{"slug": "nile-delta", "label": "Nile Delta", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_Delta", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179528", "qid": "Q179528", "description": "delta formed in Northern Egypt where the Nile River drains into the Mediterranean Sea", "entries": 16, "years": 16, "span": [-1799, 1455], "span_label": ["1800 BCE", "1455 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 12}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 2}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 1}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "egypt", "label": "Egypt", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "achaemenid-empire", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "cimon", "label": "Cimon", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "memphis-egypt", "label": "Memphis, Egypt", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "pelusium", "label": "Pelusium", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "bedouin", "label": "Bedouin", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "rashidun-army", "label": "Rashidun army", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "athens", "label": "Athens", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "ancient-greece", "label": "Ancient Greece", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "aegean-sea", "label": "Aegean Sea", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "ionia", "label": "Ionia", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -1799, "year_label": "1800 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "c. 1800 BC: Hyksos start to settle in the Nile Delta. They had the capital at Avaris in northeastern Nile Delta.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370570236#Events", "title": "18th century BC", "revid": 1370570236, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -727, "year_label": "728 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "728 BC: Piye invades Egypt, conquering Memphis, and receives the submission of the rulers of the Nile Delta. He founds the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363514202#720s_BC", "title": "8th century BC", "revid": 1363514202, "section": "Events › 720s BC"}}, {"year": -667, "year_label": "668 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Ashurbanipal puts down an Egyptian rebellion. He drives out Egypt's Ethiopian king Taharqa, and restores Necho I as governor of Sais in the Nile Delta.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370510235#Middle_East", "title": "668 BC", "revid": 1370510235, "section": "Events › By Place › Middle East"}}, {"year": -454, "year_label": "455 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Athenians suffer a severe defeat in Egypt at the hands of the Persians. After being cut off in the Nile Delta, the Athenian fleet is defeated, and the Athenian army retreats across the Sinai Desert to Byblos before its remnants are rescued. The Egyptian rebel Inaros is crucified by the Persians. The Athenians decide against any further military activity in Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1317824167#Greece", "title": "455 BC", "revid": 1317824167, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -449, "year_label": "450 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Athenian general Cimon sails to Cyprus with two hundred triremes of the Delian League. From there, he sends sixty ships to Egypt to help the Egyptians under Amyrtaeus, who are fighting the Persians in the Nile Delta. Cimon uses the remaining ships to aid an uprising of the Cypriot Greek city-states against Persian control of the island. He lays siege to the Persian stronghold of Citium on the southern west coast of Cyprus. However, the siege fails and Cyprus remains under Phoenician (and Persian) control.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172732#Greece", "title": "450 BC", "revid": 1354172732, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -448, "year_label": "449 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Greek city-states make peace with the Persian Empire through the Peace of Callias, named after Callias II, the chief Greek ambassador to the Persian Court, an Athenian who is a brother-in-law of Cimon. Athens agrees to end its support for the Egyptian rebels still holding out in parts of the Nile Delta, while the Persians agree not to send ships of war into the Aegean Sea. Athens now effectively controls all the Greek city states in Ionia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1309703382#Greece", "title": "449 BC", "revid": 1309703382, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -342, "year_label": "343 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The King of Persia, Artaxerxes III, personally leads the Persian forces invading Egypt. The Persians are keen to access Egypt's gold and corn supplies. The town of Pelusium in the Nile Delta puts up resistance, but Pharaoh Nectanebo II is forced to retreat to Memphis. As the situation deteriorates, Nectanebo II leaves for exile in Nubia. His departure marks the end of the 30th Dynasty, the last native house to rule Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172730#Persian_Empire", "title": "343 BC", "revid": 1354172730, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -196, "year_label": "197 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Egyptian King, Ptolemy V, fights rebels in the Nile Delta, exhibiting great cruelty toward those of their leaders who capitulate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698626#Egypt", "title": "197 BC", "revid": 1352698626, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": 639, "year_label": "639 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: The Rashidun army (4,000 men), under the command of 'Amr ibn al-'As, invades Byzantine Egypt. They capture the strategic town of Pelusium (Nile Delta) after a two-month siege. Arab reinforcements led by Zubayr ibn al-Awwam are sent from Medina to assist Amr's army. The losses incurred by the Muslims are ameliorated by Sinai Bedouins, tribes of Rashida and Lakhm; they join the invaders in conquering Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754023#Arabian_Empire", "title": "639", "revid": 1364754023, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 640, "year_label": "640 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – Siege of Babylon Fortress: The Rashidun army lays siege to Babylon Fortress in the Nile Delta (near Cairo). The next two months' fighting remain inconclusive, the Byzantines having the upper hand by repulsing every Muslim assault.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364750340#Africa", "title": "640", "revid": 1364750340, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 720, "year_label": "720 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Egyptians wage the Bashmurian revolts against the foreign Arab rulers. Egyptians establish a semi-independent region in the Nile Delta with Bashmur as the capital.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349994139#Egypt", "title": "720", "revid": 1349994139, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": 750, "year_label": "750 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Military action continues in the Bashmurian war. Egyptians granted tax breaks in the Nile Delta.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358128937#Egypt", "title": "750", "revid": 1358128937, "section": "Events › Egypt"}}, {"year": 853, "year_label": "853 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 22", "text": "May 22 – A Byzantine fleet (85 ships and 5,000 men) sacks and destroys the port city of Damietta, located on the Nile Delta in Egypt. A large quantity of weapons and supplies intended for the Emirate of Crete are captured.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267072185#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "853", "revid": 1267072185, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 971, "year_label": "971 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "First Qarmatian invasion of Egypt: The Qarmatians under al-Hasan al-A'sam invade Syria, recently conquered by the Fatimid Caliphate, capturing Damascus and Ramla, defeating a major Fatimid army and blockading another in Jaffa. A subsequent invasion of Egypt leads to widespread anti-Fatimid revolts in the Nile Delta, but the delay allows the Fatimid general Jawhar to prepare his defences, leading to the decisive Qarmatian at Ayn Shams on 24 December and the collapse of the invasion.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364918921#Middle_East", "title": "971", "revid": 1364918921, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": 1220, "year_label": "1220 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "July", "text": "July – The Crusaders, led by the Knights Hospitaller, raid Burlus, located in the Nile Delta in Egypt. The town is pillaged, but the knights are ambushed on their return, and several Hospitallers, including Grand Master Guérin de Montaigu, are captured. Meanwhile, Sultan Al-Kamil sends an Egyptian squadron down the Rosetta branch of the Nile. It sails to Cyprus, where it finds a Crusader fleet lying off Limassol. During the attack, they sink and capture all the ships, taking many thousands of prisoners.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360552842#Fifth_Crusade", "title": "1220", "revid": 1360552842, "section": "Events › By place › Fifth Crusade"}}, {"year": 1455, "year_label": "1455 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 15", "text": "June 15 – In Egypt, the Sultan Sayf al-Din Inal confronts a revolt of 500 of his ethnic Circassian slave-troops (mamluks) after rejecting the soldiers' requests for camels to accompany them on an expedition against Bedouin invaders in the Nile Delta. After attempting to assassinate the Sultan's secretary, Yunus al-Aqba'i, the rebels join discontented Zahiri troops and besieged the Cairo Citadel. Facing a withdrawal of support from the Egyptian Caliph, the Sultan eventually meets the rebels' demands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371446040#April–June", "title": "1455", "revid": 1371446040, "section": "Events › April–June"}}]}