{"slug": "native-americans-in-the-united-states", "label": "Native Americans in the United States", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49297", "qid": "Q49297", "description": "indigenous peoples of the United States in North America, including Alaska Natives and American Indians, excluding other geographic areas.", "entries": 22, "years": 22, "span": [1567, 1960], "span_label": ["1567 CE", "1960 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 6}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 6}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 4}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 4}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "new-england", "label": "New England", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "lenape", "label": "Lenape", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "january", "label": "January", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "north-carolina", "label": "North Carolina", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "argentina", "label": "Argentina", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "dominican-republic", "label": "Dominican Republic", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "christians", "label": "Christians", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "african-american", "label": "African American", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "new-bern-north-carolina", "label": "New Bern, North Carolina", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "supreme-court-of-the-united-states", "label": "Supreme Court of the United States", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "old-style", "label": "Old Style", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "massachusetts-bay-colony", "label": "Massachusetts Bay Colony", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1567, "year_label": "1567 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January", "text": "January – A Spanish force under the command of Captain Juan Pardo establishes Fort San Juan, in the Native American settlement of Joara. The fort is the first European settlement in modern-day North Carolina.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362147494#January–March", "title": "1567", "revid": 1362147494, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1616, "year_label": "1616 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "The New England Indian smallpox or leptospirosis epidemic of 1616–19 begins to depopulate the region, killing an estimated 90% of the coastal native peoples.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366307823#Date_unknown", "title": "1616", "revid": 1366307823, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1626, "year_label": "1626 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "May 24", "text": "May 24 – Peter Minuit buys Manhattan from a Native American tribe (Lenape or Shinnecock) for trade goods, valued at 60 guilders ($1,143 U.S. dollars as of 2020).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367580131#April–June", "title": "1626", "revid": 1367580131, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1630, "year_label": "1630 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "February 22", "text": "February 22 – Native American Quadequine introduces popcorn to English colonists.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351974391#January–March", "title": "1630", "revid": 1351974391, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1636, "year_label": "1636 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 23", "text": "December 23 (December 13 Old Style) – The Massachusetts Bay Colony organizes three militia regiments to defend the colony against the Pequot Indians. This organization is recognized today as the founding of the United States National Guard.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358525522#October–December", "title": "1636", "revid": 1358525522, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1675, "year_label": "1675 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 29", "text": "January 29 – John Sassamon, an English-educated Native American Christian, dies at Assawampsett Pond, an event which will trigger a year-long war between the English American colonists of New England, and the Algonquian Native American tribes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365992546#January–March", "title": "1675", "revid": 1365992546, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1702, "year_label": "1702 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 18", "text": "October 18 – Queen Anne's War: Battle of Flint River – Spanish and Apalachee Indian forces fail in their attack against Creek Indians, supported by English traders, in the modern-day U.S. state of Georgia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362986314#October–December", "title": "1702", "revid": 1362986314, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1711, "year_label": "1711 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "September 10", "text": "September 10 (also dated September 12) – John Lawson, Christoph von Graffenried, two African American slaves and two Native Americans leave on an exploration expedition from New Bern, North Carolina, and travel north by canoe up the Neuse River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364260988#July–September", "title": "1711", "revid": 1364260988, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1725, "year_label": "1725 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "February 20", "text": "February 20 – The first reported case of white men scalping Native Americans takes place in New Hampshire colony.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361335962#January–March", "title": "1725", "revid": 1361335962, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1773, "year_label": "1773 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "October 10", "text": "October 10 – Daniel Boone leads the first attempt by British colonists to establish a settlement in Kentucky, but is turned back in an attack by Native Americans, in which his son is killed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365114710#October–December", "title": "1773", "revid": 1365114710, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1778, "year_label": "1778 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 17", "text": "September 17 – The Treaty of Fort Pitt is signed, the first formal treaty between the United States and a Native American tribe (the Lenape or Delaware).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371073991#July–September", "title": "1778", "revid": 1371073991, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1782, "year_label": "1782 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 8", "text": "March 8 – Gnadenhutten massacre: In Ohio, 29 Native American men, 27 women, and 34 children are killed by colonial militiamen in retaliation for raids carried out by another Native American group.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370562345#January–March", "title": "1782", "revid": 1370562345, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1811, "year_label": "1811 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 7", "text": "November 7 – Battle of Tippecanoe: American troops led by William Henry Harrison defeat the Native American spiritual leader Tenskwatawa, also known as The Prophet (Chief Tecumseh's brother).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361375672#October–December", "title": "1811", "revid": 1361375672, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1812, "year_label": "1812 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 5", "text": "August 5 – War of 1812: Tecumseh's Indian force ambushes Thomas Van Horne's 200 Americans at Brownstone Creek, causing them to flee and retreat.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364673712#July–September", "title": "1812", "revid": 1364673712, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1828, "year_label": "1828 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 21", "text": "February 21 – The Cherokee Phœnix, the earliest newspaper published by Native Americans in the United States and in one of their indigenous languages, Cherokee, is first issued in New Echota.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371323922#January–March", "title": "1828", "revid": 1371323922, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1830, "year_label": "1830 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 28", "text": "May 28 – The Indian Removal Act is signed into law by U.S. President Andrew Jackson, beginning the \"Trail of Tears\" with the forced relocation of more than 60,000 Indigenous Americans from the Cherokee, Muscogee (Creek), Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw nations from the southeastern United States to what is now the U.S. state of Oklahoma. The relocation is accomplished by the end of 1838. In addition to the five tribes, thousands of Indian-owned black slaves are moved as well, and the move has the effect of beginning mass destruction of bison in North America.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352223718#April–June", "title": "1830", "revid": 1352223718, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1836, "year_label": "1836 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 19", "text": "May 19 – Fort Parker massacre: Among those captured by Native Americans is 9-year-old Cynthia Ann Parker. She later gives birth to a son named Quanah, who becomes the last chief of the Comanche.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368342504#April–June", "title": "1836", "revid": 1368342504, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1867, "year_label": "1867 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 21", "text": "October 21 – 'Manifest destiny': Medicine Lodge Treaty – Near Medicine Lodge Creek, Kansas, a landmark treaty is signed by southern Great Plains Indian leaders, requiring Native American Plains tribes to relocate to a reservation in western Oklahoma.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365231456#October", "title": "1867", "revid": 1365231456, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1911, "year_label": "1911 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August 29", "text": "August 29 – Ishi, the last unassimilated Native American in the U.S. using stone tools, emerges from hiding near Oroville, California.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373497014#August", "title": "1911", "revid": 1373497014, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1915, "year_label": "1915 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "October 25", "text": "October 25 – Lyda Conley, the first American Indian woman to appear before the Supreme Court of the United States as a lawyer, is admitted to practice there.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373518749#October", "title": "1915", "revid": 1373518749, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1924, "year_label": "1924 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 2", "text": "June 2 – U.S. President Calvin Coolidge signs the Indian Citizenship Act into law, granting citizenship to all Native Americans born within the territorial limits of the United States.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372136634#June", "title": "1924", "revid": 1372136634, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1960, "year_label": "1960 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "April 1", "text": "April 1 – The 1960 United States census begins. There are 179,323,175 U.S. residents on this day. All people from Latin America are listed as white, including blacks from the Dominican Republic, European whites from Argentina and Mexicans who resemble Native Americans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371870774#April", "title": "1960", "revid": 1371870774, "section": "Events › April"}}]}