{"slug": "nanjing", "label": "Nanjing", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16666", "qid": "Q16666", "description": "capital city of Jiangsu Province, China, former capital of the Republic of China and China's Ming dynasty", "entries": 43, "years": 38, "span": [229, 1989], "span_label": ["229 CE", "1989 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 21}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 5}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 5}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 4}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 4}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "ming-dynasty", "label": "Ming dynasty", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "yongle-emperor", "label": "Yongle Emperor", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "beijing", "label": "Beijing", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "china", "label": "China", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "jiankang", "label": "Jiankang", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "buddhism", "label": "Buddhism", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "yuan-dynasty", "label": "Yuan dynasty", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "zheng-he", "label": "Zheng He", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "mongol", "label": "Mongol", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "jin-dynasty-265-420", "label": "Jin Dynasty (265-420)", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "yangtze-river", "label": "Yangtze River", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "xi-an", "label": "Xi'an", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 229, "year_label": "229 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 23", "text": "June 23 – Chinese warlord Sun Quan formally declares himself emperor of the Eastern Wu state. The city of Jianye (modern Nanjing) is founded as the capital of Eastern Wu. The independent kingdoms in Cambodia and Laos become Eastern Wu vassals.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1281566383#China", "title": "229", "revid": 1281566383, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": 317, "year_label": "317 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Sixteen Kingdoms: Jingwen (later Yuan of Jin) flees with remnants of the Jin court and noble families to the south. He succeeds Emperor Min of Jin as first ruler of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and decides to make Jiankang (modern Nanjing) his new capital.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330159511#Asia", "title": "317", "revid": 1330159511, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 386, "year_label": "386 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The Northern Wei Dynasty begins in China. The Tuoba clan of the Xianbei tribe (proto-Mongol people) is politically separated from the Chinese dynasties established in Jiankang (modern Nanjing). The Northern Wei rulers are ardent supporters of Buddhism. Prince Dao Wu Di, age 15, becomes the first emperor (see Northern dynasties).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1280220103#Asia", "title": "386", "revid": 1280220103, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 420, "year_label": "420 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 10", "text": "July 10 – The Jin Dynasty ends in China. Liu Yu (Emperor Wu of Liu Song) becomes the first ruler of the Liu Song Dynasty. The capital of the dynasty is Nanjing.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371542443#Asia", "title": "AD 420", "revid": 1371542443, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 502, "year_label": "502 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Liang Dynasty is founded by Xiao Yan, who marches on Jiankang (later Nanjing). Emperor He Di, age 14, is put to death. The Southern Qi Dynasty ends and Wu Di becomes ruler of the Liang Dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364748175#China", "title": "AD 502", "revid": 1364748175, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": 557, "year_label": "557 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The Jiming Temple in Nanjing is built; the Buddhist pagoda is located near Xuanwu Lake.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340800259#Religion", "title": "557", "revid": 1340800259, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 585, "year_label": "585 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Zhiyi, Chinese monk, returns to the city of Jinling, where he completes his commentarial works on the Lotus Sutra.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365938601#Religion", "title": "585", "revid": 1365938601, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 589, "year_label": "589 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Chinese Empire is reunited under the leadership of Emperor Wéndi (Sui dynasty), who defeats the Chen forces at Jiankang (modern Nanjing), ending the Chen dynasty (the last of the Southern dynasties) that has ruled since 557.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366654394#Asia", "title": "589", "revid": 1366654394, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 951, "year_label": "951 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 16", "text": "November 16 – Emperor Li Jing sends a Southern Tang expeditionary force (10,000 men) under Bian Hao to conquer Chu. Li Jing removes the ruling family to his own capital in Nanjing, ending the Chu Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512694#China", "title": "951", "revid": 1341512694, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": 1355, "year_label": "1355 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May", "text": "May – Red Turban Rebellions: Guo Zixing dies, leaving his forces to the command of his son-in-law, Zhu Yuanzhang. Guo's successors are later killed in battle while trying to capture Nanjing.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357199170#Events", "title": "1355", "revid": 1357199170, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1356, "year_label": "1356 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Zhu Yuanzhang, one of the leaders in the Red Turban Rebellion, captures the city of Nanjing from the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty in China; from then on it becomes his base of power, and the capital of a new dynasty he would establish in 1368, the Ming dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350441440#Date_unknown", "title": "1356", "revid": 1350441440, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1358, "year_label": "1358 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Estimation: Nanjing in Yuan China becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Hangzhou in Yuan China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1309312891#Date_unknown", "title": "1358", "revid": 1309312891, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1360, "year_label": "1360 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Red Turban Rebellions: Chen Youliang murders Xu Shouhui and proclaims himself the emperor of Han in Wuchang before unsuccessfully attempting to capture Nanjing from Zhu Yuanzhang.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292555105#Date_unknown", "title": "1360", "revid": 1292555105, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1366, "year_label": "1366 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Zhu Yuanzhang, leader of the Red Turban Rebellion that will overthrow the Yuan dynasty and establish the Ming dynasty two years later, begins building the walls for a new capital city at Nanjing.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361982215#Date_unknown", "title": "1366", "revid": 1361982215, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1367, "year_label": "1367 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 1", "text": "October 1 – Red Turban Rebellions: Zhu Yuanzhang takes Suzhou from Zhang Shicheng, who unsuccessfully attempts suicide before being captured and taken to Nanjing, where he dies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373413377#October–December", "title": "1367", "revid": 1373413377, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1368, "year_label": "1368 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 12", "text": "January 12 – Zhu Yuanzhang declares himself as Emperor of China and forces Emperor Huizong of the Yuan dynasty to flee the capital, Yingtian (now Nanjing).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371792677#January–March", "title": "1368", "revid": 1371792677, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1402, "year_label": "1402 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 13", "text": "June 13 – Jingnan campaign: The Army of Yan arrives at the walls of Nanjing, capital of Imperial China and surrounds the city. The defenders on the north side open the Jinchuan Gate and let the invaders in. China's Emperor Zhu Yun Wen then orders for the palace to be set on fire with himself and his followers burned to death inside before the Yan King Zhu Di arrives. Zhu Di orders the execution of 29 palace officials.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371594109#April–June", "title": "1402", "revid": 1371594109, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1402, "year_label": "1402 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 14", "text": "June 14 – Zhu Di, King of the Yan State at Beijing, becomes the new Ming Dynasty Emperor of China at Nanjing, uniting north and south China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371594109#April–June", "title": "1402", "revid": 1371594109, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1403, "year_label": "1403 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "In China, the Emperor Cheng Zu moves the capital from Nanjing to Beijing, commissions the Yongle Encyclopedia, one of the world's earliest and largest known general encyclopedias, and orders his coastal provinces to build a vast fleet of ships, with construction centered at Longjiang near Nanjing; the inland provinces are to provide wood and float it down the Yangtze River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371593649#Date_unknown", "title": "1403", "revid": 1371593649, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1403, "year_label": "1403 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 23", "text": "January 23 – The Yongle Era in China begins with the first day of the Chinese New Year, six months after King Zhu Di of the Yan State arrived at Nanjing, deposed the southern Chinese Emperor Zhu Yun Wen, and proclaimed himself as the Emperor Cheng Zu.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371593649#January–March", "title": "1403", "revid": 1371593649, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1403, "year_label": "1403 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "September 4", "text": "September 4 – The first 200 Chinese treasure ships are ordered by the new Ming dynasty Emperor Cheng Zu from the Capital Guards at Nanjing.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371593649#July–September", "title": "1403", "revid": 1371593649, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1407, "year_label": "1407 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "October 5", "text": "October 5 – A group of high officials of the former Vietnamese government are put on trial before China's Emperor Cheng Zu at Nanjing, and charged with treason for killing the previous Vietnamese ruler. Most of the prisoners are executed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367230756#July–December", "title": "1407", "revid": 1367230756, "section": "Events › July–December"}}, {"year": 1408, "year_label": "1408 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 20", "text": "August 20 – Abdul Majid Hassan, the Sultan of Brunei, sets off on a voyage to China at the invitation of the Emperor Cheng Zu and arrives in the capital, Nanjing, by September, becoming the first foreign monarch to make a peaceful visit to the Chinese Empire. While visiting, the Sultan becomes ill and dies on October 19.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360565942#July–December", "title": "1408", "revid": 1360565942, "section": "Events › July–December"}}, {"year": 1408, "year_label": "1408 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 19", "text": "October 19 – Awang Pateh Berbai, in Nanjing in China as part of the family accompanying his nephew, the Sultan Abdul Majid Hassan, becomes the new Sultan of Brunei when Abdul dies from an illness.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360565942#July–December", "title": "1408", "revid": 1360565942, "section": "Events › July–December"}}, {"year": 1411, "year_label": "1411 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 6", "text": "July 6 – Ming dynasty Chinese Admiral Zheng He returns to Nanjing after his third voyage, and presents the ruler Vira Alakesvara, captured during the Ming–Kotte War, to China's Emperor Cheng Zu.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354941251#July–September", "title": "1411", "revid": 1354941251, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1414, "year_label": "1414 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Tibetan lama Je Tsongkhapa, of the Gelug school of Buddhism, declines the offer of the Emperor Cheng Zu of China to appear in the capital at Nanjing, although he sends his disciple Chosrje Shākya Yeshes, who is given the title \"State Teacher\". The later Xuande Emperor will grant Yeshes the title of a king, upon a return visit to China (to the new capital at Beijing).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368828978#Date_unknown", "title": "1414", "revid": 1368828978, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1416, "year_label": "1416 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "November 14", "text": "November 14 – China's Emperor Cheng Zu and his fleet return to Nanjing from his fourth expedition for treasure after having been away since 1413.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368829186#October–December", "title": "1416", "revid": 1368829186, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1416, "year_label": "1416 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "November 19", "text": "November 19 – At Nanjing, China's Emperor Cheng Zu bestows gifts at a grand ceremony to princes, civil officials, military officers, and the ambassadors of 18 countries.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368829186#October–December", "title": "1416", "revid": 1368829186, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1419, "year_label": "1419 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The final 41 treasure ships are built in the Nanjing shipyards for use in the expeditions of Zheng He.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358545199#Date_unknown", "title": "1419", "revid": 1358545199, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1420, "year_label": "1420 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 28", "text": "October 28 – Beijing (\"Northern Capital\") is officially designated the capital of Ming dynasty China by the Yongle Emperor, replacing Nanjing, during the same year that the Forbidden City, the seat of government, is completed and construction begins on the Temple of Heaven in the new capital city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365937924#October–December", "title": "1420", "revid": 1365937924, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1425, "year_label": "1425 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Beijing, capital of China, becomes the largest city in the world, taking the lead from Nanjing (estimated date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360580047#Date_unknown", "title": "1425", "revid": 1360580047, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1433, "year_label": "1433 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "July 22", "text": "July 22 – Admiral Zheng He and the crew of the seventh Ming Chinese overseas expedition return to China, arriving at Beijing two and one half years after their departure on January 19, 1411 from Nanjing. With the completion of the maritime expedition, the fleet is dispersed, altering the balance of power in the Indian Ocean, and making it easier for Portugal and other Western naval powers to gain dominance over the seas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320602#July–September", "title": "1433", "revid": 1351320602, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1519, "year_label": "1519 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 10", "text": "July 10 – The Prince of Ning rebellion begins, after Zhu Chenhao declares the Ming dynasty's Zhengde Emperor a usurper, and leads his army north in an attempt to capture Nanjing.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365433723#July–September", "title": "1519", "revid": 1365433723, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1616, "year_label": "1616 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Anti-Christian persecutions break out in Nanjing, China, and Nagasaki, Japan. The Jesuit-lead Christian community in Japan at this time is over 3,000,000 strong.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366307823#Date_unknown", "title": "1616", "revid": 1366307823, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1751, "year_label": "1751 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 19", "text": "April 19 – The Qianlong Emperor of China visits the southern capital of Nanjing for the first time, bringing with him 3,000 staff and 6,690 horses and stays for four days.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351037611#April–June", "title": "1751", "revid": 1351037611, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1853, "year_label": "1853 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 10", "text": "February 10 – Taiping Rebellion: Taiping forces assemble at Hanyang, Hankou and Wuchang for the march on Nanjing.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352708271#January–March", "title": "1853", "revid": 1352708271, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1856, "year_label": "1856 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 13", "text": "June 13 – Taiping Rebellion: Shi Dakai arrives at Nanjing.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371140008#April–June", "title": "1856", "revid": 1371140008, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1937, "year_label": "1937 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 3", "text": "October 3 – Second Sino-Japanese War: Japanese troops advance toward Nanjing, capital of the Republic of China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371759714#October", "title": "1937", "revid": 1371759714, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1940, "year_label": "1940 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 30", "text": "March 30 – WWII: Former Kuomintang member and Chinese foreign minister, Wang Jingwei, announces the creation of the Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China in Nanjing.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818987#March", "title": "1940", "revid": 1368818987, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1948, "year_label": "1948 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 18", "text": "May 18 – The first Legislative Yuan of the Republic of China officially convenes in Nanjing.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371784888#May", "title": "1948", "revid": 1371784888, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1949, "year_label": "1949 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 23", "text": "April 23 – Chinese Communist troops take Nanjing.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370167995#April", "title": "1949", "revid": 1370167995, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1978, "year_label": "1978 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "December 16", "text": "December 16 – Train 87 from Nanjing to Xining collides with train 368 from Xi'an to Xuzhou near Yangzhuang railway station in China, killing 106, injuring 218.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022681#December", "title": "1978", "revid": 1370022681, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1989, "year_label": "1989 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 21", "text": "April 21 – Students from Beijing, Shanghai, Xi'an and Nanjing begin protesting in Tiananmen Square in Beijing.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557705#April", "title": "1989", "revid": 1369557705, "section": "Events › April"}}]}