{"slug": "nato", "label": "NATO", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7184", "qid": "Q7184", "description": "intergovernmental military alliance between 32 member states", "entries": 38, "years": 28, "span": [1948, 2024], "span_label": ["1948 CE", "2024 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 20}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 18}], "related": [{"slug": "greece", "label": "Greece", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "bosnia-and-herzegovina", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "cold-war", "label": "Cold War", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "turkey", "label": "Turkey", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "united-nations", "label": "United Nations", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "slovenia", "label": "Slovenia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "poland", "label": "Poland", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "hungary", "label": "Hungary", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "czech-republic", "label": "Czech Republic", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "albania", "label": "Albania", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "sweden", "label": "Sweden", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1948, "year_label": "1948 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 22", "text": "January 22 – British foreign secretary Ernest Bevin proposes the formation of a Western Union between Britain, France and the Benelux countries to stand up against the Soviet Union. The Treaty of Brussels is signed March 17 as a consequence, a predecessor to NATO.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371784888#January", "title": "1948", "revid": 1371784888, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1949, "year_label": "1949 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 4", "text": "April 4 – The North Atlantic Treaty is signed in Washington, D.C., creating the NATO defense alliance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370167995#April", "title": "1949", "revid": 1370167995, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1949, "year_label": "1949 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 30", "text": "March 30 – An anti-NATO riot in Iceland takes place, prompted by the decision of the Icelandic parliament to join the newly formed NATO.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370167995#March", "title": "1949", "revid": 1370167995, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1951, "year_label": "1951 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 20", "text": "September 20 – NATO accepts Greece and Turkey as members.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368856437#September", "title": "1951", "revid": 1368856437, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1960, "year_label": "1960 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 16", "text": "December 16 – Secretary of State Christian Herter announces that the United States will commit five nuclear submarines and eighty Polaris missiles to the defense of the NATO countries by the end of 1963.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371870774#December", "title": "1960", "revid": 1371870774, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1961, "year_label": "1961 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 7", "text": "January 7 – Following a four-day conference in Casablanca, five African chiefs of state announce plans for a NATO-type African organization to ensure common defense. The Charter of Casablanca involves the Casablanca Group: Morocco, the United Arab Republic, Ghana, Guinea, and Mali.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372676854#January", "title": "1961", "revid": 1372676854, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1966, "year_label": "1966 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 9", "text": "September 9 – NATO decides to move Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe to Belgium.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370246126#September", "title": "1966", "revid": 1370246126, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1974, "year_label": "1974 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 14", "text": "August 14 – Greece withdraws its forces from NATO's military command structure, as a result of the Turkish invasion of Cyprus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372602919#July–August", "title": "1974", "revid": 1372602919, "section": "Events › July–August"}}, {"year": 1979, "year_label": "1979 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 25", "text": "June 25 – NATO Supreme Allied Commander Alexander Haig escapes an assassination attempt in Belgium by the Baader-Meinhof terrorist organization.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371786119#June", "title": "1979", "revid": 1371786119, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1981, "year_label": "1981 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 10", "text": "December 10 – During the Ministerial Session of the North Atlantic Council in Brussels, Spain signs the Protocol of Accession to NATO.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369107326#December", "title": "1981", "revid": 1369107326, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1983, "year_label": "1983 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 7", "text": "November 7 – Able Archer 83: Many Soviet officials misinterpret this NATO exercise as a nuclear first strike, causing the last nuclear scare of the Cold War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366392977#November", "title": "1983", "revid": 1366392977, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1990, "year_label": "1990 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 12", "text": "February 12 – Representatives of NATO and the Warsaw Pact meet in Ottawa for an \"Open Skies\" conference. The conference results in agreements about superpower troop levels in Europe and on German reunification.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366571855#February", "title": "1990", "revid": 1366571855, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1990, "year_label": "1990 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 24", "text": "October 24 – Italian Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti reveals the existence of Operation Gladio, a clandestine NATO \"stay-behind\" operation in Italy during the Cold War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366571855#October", "title": "1990", "revid": 1366571855, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1993, "year_label": "1993 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 26", "text": "May 26 – Albanian President Sali Berisha urges the United States and NATO to take action to prevent Serbian ethnic cleansing of Kosovo Albanians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366430372#May", "title": "1993", "revid": 1366430372, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1995, "year_label": "1995 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 30", "text": "August 30 – Operation Deliberate Force, the NATO bombing campaign against Bosnian Serb artillery positions, begins in Bosnia and Herzegovina, continuing into September. At the same time, ARBiH forces begin an offensive against the Bosnian Serb Army around Sarajevo, central Bosnia and Bosnian Krajina.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372467239#August", "title": "1995", "revid": 1372467239, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1995, "year_label": "1995 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 20", "text": "December 20 – NATO begins peacekeeping in Bosnia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372467239#December", "title": "1995", "revid": 1372467239, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1995, "year_label": "1995 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 2", "text": "June 2 – A United States Air Force F-16 piloted by Captain Scott O'Grady is shot down over Bosnia and Herzegovina while patrolling the NATO no-fly zone. O'Grady is rescued by U.S. Marines six days later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372467239#June", "title": "1995", "revid": 1372467239, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1996, "year_label": "1996 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 10", "text": "February 10 – Bosnian Serbs break off contact with the Bosnian government and with representatives of IFOR, the NATO localised force, in reaction to the arrest of several Bosnian Serb war criminals.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371596794#February", "title": "1996", "revid": 1371596794, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1997, "year_label": "1997 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 8", "text": "July 8 – NATO invites the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland to join the alliance in 1999.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367978156#July", "title": "1997", "revid": 1367978156, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1999, "year_label": "1999 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 10", "text": "June 10 – Kosovo War: NATO suspends its airstrikes after Slobodan Milošević agrees to withdraw Yugoslav forces from Kosovo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369767946#June", "title": "1999", "revid": 1369767946, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1999, "year_label": "1999 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 12", "text": "June 12 – Kosovo War: Operation Joint Guardian/Operation Agricola begins: NATO-led United Nations peacekeeping forces KFOR enter Kosovo, Yugoslavia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369767946#June", "title": "1999", "revid": 1369767946, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1999, "year_label": "1999 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 9", "text": "June 9 – Kosovo War: Yugoslavia and NATO sign a peace treaty to end their hostilities.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369767946#June", "title": "1999", "revid": 1369767946, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1999, "year_label": "1999 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 12", "text": "March 12 – Former Warsaw Pact members Hungary, Poland, and the Czech Republic join NATO.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369767946#March", "title": "1999", "revid": 1369767946, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1999, "year_label": "1999 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 24", "text": "March 24 – NATO launches air strikes against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, marking the first time NATO has attacked a sovereign state.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369767946#March", "title": "1999", "revid": 1369767946, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1999, "year_label": "1999 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 7", "text": "May 7 – Kosovo War: in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, three Chinese embassy workers are killed and 20 others wounded when a NATO B-2 aircraft bombs the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369767946#May", "title": "1999", "revid": 1369767946, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2001, "year_label": "2001 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 21", "text": "August 21 – Operation Essential Harvest: NATO sends a military forces to the Republic of Macedonia in response to the ongoing insurgency.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373523156#August", "title": "2001", "revid": 1373523156, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 2002, "year_label": "2002 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 22", "text": "November 22 – Prague summit: NATO announces seven new countries that intend to join: Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372652846#November", "title": "2002", "revid": 1372652846, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 2003, "year_label": "2003 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 23", "text": "March 23 – Slovenia approves joining the European Union and NATO in a referendum.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371470479#March", "title": "2003", "revid": 1371470479, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 2004, "year_label": "2004 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 29", "text": "March 29 – Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia are admitted to NATO, the largest expansion of the organization.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373088592#March", "title": "2004", "revid": 1373088592, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 2009, "year_label": "2009 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 1", "text": "April 1 – Albania and Croatia join NATO.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367728140#April", "title": "2009", "revid": 1367728140, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 2015, "year_label": "2015 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 24", "text": "November 24 – Turkey shoots down a Russian fighter jet on the Turkish–Syrian border in the first case of a NATO member destroying a Russian aircraft since the 1950s.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373300271#November", "title": "2015", "revid": 1373300271, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 2017, "year_label": "2017 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 5", "text": "June 5 – Montenegro joins NATO as the 29th member.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371948773#June", "title": "2017", "revid": 1371948773, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 2019, "year_label": "2019 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 12", "text": "February 12 – The Republic of Macedonia renames itself the Republic of North Macedonia, officially ending a decades-old dispute with Greece and paving the way for the former's integration into NATO and the EU.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373255188#February", "title": "2019", "revid": 1373255188, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 2020, "year_label": "2020 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 14", "text": "December 14 – Turkey–United States relations: The United States places sanctions on Turkey in retaliation for their purchase of a S-400 missile system from Russia, marking the first time they have sanctioned a NATO ally.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371633312#December", "title": "2020", "revid": 1371633312, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 2020, "year_label": "2020 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 14", "text": "May 14 – NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg says the military alliance is \"ready to support\" the UN-recognized Government of National Accord in Libya while Greece, a member state of NATO, strongly criticizes Stoltenberg's remarks, saying his recognition of the \"Muslim Brotherhood government\" does not reflect the positions of the military alliance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371633312#May", "title": "2020", "revid": 1371633312, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2021, "year_label": "2021 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 2", "text": "April 2 – Russia warns NATO against sending any troops to aid Ukraine, amid reports of a large Russian military build-up on its borders.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372689859#April", "title": "2021", "revid": 1372689859, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 2022, "year_label": "2022 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 4", "text": "February 4 – China and Russia issue a joint statement opposing further NATO expansion, expressing \"serious concerns\" about the AUKUS security pact, and pledging to cooperate with each other on a range of issues.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371998228#February", "title": "2022", "revid": 1371998228, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 2024, "year_label": "2024 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 7", "text": "March 7 – As the final Nordic country to join the alliance, Sweden officially joins NATO, becoming its 32nd member after Finland a year earlier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371869228#March", "title": "2024", "revid": 1371869228, "section": "Events › March"}}]}