{"slug": "naples", "label": "Naples", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2634", "qid": "Q2634", "description": "capital city of Campania, Italy", "entries": 65, "years": 60, "span": [-599, 1938], "span_label": ["600 BCE", "1938 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 25}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 9}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 6}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 6}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 5}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 5}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 3}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 2}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 2}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "kingdom-of-naples", "label": "Kingdom of Naples", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "roman-republic", "label": "Roman Republic", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "campania", "label": "Campania", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "alfonso-v-of-aragon", "label": "Alfonso V of Aragon", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "apulia", "label": "Apulia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "ostrogoths", "label": "Ostrogoths", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "samnites", "label": "Samnites", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "sicily", "label": "Sicily", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "ferdinand-ii-of-aragon", "label": "Ferdinand II of Aragon", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "spanish-empire", "label": "Spanish Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "order-of-saint-benedict", "label": "Order of Saint Benedict", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": -599, "year_label": "600 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Naples is founded by the Greeks. (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372139014#Western_Europe", "title": "600 BC", "revid": 1372139014, "section": "Events › By place › Western Europe"}}, {"year": -449, "year_label": "450 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Polykleitos starts making the bronze statue Achilles (also known as The Spear Bearer or Doryphoros), which he finishes about ten years later. A Roman copy of the original bronze is now kept in the Museo Archeologico Nazionale in Naples, Italy (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172732#Arts", "title": "450 BC", "revid": 1354172732, "section": "Events › By topic › Arts"}}, {"year": -326, "year_label": "327 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Samnite army captures Neapolis (present-day Naples). The Romans, who are meanwhile moving south while the Samnites are occupied with Tarentum, take the opportunity to recover Neapolis and, after a long siege, evict the Samnite garrison from the city and make it an ally of Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1259124608#Roman_Republic", "title": "327 BC", "revid": 1259124608, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -325, "year_label": "326 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Following their defeat by the Roman forces in Naples, the Samnites declare war on Rome starting the Second Samnite War. To help defeat the Samnites, the Romans make alliances with the peoples of Central Italy to the north of Samnium and with the Apulians to the southeast.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1279205798#Roman_Republic", "title": "326 BC", "revid": 1279205798, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -215, "year_label": "216 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 2", "text": "August 2 – The Battle of Cannae (east of Naples) ends in victory for Hannibal whose 50,000-man army defeats a Roman force of 86,000 led by consuls Lucius Aemilius Paullus (who is killed in the battle) and Gaius Terentius Varro. 50,000-70,000 Roman troops are killed, making this perhaps the deadliest one-day battle in all history.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1336012311#Roman_Republic", "title": "216 BC", "revid": 1336012311, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -36, "year_label": "37 BCE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Agrippa creates the harbour \"Portus Julius\" in the today-submersed town of Puteoli (the modern Pozzuoli, close to Naples). The port is used to train the warships for naval battles, and a new fleet is built, with 20,000 oarsmen gathered by freeing slaves. He also incorporates, on quinqueremes, a technical innovation, called the harpax (\"snatcher\"): a combination ballista and grappling hook, based on the corvus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325862706#Roman_Republic", "title": "37 BC", "revid": 1325862706, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 62, "year_label": "62 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The making of Still Life, a detail of a wall painting from Herculaneum, begins (finished in AD 79). It is now kept at Museo Nazionale in Naples.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363561412#Arts_and_sciences", "title": "AD 62", "revid": 1363561412, "section": "Events › By topic › Arts and sciences"}}, {"year": 94, "year_label": "94 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Roman poet Publius Papinius Statius retires to Naples from Rome (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330324543#Literature", "title": "AD 94", "revid": 1330324543, "section": "Events › By topic › Literature"}}, {"year": 305, "year_label": "305 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Patron of Pozzuoli, Saint Proculus, and patron of Naples, Saint Januarius are thrown to wild beasts in Pozzuoli's Flavian Amphitheater, then beheaded at Solfatara.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330171757#Roman_Empire", "title": "305", "revid": 1330171757, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 529, "year_label": "529 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Benedictine Order is established at Monte Cassino near Naples by Benedict of Nursia, who founds a monastery and formulates for his monks strict rules in the \"Regula Benedicti\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351343002#Religion", "title": "529", "revid": 1351343002, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 536, "year_label": "536 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Gothic War (535–554): Belisarius crosses the Strait of Messina and invades Italy. He conquers the city of Rhegium and advances to Naples.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362906459#Eastern_Roman_(\"Byzantine\")_Empire", "title": "536", "revid": 1362906459, "section": "Events › By place › Eastern Roman (\"Byzantine\") Empire"}}, {"year": 537, "year_label": "537 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "June", "text": "June – In Rome, famine brings the city to despair; Belisarius sends his secretary Procopius to Naples for more reinforcements and supplies. Vitiges arranges a three-month armistice for Gothic envoys to travel to Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370992976#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "537", "revid": 1370992976, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 542, "year_label": "542 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Siege of Naples: Totila besieges the city of Naples in Campania. A Byzantine relief force from Sicily is intercepted and almost destroyed by Gothic warships.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340799594#Europe", "title": "542", "revid": 1340799594, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 543, "year_label": "543 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Siege of Naples (542–543): The Byzantine garrison (1,000 men) in Naples surrenders to the Ostrogoths, pressed by famine and demoralized by the failure of two relief efforts. The defenders are well treated by King Totila, and the garrison is allowed safe departure, but the city walls are partly razed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340799598#Europe", "title": "543", "revid": 1340799598, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 553, "year_label": "553 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Mons Lactarius: King Teia secretly marches to join forces with his brother Aligern in Campania, to relieve the siege of Cumae. Meanwhile at Mons Lactarius (modern Monti Lattari), Narses lays an ambush. The combined Gothic force is crushed in a hopeless last stand for two days (south of Naples), and Teia is killed in the fighting. Aligern escapes, but surrenders a few months later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267072897#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "553", "revid": 1267072897, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 581, "year_label": "581 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Lombards under Zotto, Duke of Benevento, sack the abbey of Monte Cassino near Naples. The Benedictine monks who survive flee to Rome, but they return to the site, and rebuild the monastery.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340801589#Europe", "title": "581", "revid": 1340801589, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 615, "year_label": "615 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Eleutherius succeeds John I as exarch of Ravenna. He persecutes those implicated in the murder of John and the judges of the State. After making a courtesy visit to Pope Adeodatus I, Eleutherius captures Naples and kills the rebel leader John of Conza.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364752554#Europe", "title": "615", "revid": 1364752554, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 641, "year_label": "641 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Arechis I, duke of Benevento (northeast of Naples), dies after a 50-year reign and is succeeded by his son Aiulf I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364764166#Europe", "title": "641", "revid": 1364764166, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 837, "year_label": "837 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The city of Naples (modern Italy) is attacked by Saracens from Egypt demanding an annual payment (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941882#Europe", "title": "837", "revid": 1340941882, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 876, "year_label": "876 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "John VIII travels throughout Campania, in an effort to form an alliance among the southern Italian states (the cities of Salerno, Capua, Naples, Gaeta and Amalfi) against Muslim raids.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267070562#Religion", "title": "876", "revid": 1267070562, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 968, "year_label": "968 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Pandulf I (Ironhead), a Lombard prince, takes over the territory of Benevento and Capua after the death of his brother Landulf III. He appoints his son Landulf IV as co-prince of Benevento, and disinherits Pandulf II (a son of Landulf III) as lord of Sant'Agata (located northeast of Naples).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364919231#Europe", "title": "968", "revid": 1364919231, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1134, "year_label": "1134 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Roger II of Sicily defeats a revolt in Naples.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1321069056#Mediterranean", "title": "1134", "revid": 1321069056, "section": "Events › By place › Mediterranean"}}, {"year": 1135, "year_label": "1135 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – King Roger II lands with a Sicilian expeditionary force in Salerno. He splits his army, and conquers the cities of Aversa and Alife. Roger besieges Naples – but despite poor health conditions within the city, he is not able to take it, and returns again to Messina.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184463#Europe", "title": "1135", "revid": 1369184463, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1191, "year_label": "1191 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 15", "text": "April 15 – Henry VI, son of the late Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa), is crowned as Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, together with his wife Constance by Pope Celestine III, on Easter Monday at Rome. Henry marches south and begins a campaign in Apulia. He besieges Naples, but encounters the resistance of Sicilian forces under Margaritus of Brindisi, who come to support the city's defense. Tusculum is destroyed by the rebel army of the Commune of Rome, on April 17.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362170549#Europe", "title": "1191", "revid": 1362170549, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1253, "year_label": "1253 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 10", "text": "October 10 – German imperial forces under King Conrad IV suppress the Sicilian rebellion and recapture Naples.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362664638#Europe", "title": "1253", "revid": 1362664638, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1281, "year_label": "1281 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "October 18", "text": "October 18 – Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos is excommunicated by Pope Martin IV without any warning or provocation. Martin authorizes Charles I, king of Sicily, to make a Crusade against Michael, who has re-established his rule in Constantinople. Charles prepares an expedition in Sicily and assembles a fleet of 100 ships, and 300 more in Naples, Provence, and the Greek territories, which carry some 8,000 cavalrymen.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320525#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1281", "revid": 1351320525, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1284, "year_label": "1284 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 5", "text": "June 5 – Battle of the Gulf of Naples: An Aragonese-Sicilian fleet (some 30 galleys) led by Admiral Roger of Lauria surrounds and defeats the Neapolitan ships in the Gulf of Naples. King Charles II of Naples (\"the Lame\") is captured during the battle; disorganized, the remnants of the Neapolitan fleet (between 15 and 18 galleys) flee back to Naples.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370723758#Europe", "title": "1284", "revid": 1370723758, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1287, "year_label": "1287 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 23", "text": "June 23 – Battle of the Counts: An Aragonese-Sicilian fleet (some 50 galleys) under Admiral Roger of Lauria defeat a larger Angevin fleet of 70 galleys near Naples. After a feigned retreat, Roger attacks the Angevin galleys from all sides. During the battle, which last much of the day, the Angevin fleet is scattered, leaving about 40 galleys to be captured, along with 5,000 prisoners. After the victory, without any authorization from King James II, Roger makes a truce with the Neapolitans (who are allies of the Angevins).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694581#Europe", "title": "1287", "revid": 1361694581, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1372, "year_label": "1372 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 12", "text": "March 12 – Saint Bridget sets out on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, staying in Cyprus until May 12. In August, she is in Bethlehem where she sees a vision of Jesus' birth. In September, she sets sail for Naples, where she arrives in December.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370079239#January–March", "title": "1372", "revid": 1370079239, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1378, "year_label": "1378 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 20", "text": "September 20 – Unhappy with Pope Urban's critical attitude towards them, the majority of the cardinals meet at Fondi, elect Clement VII as antipope, and establish a rival papal court at Avignon. This split within the Catholic Church becomes known as the Western Schism, also known as the Great Schism. France, Aragon, Castile and León, Cyprus, Burgundy, Savoy, Naples and Scotland choose to recognise Antipope Clement VII. Denmark, England, Flanders, the Holy Roman Empire, Hungary, northern Italy, Ireland, Norway, Poland and Sweden continue to recognise Pope Urban VI.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366019926#July–September", "title": "1378", "revid": 1366019926, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1390, "year_label": "1390 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 6", "text": "August 6 – Louis II of Anjou arrives in Naples to rule the Kingdom of Naples (as Luigi II d'Angio) after being appointed by the Antipope John XXIII in France, but King Ladislaus continues to be recognized by supporters of Pope Boniface IX.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371631980#July–September", "title": "1390", "revid": 1371631980, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1438, "year_label": "1438 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 19", "text": "May 19 – René of Anjou, son of the late King Louis II of Valois-Anjou arrives in the Kingdom of Naples to take the vacant throne, reaching the Italian city ahead of King Alfonso V of Aragon, who also wants the throne. Alfonso makes plans to lay siege to the city of Naples.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365935905#April–June", "title": "1438", "revid": 1365935905, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1441, "year_label": "1441 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 10", "text": "November 10 – Alfonso V of Aragon lays siege to Naples.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361382363#October–December", "title": "1441", "revid": 1361382363, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1443, "year_label": "1443 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 26", "text": "February 26 – The Spanish monarch, King Alfonso V of Aragon, makes a triumphant entrance into the city of Naples in order to assume the throne of the Kingdom of Naples.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349474708#January–March", "title": "1443", "revid": 1349474708, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1480, "year_label": "1480 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 17", "text": "March 17 – Lorenzo the Magnificent, Lord of the Republic of Florence, and King Ferrante of Naples agree to an alliance between the two Italian nations, and to end the ongoing war that had started in 1479. Lorenzo had traveled to Naples in December to reach a treaty to end the war.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370179650#January–March", "title": "1480", "revid": 1370179650, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1494, "year_label": "1494 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 25", "text": "January 25 – Alfonso II becomes King of Naples.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353371082#January–March", "title": "1494", "revid": 1353371082, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1495, "year_label": "1495 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 22", "text": "February 22 – Italian War of 1494–98: King Charles VIII of France enters the city of Naples, to claim the throne of the Kingdom of Naples. A few months later, he decides to return to France, and leaves Naples with most of his army, leaving a force under his cousin Gilbert, Count of Montpensier as viceroy. Syphilis is first definitely recorded in Europe during this invasion. (perhaps from French forces who may have contacted Croats fleeing an Ottoman army in the east).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365256979#January–March", "title": "1495", "revid": 1365256979, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1503, "year_label": "1503 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 13", "text": "May 13 – Naples is captured by the Spanish.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366510845#April–June", "title": "1503", "revid": 1366510845, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1503, "year_label": "1503 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 11", "text": "November 11 – Bernard Stewart, 4th Lord of Aubigny, commander of the defeated French forces and a prisoner of war since his April 21 defeat at the Battle of Seminara, is released from Castel Nuovo in Naples after a truce between France and Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366510845#October–December", "title": "1503", "revid": 1366510845, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1504, "year_label": "1504 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 31", "text": "January 31 – Treaty of Lyon: France cedes Naples to Ferdinand II of Aragon, who becomes King of Naples as Ferdinand III.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365936803#January–March", "title": "1504", "revid": 1365936803, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1505, "year_label": "1505 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Judah Abravanel becomes personal physician to the viceroy of Naples.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360582113#Date_unknown", "title": "1505", "revid": 1360582113, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1513, "year_label": "1513 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December", "text": "December – Louis attempts to make peace with Spain by offering King Ferdinand the hand of his daughter Renée for one of his grandsons along with renouncing his claims on Naples. The proposal is never accepted.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363949569#October–December", "title": "1513", "revid": 1363949569, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1516, "year_label": "1516 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 13", "text": "August 13 – The Treaty of Noyon is signed. King François I of France recognizes Charles I of Spain's claim to Naples, and Charles recognizes Francis's claim to Milan. The treaty also promised Louise of France to Charles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368315851#July–September", "title": "1516", "revid": 1368315851, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1560, "year_label": "1560 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "The first scientific society, the Academia Secretorum Naturae, is founded in Naples by Giambattista della Porta.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359957428#Date_unknown", "title": "1560", "revid": 1359957428, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1624, "year_label": "1624 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 3", "text": "October 3 – A combined squadron of fifteen Neapolitan (Spain), Tuscan, and Papal galleys defeat a squadron of six Algerian ships on the island of San Pietro, near Sardinia. (details)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331350573#October–December", "title": "1624", "revid": 1331350573, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1647, "year_label": "1647 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 7", "text": "July 7 – Masaniello launches rebellion in Naples against Spanish rule.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358071698#July–September", "title": "1647", "revid": 1358071698, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1647, "year_label": "1647 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 15", "text": "November 15 – Henry of Guise lands in Naples, to become the leader of the Neapolitan Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358071698#October–December", "title": "1647", "revid": 1358071698, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1709, "year_label": "1709 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "De Nostri Temporis Studiorum Ratione (On the Study Methods of Our Times) is published by Neapolitan philosopher Giambattista Vico.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361817608#Date_unknown", "title": "1709", "revid": 1361817608, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1724, "year_label": "1724 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 15", "text": "October 15 – The historic Teatro Nuovo opera house is inaugurated in Naples with the premiere of Antonio Orefice's comic opera Lo Simmele.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372325153#October–December", "title": "1724", "revid": 1372325153, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1734, "year_label": "1734 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 6", "text": "August 6 – The armies of Spain and France, led by the Duke of Parma (and future King Charles III of Spain) storm the city of Gaeta in Naples, ending a four-month siege (War of the Polish Succession).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363450203#July–September", "title": "1734", "revid": 1363450203, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1737, "year_label": "1737 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "November 4", "text": "November 4 – The Teatro di San Carlo, the oldest working opera house in Europe, is inaugurated in Naples, Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367176390#October–December", "title": "1737", "revid": 1367176390, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1743, "year_label": "1743 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Capodimonte porcelain is first manufactured, in Naples.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360887949#Undated", "title": "1743", "revid": 1360887949, "section": "Events › Undated"}}, {"year": 1806, "year_label": "1806 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 15", "text": "February 15 – Invasion of Naples: Joseph Bonaparte enters Naples.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368311144#January–March", "title": "1806", "revid": 1368311144, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1819, "year_label": "1819 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "December 17", "text": "December 17 – The new astronomical observatory of Capodimonte in Naples starts operating. The astronomer Carlo Brioschi made the first observation by measuring the position of ⍺ Cassiopeiae.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355822452#October–December", "title": "1819", "revid": 1355822452, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1821, "year_label": "1821 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 21", "text": "March 21 – Austrian forces under Johann Frimont enter Naples and restore the authority of Ferdinand I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366198623#January–March", "title": "1821", "revid": 1366198623, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1822, "year_label": "1822 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "October 21", "text": "October 21 – The volcano Mount Vesuvius near Naples erupts.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367154222#October–December", "title": "1822", "revid": 1367154222, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1839, "year_label": "1839 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "October 3", "text": "October 3 – A railway between Naples and Portici (7.4 km mi) in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies is inaugurated by King Ferdinand II of Bourbon as the first line in the Italian Peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360384794#October–December", "title": "1839", "revid": 1360384794, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1848, "year_label": "1848 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 24", "text": "November 24 – Pope Pius IX flees Rome in disguise for Naples.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370038858#October–December", "title": "1848", "revid": 1370038858, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1851, "year_label": "1851 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "July 29", "text": "July 29 – Annibale de Gasparis, in Naples, Italy discovers asteroid 15 Eunomia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358777790#July–September", "title": "1851", "revid": 1358777790, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1852, "year_label": "1852 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "March 17", "text": "March 17 – Annibale de Gasparis discovers the asteroid Psyche from the north dome of the Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte in Naples.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354165010#January–March", "title": "1852", "revid": 1354165010, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1852, "year_label": "1852 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "September 19", "text": "September 19 – Annibale de Gasparis discovers the asteroid Massalia from the north dome of the Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte in Naples.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354165010#July–September", "title": "1852", "revid": 1354165010, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1860, "year_label": "1860 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 15", "text": "May 15 – Expedition of the Thousand – Battle of Calatafimi: Troops under Giuseppe Garibaldi defeat the army of Naples in Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371066131#May", "title": "1860", "revid": 1371066131, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1860, "year_label": "1860 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 26", "text": "October 26 – Meeting at Teano: Giuseppe Garibaldi gives Naples to King Victor Emmanuel II, recognizing him as King of Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371066131#October", "title": "1860", "revid": 1371066131, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1860, "year_label": "1860 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 7", "text": "September 7 – Giuseppe Garibaldi's forces capture Naples.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371066131#September", "title": "1860", "revid": 1371066131, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1938, "year_label": "1938 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 27", "text": "March 27 – Italian mathematician Ettore Majorana disappears suddenly under mysterious circumstances, while travelling by ship from Palermo to Naples.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818751#March", "title": "1938", "revid": 1368818751, "section": "Events › March"}}]}