{"slug": "nicaragua", "label": "Nicaragua", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q811", "qid": "Q811", "description": "sovereign state in Central America", "entries": 31, "years": 25, "span": [1519, 2025], "span_label": ["1519 CE", "2025 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 14}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 7}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 4}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 3}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 2}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "honduras", "label": "Honduras", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "el-salvador", "label": "El Salvador", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "costa-rica", "label": "Costa Rica", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "iran", "label": "Iran", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "united-states", "label": "United States", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "california", "label": "California", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "san-francisco", "label": "San Francisco", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "central-america", "label": "Central America", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "guatemala", "label": "Guatemala", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "ronald-reagan", "label": "Ronald Reagan", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "central-intelligence-agency", "label": "Central Intelligence Agency", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1519, "year_label": "1519 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Spanish conquistador and founder of Panama City, Gaspar de Espinosa, sails up the Pacific coast from Panama to Nicaragua, landing at the Gulf of Nicoya.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365433723#Date_unknown", "title": "1519", "revid": 1365433723, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1523, "year_label": "1523 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 27", "text": "February 27 – Captain Antón Mayor formally claims for Spain what is now Nicaragua, after he arrives with Andrés Niño and other Spanish troops on the Central American coast at El Realejo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561167#January–March", "title": "1523", "revid": 1369561167, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1523, "year_label": "1523 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "September 22", "text": "September 22 – Spanish conquest of Nicaragua: An agreement is made for an expedition by conquistadores into Nicaragua organized by Pedrarias Dávila.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561167#July–September", "title": "1523", "revid": 1369561167, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1740, "year_label": "1740 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 16", "text": "March 16 – King Edward of the Miskito Indians signs a treaty making his kingdom, located on the coast of modern-day Nicaragua, a protectorate of Great Britain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362733434#January–March", "title": "1740", "revid": 1362733434, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1838, "year_label": "1838 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 30", "text": "April 30 – Nicaragua declares independence from the Federal Republic of Central America.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360381946#April–June", "title": "1838", "revid": 1360381946, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1838, "year_label": "1838 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 5", "text": "November 5 – Dissolution of the Federal Republic of Central America: Honduras and Costa Rica follow the example of Nicaragua and secede from the federation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360381946#October–December", "title": "1838", "revid": 1360381946, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1855, "year_label": "1855 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May 3", "text": "May 3 – American adventurer William Walker and a group of armed mercenaries (filibusters) sail from San Francisco in California south to Central America to attempt to conquer Nicaragua.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358982600#April–June", "title": "1855", "revid": 1358982600, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1856, "year_label": "1856 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 13", "text": "October 13 – American mercenary William Walker effectively takes control of Nicaragua.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371140008#October–December", "title": "1856", "revid": 1371140008, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1857, "year_label": "1857 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 12", "text": "June 12 – U.S. mercenary William Walker is overthrown as ruler of Nicaragua by Honduran general Florencio Xatruch.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366379985#April–June", "title": "1857", "revid": 1366379985, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1893, "year_label": "1893 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 11", "text": "July 11 – Liberal general and politician José Santos Zelaya leads a successful revolt in Nicaragua.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369946190#July", "title": "1893", "revid": 1369946190, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1895, "year_label": "1895 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 20", "text": "June 20 – The Treaty of Amapala establishes the union of Nicaragua, Honduras and El Salvador (which ends in 1898).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364324653#June", "title": "1895", "revid": 1364324653, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1898, "year_label": "1898 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 10", "text": "November 10 – The new United Central American States, a merger of El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua, places its capital in the Nicaraguan city of Chinandega.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367547011#November", "title": "1898", "revid": 1367547011, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1898, "year_label": "1898 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 30", "text": "November 30 – The United Central American States, a merger of Nicaragua, Honduras and El Salvador, is formally dissolved after the government was unable to suppress a revolution in San Salvador.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367547011#November", "title": "1898", "revid": 1367547011, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1900, "year_label": "1900 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 5", "text": "February 5 – The United Kingdom and the United States sign a treaty for the building of a Central American shipping canal across Central America in Nicaragua.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373317536#February", "title": "1900", "revid": 1373317536, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1900, "year_label": "1900 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 5", "text": "March 5 – Two U.S. Navy cruisers are sent to Central America to protect American interests in a dispute between Nicaragua and Costa Rica.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373317536#March", "title": "1900", "revid": 1373317536, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1909, "year_label": "1909 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 18", "text": "November 18 – In Nicaragua, 500 revolutionaries (including 2 Americans) are executed by order of dictator José Santos Zelaya. The United States responds by sending 2 warships.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373420847#November–December", "title": "1909", "revid": 1373420847, "section": "Events › November–December"}}, {"year": 1912, "year_label": "1912 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 4", "text": "August 4 – United States occupation of Nicaragua: U.S. Marines land from the USS Annapolis in Nicaragua, to support the conservative government at its request.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373503730#August", "title": "1912", "revid": 1373503730, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1931, "year_label": "1931 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "March 31", "text": "March 31 – An earthquake destroys Managua, Nicaragua, killing 2,000 people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371310518#March", "title": "1931", "revid": 1371310518, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1960, "year_label": "1960 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 13", "text": "December 13 – The countries of El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua announce the formation of the Central American Common Market.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371870774#December", "title": "1960", "revid": 1371870774, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1977, "year_label": "1977 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 19", "text": "September 19 – Under pressure from the Carter Administration, President of Nicaragua Anastasio Somoza Debayle lifts the state of siege in Nicaragua.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371657539#September", "title": "1977", "revid": 1371657539, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1979, "year_label": "1979 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 21", "text": "July 21 – Nicaraguan Revolution: The Sandinista National Liberation Front concludes a successful revolutionary campaign against the Somoza dynasty and assumes power in Nicaragua.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371786119#July", "title": "1979", "revid": 1371786119, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1979, "year_label": "1979 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "June 20", "text": "June 20 – A Nicaraguan National Guard soldier kills ABC TV news correspondent Bill Stewart and his interpreter Juan Espinosa. Other members of the news crew capture the killing on tape.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371786119#June", "title": "1979", "revid": 1371786119, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1981, "year_label": "1981 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 23", "text": "November 23 – Iran–Contra affair: U.S. President Ronald Reagan signs the top secret National Security Decision Directive 17 (NSDD-17), authorizing the Central Intelligence Agency to recruit and support Contra rebels in Nicaragua.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369107326#November", "title": "1981", "revid": 1369107326, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1984, "year_label": "1984 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 4", "text": "November 4 – The Sandinista Front wins the Nicaraguan general elections.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371242779#November", "title": "1984", "revid": 1371242779, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1986, "year_label": "1986 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 21", "text": "November 21 – Iran-Contra Affair: National Security Council member Oliver North and his secretary, Fawn Hall, start shredding documents implicating them in selling weapons to Iran and channeling the proceeds to help fund the Contra rebels in Nicaragua.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373510075#November", "title": "1986", "revid": 1373510075, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1989, "year_label": "1989 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 7", "text": "August 7 – The presidents of five Central American countries agree that the U.S.-backed contras fighting the government of Nicaragua should be disbanded and evicted from their bases in Honduras by December 5.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557705#August", "title": "1989", "revid": 1369557705, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1990, "year_label": "1990 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 25", "text": "February 25 – The Sandinistas are defeated in the Nicaraguan elections, with Violeta Chamorro elected as the new president of Nicaragua (the first elected woman president in the Americas), replacing Daniel Ortega.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366571855#February", "title": "1990", "revid": 1366571855, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 2018, "year_label": "2018 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "April 18", "text": "April 18 – In Nicaragua, protests begin against announced reforms of Social Security which would decrease retirement pension benefits. An estimated number of 34 protesters are killed by police.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373090883#April", "title": "2018", "revid": 1373090883, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 2020, "year_label": "2020 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "November 16", "text": "November 16 – Hurricane Iota makes landfall in Nicaragua as a Category 4 hurricane just two weeks after Hurricane Eta made landfall, devastating the same areas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371633312#November", "title": "2020", "revid": 1371633312, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 2020, "year_label": "2020 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "November 7", "text": "November 7 – Hurricane Eta makes landfall in Nicaragua, killing over 100 people in Central America as a category 4.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371633312#November", "title": "2020", "revid": 1371633312, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 2025, "year_label": "2025 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 18", "text": "February 18 – Following a constitutional reform, Nicaragua becomes a diarchy with spouses Daniel Ortega and Rosario Murillo as co-presidents.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372865033#February", "title": "2025", "revid": 1372865033, "section": "Events › February"}}]}