": "1670 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 4", "text": "February 4 – The Battle of Sinhagad takes place in India (in the modern-day Maharashtra state) as the Maratha Empire army, led by Tanaji Malusare, leads an assault on the Kondhana Fortress that had been captured by the Mughal Empire. Tanaji, called \"The Lion\" by his followers, captures the fortress by guiding the successful scaling of the walls of the fortress with ladders created from rope, but is killed in the battle. The Maratha emperor Shivaji orders the fortress named Sinhagad, the Marathi language words for \"Lion's Fort\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368809725#January–March", "title": "1670", "revid": 1368809725, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1670, "year_label": "1670 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "January 27", "text": "January 27 – The Muslim emperor Aurangzeb of the Mughal Empire in India issues an order for the destruction of all Hindu temples and schools in the empire, including the Keshvadeva Temple in Mathura.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368809725#January–March", "title": "1670", "revid": 1368809725, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1671, "year_label": "1671 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 5", "text": "January 5 – The Battle of Salher is fought in India as the first major confrontation between the Maratha Empire and the Mughal Empire, with the Maratha Army of 40,000 infantry and cavalry under the command of General Prataprao Gujar defeating a larger Mughal force led by General Diler Khan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365991065#January–March", "title": "1671", "revid": 1365991065, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1671, "year_label": "1671 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March", "text": "March – In the Battle of Saraighat in India, fought in mid-March, General Lachit Borphukan of the Ahom kingdom, located in what is now the Indian state of Assam defeats a larger force of Mughal Empire troops on the outskirts of what is now Guwahati.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365991065#January–March", "title": "1671", "revid": 1365991065, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1675, "year_label": "1675 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 6", "text": "May 6 – The Siege of Ponda, an action by the Maratha Empire in southern India against the Sultanate of Bijapur, ends after four weeks when the Mughal Empire fails to send reinforcements. Most of the defenders are massacred after Emperor Shivaji's troops storm the fortress in what is now a small city in the Indian state of Goa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365992546#April–June", "title": "1675", "revid": 1365992546, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1679, "year_label": "1679 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 3", "text": "April 3 – Aurangazeb, the Muslim ruler of the Mughal Empire in India, decrees the imposition of the jizya, an annual tax upon non-Muslims under Mughal jurisdiction, primarily Hindus. The tax had been abolished by Aurangazeb's great grandfather, Akbar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366669253#April–June", "title": "1679", "revid": 1366669253, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1681, "year_label": "1681 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 2", "text": "February 2 – In India, the Mughal Empire city of Burhanpur (now in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh) is sacked and looted by troops of the Maratha Empire on orders of the Maratha emperor, the Chhatrapati Sambhaji. General Hambirrao Mohite began the pillaging three days earlier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361310073#January–March", "title": "1681", "revid": 1361310073, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1681, "year_label": "1681 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – Prince Muhammad Akbar, son of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, initiates a civil war in India. With the support of troops from the Rajput states, Akbar declares himself the new Mughal Emperor and prepares to fight his father, but is ultimately defeated.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361310073#January–March", "title": "1681", "revid": 1361310073, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1681, "year_label": "1681 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 27", "text": "October 27 – Sir John Child of England becomes the new Governor of Bombay province and, unofficially, Governor-General of all of the settlements of the East India Company in India. With the exception of a rebellion by Captain Richard Keigwin during the year 1684, Child expands British control until involving the British in a war with the Mughal Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361310073#October–December", "title": "1681", "revid": 1361310073, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1683, "year_label": "1683 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 20", "text": "August 20 – Bahadur, son of the Emperor Aurangzeb of the Mughal Empire in India, is dispatched along with other Mughal nobles on an invasion of Konkan, the area on the southwestern Indian coast under the control of the Maratha Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366000368#July–September", "title": "1683", "revid": 1366000368, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1687, "year_label": "1687 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 22", "text": "September 22 – The Siege of Golconda, ordered by Emperor Aurangzeb of India's Mughal Empire against the capital of the Golconda sultanate, ends after nine months when a traitor inside the walled city, Sarandaz Khan, opens the first of several entrances into the fortress. The Sultan Abul Hasan Qutb Shah is taken prisoner by General Mir Shahab ud-Din, and Golconda (now part of Hyderabad in the Telangana state).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363302904#July–September", "title": "1687", "revid": 1363302904, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1690, "year_label": "1690 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 24", "text": "August 24 – In India, the fort and trading settlement of Sutanuti is founded on the Hooghly River by the English East India Company, following the signing of an Anglo-Mughal treaty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369486553#July–September", "title": "1690", "revid": 1369486553, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1698, "year_label": "1698 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 17", "text": "February 17 – The Maratha Empire fort at Gingee falls after a siege of almost nine years by the Mughal Empire as King Rajaram escapes to safety. General Swarup Singh Bundela, who led the scaling of the fortress walls and Gingee's capture, is rewarded by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb with command of the area.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370144847#January–March", "title": "1698", "revid": 1370144847, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1710, "year_label": "1710 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 12", "text": "May 12 – Battle of Sirhind: An army of 70,000 Sikh rebels, led by Banda Singh Bahadur defeat a force of 25,000 Mughal Empire troops commanded by General Wazir Khan, who is killed in the combat. The battle takes place near Sirhind in what is now the Indian state of Punjab.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358049105#April–June", "title": "1710", "revid": 1358049105, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1710, "year_label": "1710 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 11", "text": "October 11 – The Battle of Rahon is fought between Sikhs and Mughal Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358049105#October–December", "title": "1710", "revid": 1358049105, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1714, "year_label": "1714 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 21", "text": "January 21 – After being tricked into deserting a battle against India's Mughal Empire by the rebel Sayyid brothers, Prince Azz-ud-din Mirza is blinded on orders of the Emperor Farrukhsiyar as punishment.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366497107#January–March", "title": "1714", "revid": 1366497107, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1716, "year_label": "1716 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 9", "text": "June 9 – In India, 600 imprisoned members of the failed Sikh Khalsa rebellion against the Mughal Empire are executed on orders of the Emperor Farrukhsiyar. Banda Singh Bahadur, leader of the rebellion, is brutally tortured and mutilated before being killed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360559357#April–June", "title": "1716", "revid": 1360559357, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1717, "year_label": "1717 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Murshid Quli Khan declares himself the first Nawab of the Bengal Subah. The Nawabs of Bengal will effectively function as near-sovereign rulers of Bengal while being nominally loyal to the Mughal Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366802832#Date_unknown", "title": "1717", "revid": 1366802832, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1718, "year_label": "1718 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 7", "text": "January 7 – In India, Sufi rebel leader Shah Inayat Shaheed from Sindh who had led attacks against the Mughal Empire, is beheaded days after being tricked into meeting with the Mughals to discuss peace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350255401#January_–_March", "title": "1718", "revid": 1350255401, "section": "Events › January – March"}}, {"year": 1720, "year_label": "1720 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 19", "text": "June 19 – At Burhanpur (in the modern-day Indian state of Madhya Pradesh), the Nizam-ul-Mulk of Hyderabad survives an attempted ambush by Mughal Empire forces dispatched by the Sayyid brothers (Syed Abdullah Khan and Syed Husain Ali Khan Barha) and goes on to establish a rival state in southern India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358044251#April–June", "title": "1720", "revid": 1358044251, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1722, "year_label": "1722 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 21", "text": "February 21 – Nasir-ud-Din Muḥammad Shah, the Grand Mogul of north India's Mughal Empire, names Nizam-ul-Mulk as his Grand Vizier. Three years later, the Nizam will rebel against the Grand Mogul and create his own independent nation as the Nizam of Hyderabad, reigning as Asaf Jah.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365128046#January–March", "title": "1722", "revid": 1365128046, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1727, "year_label": "1727 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 1", "text": "July 1 – In India, Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan becomes the new Nawab of Bengal after the death of his father-in-law, Murshid Quli Khan. At the time, Bengal consists of what is now the nation of Bangladesh and the southeast Indian state of West Bengal and is subservient to the Mughal Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360176234#July–September", "title": "1727", "revid": 1360176234, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1728, "year_label": "1728 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 25", "text": "November 25 – In India, the Maratha Empire's army invades the Mughal Empire's Malwa province, crossing the Narmada River. On November 29, the two armies clash at the Battle of Amjhira; the Maratha troops, commanded by General Chimaji Appa, overcome the defenders of Malwa (now part of India's Andhra Pradesh state) and Malwa's Governor Girdhar Bahadur is killed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363462071#October–December", "title": "1728", "revid": 1363462071, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1737, "year_label": "1737 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 28", "text": "March 28 – The Battle of Delhi takes place between the Maratha Empire and the Mughals.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367176390#January–March", "title": "1737", "revid": 1367176390, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1739, "year_label": "1739 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 24", "text": "February 24 – Battle of Karnal: The army of Iranian ruler Nader Shah defeats the forces of the Mughal emperor of India, Muhammad Shah.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340647395#January–March", "title": "1739", "revid": 1340647395, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1746, "year_label": "1746 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 10", "text": "March 10 – Zakariya Khan Bahadur, the Mughal Empire's viceroy administering Lahore (in what is now Pakistan), orders the massacre of the city's Sikh people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360271173#January–March", "title": "1746", "revid": 1360271173, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1749, "year_label": "1749 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 3", "text": "August 3 – The Battle of Ambur is fought in south India as the Second Carnatic War begins between the French-supported troops of Chanda Sahib of the Mughal Empire and the British-supported defenders of the Arcot State, led by its 77-year old Nawab, Anwaruddin Khan. After marching outside of the walls of Arcot to confront Chanda Sahib and Joseph Dupleix's 4,000 troops, Anwaruddin Khan's numerically superior force is routed and he is killed in the battle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360727483#July–September", "title": "1749", "revid": 1360727483, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1757, "year_label": "1757 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 11", "text": "August 11 – In the Battle of Delhi, the capital city of the Mughal Empire is retaken by Maratha Empire leader Raghunathrao from Najib ad-Dawlah, who flees to refuge in the royal palace, the Red Fort.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370632620#July–September", "title": "1757", "revid": 1370632620, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1759, "year_label": "1759 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 10", "text": "December 10 – Shah Jahan III is installed as the puppet ruler of India's Mughal Empire eleven days after the death of Alamgir II, but is removed after a reign of only ten months.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354612770#October–December", "title": "1759", "revid": 1354612770, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1759, "year_label": "1759 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 29", "text": "November 29 – Alamgir II, the Mughal Emperor of India, is assassinated in a conspiracy orchestrated by his Prime Minister, Imad-ul-Mulk. The Shah Alam II, a grandson of the 17th century Emperor Aurangzeb, is made the new Mughal Emperor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354612770#October–December", "title": "1759", "revid": 1354612770, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1761, "year_label": "1761 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 14", "text": "January 14 – Third Battle of Panipat: In India, the armies of the Durrani Empire from Afghanistan, led by Ahmad Shah Durrani and his coalition decisively defeat the Maratha Confederacy, killing over 100,000 Maratha soldiers and civilians in battle and in a subsequent massacre, regaining territory lost by the Mughal Empire and restoring the Mughal Emperor, Shah Alam II, to the throne in Delhi as the nominal ruler.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369831762#January–March", "title": "1761", "revid": 1369831762, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1788, "year_label": "1788 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 10", "text": "August 10 – Emperor Shah Alam II was blinded by a maddened Indo-Afghan commander Ghulam Qadir Rohilla who sought revenge against the Mughal Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357260814#July–September", "title": "1788", "revid": 1357260814, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1857, "year_label": "1857 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 20", "text": "September 20 – Indian Rebellion of 1857: British forces recapture Delhi, compelling the surrender of Bahadur Shah II, the last Mughal emperor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366379985#July–September", "title": "1857", "revid": 1366379985, "section": "Events › July–September"}}]}