{"slug": "newcastle-upon-tyne", "label": "Newcastle upon Tyne", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1425428", "qid": "Q1425428", "description": "city in Tyne and Wear, England, UK", "entries": 14, "years": 14, "span": [1080, 1879], "span_label": ["1080 CE", "1879 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 6}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 2}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 2}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "kingdom-of-england", "label": "Kingdom of England", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-scotland", "label": "Kingdom of Scotland", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "flanders", "label": "Flanders", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "stephen-king-of-england", "label": "Stephen, King of England", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "david-i-of-scotland", "label": "David I of Scotland", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "carlisle", "label": "Carlisle", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "henry-ii-of-england", "label": "Henry II of England", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "northumberland", "label": "Northumberland", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "william-the-lion", "label": "William the Lion", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "london", "label": "London", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "london-bridge", "label": "London Bridge", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "berwick-upon-tweed", "label": "Berwick-upon-Tweed", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1080, "year_label": "1080 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Robert Curthose, a son of William I, is sent to invade Scotland. He reaches as far as Falkirk and forces King Malcolm III to agree to terms while building fortifications at Newcastle upon Tyne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363303187#Britain", "title": "1080", "revid": 1363303187, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 1136, "year_label": "1136 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – King David I of Scotland invades northern England and captures many of the major towns including Carlisle and Newcastle. In response, King Stephen raises an army (with Flemish mercenaries), and marches to Durham. David agrees to negotiate a peace between the two countries.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365584360#Britain", "title": "1136", "revid": 1365584360, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 1174, "year_label": "1174 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 13", "text": "July 13 – Battle of Alnwick: King William I (the Lion), supported by Flemish mercenaries, invades England, to help fight in the baronial rebellion against King Henry II. William attacks Prudhoe Castle in Northumberland, but is unable to capture it. He is captured by Lord Ranulf de Glanvill, and brought back to Newcastle. Henry occupies a part of Scotland, with its five strongest castles: Roxburgh, Berwick, Jedburgh, Edinburgh and Stirling.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362171775#Britain", "title": "1174", "revid": 1362171775, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 1298, "year_label": "1298 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – First War of Scottish Independence: King Edward I of England (\"Longshanks\") marches from Newcastle upon Tyne with his household to Alnwick and then by way of Chillingham to Roxburgh in Scotland, where he joins the army in July. He proceeds to Lauderdale and encamps at Kirkliston, to the west of Edinburgh, where he remains from July 15 to July 20. The army is accompanied by a long train of supply wagons. Meanwhile, English supply ships, delayed by bad weather, bring food to Leith.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363071319#British_Isles", "title": "1298", "revid": 1363071319, "section": "Events › By place › British Isles"}}, {"year": 1305, "year_label": "1305 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "August 23", "text": "August 23 – After a three-week trial at Westminster, William Wallace is convicted of treason and of atrocities against civilians in war. After the trial, he is dragged through the streets of Smithfield in London and hanged, drawn and quartered – strangled by hanging – but cut down while still alive, emasculated, disemboweled (with his bowels burned before him), beheaded, and then cut into four parts. Wallace's head is placed on a spike above the London Bridge, and his limbs are displayed separately, in Newcastle, Berwick, Stirling, and Perth.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1297125288#July_–_September", "title": "1305", "revid": 1297125288, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1312, "year_label": "1312 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 4", "text": "May 4 – Edward II and Piers Gaveston are at Newcastle upon Tyne when they are alerted to the news of an English force under Henry Percy and Robert Clifford is heading for them. They manage to escape to Scarborough Castle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362487312#April_–_June", "title": "1312", "revid": 1362487312, "section": "Events › April – June"}}, {"year": 1322, "year_label": "1322 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 20", "text": "September 20 – Scotland's King Robert the Bruce begins the \"Great Raid\" on sites in northern England, leading troops across the River Tweed and starting with an attack on Norham Castle. England's King Edward II responds with an order directing the English Army to assemble at Newcastle upon Tyne to make a counterattack.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350577150#July_–_September", "title": "1322", "revid": 1350577150, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1400, "year_label": "1400 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "Newcastle upon Tyne is created a county corporate, by Henry IV of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369029011#Date_unknown", "title": "1400", "revid": 1369029011, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1436, "year_label": "1436 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 25", "text": "June 25 – The Incorporated Guild of Smiths in Newcastle upon Tyne (England) is founded.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320639#April–July", "title": "1436", "revid": 1351320639, "section": "Events › April–July"}}, {"year": 1451, "year_label": "1451 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 14", "text": "August 14 – A three-year truce is signed between Scotland and England at the Church of St Nicholas at Newcastle-upon-Tyne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358547324#July–September", "title": "1451", "revid": 1358547324, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1646, "year_label": "1646 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 30", "text": "July 30 – Commissioners of the Parliament of England and Scottish Covenanters meeting in Newcastle upon Tyne set out the Heads of Proposals (\"Newcastle Propositions\") demanding that King Charles I gives up control of the army and place restrictions on Catholics, as the basis for a constitutional settlement.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360055090#July–September", "title": "1646", "revid": 1360055090, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1759, "year_label": "1759 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "June 15", "text": "June 15 – The first vascular surgery in history is performed by a Dr. Hallowell (whose first name has been lost) at Newcastle upon Tyne in England, who uses suture repair rather than a tying off with a ligature to repair an aneurysm on a patient's brachial artery. The case is reported in 1761 by Dr. Richard Lambert in the paper \"A new technique of treating an aneurysm\", published in the journal Medical Observations and Inquiries. The new procedure of reconstructing a damaged artery replaces the practice of ligation that had risked the amputation of a limb or organ failure.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354612770#April–June", "title": "1759", "revid": 1354612770, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1771, "year_label": "1771 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "November 16", "text": "November 16 – During the night the River Tyne in the north of England floods, destroying many bridges and killing several people; the replacement main bridge at Newcastle upon Tyne will not be completed until 1781.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363214109#October–December", "title": "1771", "revid": 1363214109, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1879, "year_label": "1879 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "February 3", "text": "February 3 – Mosley Street in Newcastle upon Tyne (England) becomes the world's first public highway to be lit by the electric incandescent light bulb invented by Joseph Swan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365404244#February", "title": "1879", "revid": 1365404244, "section": "Events › February"}}]}