{"slug": "north-africa", "label": "North Africa", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27381", "qid": "Q27381", "description": "northernmost region of the African continent", "entries": 49, "years": 49, "span": [-2999, 1550], "span_label": ["3000 BCE", "1550 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 22}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 9}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 8}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 4}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 2}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 2}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "fatimid-caliphate", "label": "Fatimid Caliphate", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "ifriqiya", "label": "Ifriqiya", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "tunisia", "label": "Tunisia", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "vandals", "label": "Vandals", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "al-andalus", "label": "Al-Andalus", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "morocco", "label": "Morocco", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "algeria", "label": "Algeria", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "libya", "label": "Libya", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "numidia", "label": "Numidia", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "sicily", "label": "Sicily", "shared": 3}], "items": [{"year": -2999, "year_label": "3000 BCE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "c. 3000 BC: Early agriculture in North Africa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371895853#Events", "title": "30th century BC", "revid": 1371895853, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -630, "year_label": "631 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Cyrene, a Greek colony in present-day Libya, North Africa, is founded by emigrants from the island of Thera (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371149156#Events", "title": "631 BC", "revid": 1371149156, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -308, "year_label": "309 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Leaving his brother Antander to continue the defence of Syracuse, Agathocles lands in North Africa with the aim of distracting the Carthaginians from their siege of Syracuse. Agathocles concludes a treaty with Ophellas, ruler of Cyrenaica. He then takes advantage of the civil unrest in Carthage and nearly succeeds in conquering the city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1247027805#Carthage", "title": "309 BC", "revid": 1247027805, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -48, "year_label": "49 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 24", "text": "August 24 – Caesar's general Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in North Africa by the Pompeians under Attius Varus and King Juba I of Numidia (whom he defeated earlier in the Battle of Utica) in the Battle of the Bagradas, after which he commits suicide.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347951543#Roman_Republic", "title": "49 BC", "revid": 1347951543, "section": "Events › By place and Date › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 70, "year_label": "70 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "Panic strikes Rome as adverse winds delay grain shipments from Africa and Egypt, producing a bread shortage. Ships laden with wheat from North Africa sail 300 miles to Rome's port of Ostia in 3 days, and the 1,000 mile voyage from Alexandria averages 13 days. The vessels often carry 1,000 tons each to provide the city with the 8,000 tons per week it normally consumes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359120161#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 70", "revid": 1359120161, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 100, "year_label": "100 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Timgad (Thamugas), a Roman colonial town in North Africa, is founded by Trajan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188492#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 100", "revid": 1371188492, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 125, "year_label": "125 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Plague sweeps North Africa in the wake of a locust invasion that destroys large areas of cropland. The plague kills as many as 500,000 in Numidia and possibly 150,000 on the coast before moving to Italy, where it takes so many lives that villages and towns are abandoned. (or was it around 125 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188707#Africa", "title": "AD 125", "revid": 1371188707, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 128, "year_label": "128 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Hadrian visits the Roman province of North Africa, in order to inspect Legio III Augusta stationed at Lambaesis. For strategic reasons, the legionnaires are located in the Aurès Mountains.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188336#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 128", "revid": 1371188336, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 180, "year_label": "180 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 17", "text": "July 17 – Twelve Christian inhabitants of Scillium in Numidia are executed in Carthage (also in North Africa) (known as the Scillitan Martyrs) – they had refused to swear an oath to the Emperor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371305659#Religion", "title": "AD 180", "revid": 1371305659, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 238, "year_label": "238 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In North Africa, Legio III Augusta is dissolved. Until its reconstitution in 253, Africa is defended by auxiliary forces only.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371227244#Roman_Empire", "title": "238", "revid": 1371227244, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 300, "year_label": "300 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "The elephant becomes extinct in North Africa (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361492719#Africa", "title": "300", "revid": 1361492719, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 429, "year_label": "429 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – The Vandals, led by Genseric (\"Caesar King\"), invade North Africa. They land with a force of 80,000 men including Alans, and Germanic tribesmen with their families from the Iberian Peninsula, across the narrow Strait of Gibraltar. The Vandal fleet raids the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, and blockades the grain and oil supply to Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333669155#Roman_Empire", "title": "429", "revid": 1333669155, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 430, "year_label": "430 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Spring – The Vandals under King Genseric extend their power in North Africa along the Mediterranean Sea, and lay siege to Hippo Regius (where Augustine has recently been bishop).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370135052#Roman_Empire", "title": "430", "revid": 1370135052, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 439, "year_label": "439 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Vandals establish a North African granary that enables them to enforce their will on other nations, who are dependent on North Africa for grain and other food staples.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1307025237#Africa", "title": "439", "revid": 1307025237, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 442, "year_label": "442 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "End of the Vandal War (439-442): Emperor Valentinian III signs a peace treaty with King Genseric, and recognises the Vandal Kingdom. He grants him sovereignty over most of Africa. Genseric gives back Sicily and Mauretania (Algeria and Morocco). This marks the end of the Vandal migrations; they settle in North Africa, with Carthage as their capital.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333113526#Africa", "title": "AD 442", "revid": 1333113526, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 523, "year_label": "523 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Leptis Magna (modern Libya) is sacked by Berber (Moor) raiders. Gelimer leads a successful expedition in North Africa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340792003#Africa", "title": "523", "revid": 1340792003, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 533, "year_label": "533 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Emperor Justinian I holds a war council in Constantinople. His advisers warn him against launching an expedition to North Africa, because of the supply-lines (1,000 miles into Vandal waters) and the huge drain on the imperial treasury. Justinian appoints Belisarius to command the Byzantine army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340793764#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "533", "revid": 1340793764, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 534, "year_label": "534 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March", "text": "March – King Gelimer surrenders to Belisarius, after spending a winter in the mountains of Numidia. He and large numbers of captured Vandals are transported to Constantinople. The Vandal Kingdom ends, and the African provinces return to the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353013996#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "534", "revid": 1353013996, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 535, "year_label": "535 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "A Christian basilica is completed at Leptis Magna in North Africa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342880383#Religion", "title": "535", "revid": 1342880383, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 541, "year_label": "541 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Plague of Justinian: Bubonic plague appears suddenly in the Egyptian port of Pelusium, spreading to Alexandria and, the following year, to Constantinople. This is the beginning of a 200-year-long pandemic that will devastate Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1299131059#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "541", "revid": 1299131059, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 643, "year_label": "643 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: Arab armies continue their military expansion into North Africa and lay siege to Tripoli. The city is captured after one month.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804491#Africa", "title": "643", "revid": 1340804491, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 698, "year_label": "698 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring–summer – Arab forces under Hasan ibn al-Nu'man capture Carthage, ending Byzantine rule in North Africa. The defeated Byzantine fleet revolts and proclaims Tiberios III, who deposes Leontios after a brief siege of Constantinople, Byzantine Emperor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806584#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "698", "revid": 1340806584, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 712, "year_label": "712 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Umayyad conquest of Hispania: From North Africa, Musa ibn Nusayr lands in Iberia (Al-Andalus), with an army of 18,000 Arabs and Berbers. He joins the Islamic conquest and captures the city of Seville (Andalusia), where he meets stiff resistance after 3-months of siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357552155#Arabian_Empire", "title": "712", "revid": 1357552155, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 740, "year_label": "740 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of the Nobles: The Berber rebels under chieftain Khalid ibn Hamid al-Zanati defeat and overwhelm the Umayyad forces of Khalid ibn Abi Habib al-Fihri, near Tangier (Northern Morocco), undermining Arab domination in Islamic North Africa. The rebellion spreads in Al-Andalus (Spain), causing governor Ubayd Allah ibn al-Habhab to withdraw Moorish troops from many garrisons north of the Pyrenees.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352534655#Africa", "title": "740", "revid": 1352534655, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 741, "year_label": "741 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Great Berber Revolt: Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik appoints Kulthum ibn Iyad al-Qasi as governor (wali) of Ifriqiya (North Africa). A fourth expedition is sent from Syria by the Umayyad Caliphate to crush the rebellion in the Atlas region, but is defeated at the Battle of Bagdoura, in the plain of the Ghrab (modern Morocco). The counter-attack of the Kharijite rebels to the East is successful, but fails to conquer Kairouan from the loyalists. A more radical branch of the Tunisian Kharijites, (the Sufrists) however, manages to take the city soon after.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1322653390#Africa", "title": "741", "revid": 1322653390, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 748, "year_label": "748 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "In Rome, Pope Zachary closes down a slave market, where Venetian merchants had been selling Christian captives to the Muslims in North Africa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809772#Europe", "title": "748", "revid": 1340809772, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 752, "year_label": "752 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib al-Fihri, ruler of Ifriqiya (North Africa), dispatches a Muslim army and reconquers Tripolitania from the Ibadites (a puritanical Khaijite sect), driving their remnants south into the Nafusa Mountains (northwestern Libya).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809787#Africa", "title": "752", "revid": 1340809787, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 777, "year_label": "777 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Abd al-Rahman ibn Rustam is recognized as imam of the Ibadis, in Maghreb (western North Africa).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348716720#Africa", "title": "AD 777", "revid": 1348716720, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 800, "year_label": "800 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Sijilmasa (in present-day Morocco) is founded as the departure point for caravans between North Africa and the western Sudan (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367075277#Africa", "title": "800", "revid": 1367075277, "section": "Events › Africa"}}, {"year": 826, "year_label": "826 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – Euphemius, Byzantine admiral, organises an uprising in Sicily against Emperor Michael II. He proclaims himself Emperor (with the title of basileus) in Syracuse, independent from Constantinople. In turn, Euphemius is defeated by Byzantine troops (reinforcements from the East), and is driven out to North Africa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941323#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "826", "revid": 1340941323, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 830, "year_label": "830 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Arab War: Muslim reinforcements from Ifriqiya and Al-Andalus (modern Spain) defeat Byzantine forces under Theodotus in Sicily, but a plague once again compels them to retreat to Mazara del Vallo, and evacuate to North Africa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359310799#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "830", "revid": 1359310799, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 900, "year_label": "900 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The future founder of the Fatimid Caliphate, Abdallah al-Mahdi and his family migrate to North Africa. They claim to be descendants of Fatimah, the daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364042634#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "900", "revid": 1364042634, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 909, "year_label": "909 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 18", "text": "March 18 – The Fatimid Dynasty founded by Shiite Muslims in Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia) gains suzerainty over the Aghlabid Dynasty in North Africa. Emir Ziyadat Allah III escapes to the Near East, unable to secure any help from the Abbasid Caliphate to regain his emirate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367656270#Africa", "title": "909", "revid": 1367656270, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 913, "year_label": "913 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Caliph Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah of the Fatimid Caliphate replaces the unpopular governor Ibn Abi Khinzir with Ali ibn Umar al-Balawi. But the Sicilian lords find this unacceptable and decide to declare independence of Sicily. They acknowledge allegiance to the Abbasid caliph Al-Muqtadir and acclaim an Aghlabid prince, Ahmed ibn Khorob, as emir of Sicily. The Sicilians re-launch their conquest of Byzantine Calabria, while Ahmed ibn Khorob in Sicily leads a successful assault against the North African cities of Sfax and Tripoli.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267070619#Arabian_Empire", "title": "913", "revid": 1267070619, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 925, "year_label": "925 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "July 4", "text": "July 4 — At the age of 12, Shabbethai Donnolo, who will become one of the most prominent physicians in Italy and the doctor to the Byzantine court, is kidnapped by Arab slavers as a Fatimid expeditionary force, led by Jafar ibn Obeid, lands in Abruzzo in southern Italy and overruns Apulia and the city of Otranto. After defeating the Byzantine garrisons, the Arabs lay siege to the castle of Oria and destroy it, killing the defenders and taking the women and children as slaves back to North Africa. Donnolo's family pays a ransom and the Fatimid Amir Abu Ahmad Ja'far ibn 'Ubaid sets him free.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367671300#July_–_December", "title": "925", "revid": 1367671300, "section": "Events › By date › July – December"}}, {"year": 929, "year_label": "929 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Summer – The Slavic-Arab leader Sabir defeats a small Byzantine fleet and seizes Termoli (in Molise, on the Adriatic coast). He returns to Africa laden with booty and slaves.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367671440#Europe", "title": "929", "revid": 1367671440, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 947, "year_label": "947 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 19", "text": "August 19 – Abu Yazid, a Kharijite Berber leader who has led a rebellion against the Fatimid Caliphate in Ifriqiya, is defeated in the Hodna Mountains (modern-day Algeria). Caliph al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah sets about restoring the Fatimid dominion over North Africa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367671594#Arabian_Empire", "title": "947", "revid": 1367671594, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 973, "year_label": "973 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Caliph Al-Mu'izz transfers the royal residence of the Fatimid Caliphate from El-Mansuriya (modern Tunisia) to the newly founded city of Cairo in Egypt. Egypt becomes the autonomous centre of the Fatimid Caliphate. He leaves general Buluggin ibn Ziri to govern the Western North African territories, which will become the province of Al-Maghreb (meaning the West).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354273404#Africa", "title": "973", "revid": 1354273404, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1004, "year_label": "1004 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "An episode of plague and famine breaks out in North Africa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369529611#Africa", "title": "1004", "revid": 1369529611, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1049, "year_label": "1049 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Banu Hilal, a confederation of tribes of Arabia, begin their invasion in the Maghreb (North Africa). They are organized by the Egyptian Fatimid Caliphate to punish their former Zirid vassals.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129777#Africa", "title": "1049", "revid": 1350129777, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1123, "year_label": "1123 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 9", "text": "August 9 – Battle of Al-Dimas: An Italo-Norman campaign in North Africa ends with their troops being massacred by Zirid forces near Mahdia (modern Tunisia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366532227#July–September", "title": "1123", "revid": 1366532227, "section": "Events › By date › July–September"}}, {"year": 1137, "year_label": "1137 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "In the first commercial treaty between the Almohad Caliphate and a Christian power, the Republic of Genoa obtains trading rights in the port of North Africa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362157430#Africa", "title": "1137", "revid": 1362157430, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1154, "year_label": "1154 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Normans conduct a series of raids in North Africa, including Annaba (modern Algeria) and the Nile Delta.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362164172#Africa", "title": "1154", "revid": 1362164172, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1247, "year_label": "1247 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 1", "text": "December 1 – A rebellion arises among the Muslim subjects in the region of Valencia. As a punishment, King James I of Aragon (\"the Conqueror\"), issues an order of expulsion of the Muslims from his realm, leading numerous people into exile in Andalusia and North Africa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362480331#Europe", "title": "1247", "revid": 1362480331, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1248, "year_label": "1248 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December", "text": "December – Reconquista: Ferdinand III issues an edict to expel the Almohads out of Seville. Many Muslims sail to North Africa and others travel to Granada in Al-Andalus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305121866#Europe", "title": "1248", "revid": 1305121866, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1262, "year_label": "1262 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – King Alfonso X (\"the Wise\") of Castile and León, at a meeting in Jaén, demands military support from Muhammad I, ruler of Granada, and relinquishes the ports of Tarifa and Algeciras to prepare an invasion of North Africa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1275696322#Europe", "title": "1262", "revid": 1275696322, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1282, "year_label": "1282 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – An Aragonese expeditionary army under King Peter III lands in North Africa at Collo, in proclaimed support of a rebellion of the governor of Constantine, Ibn Wazir. The revolt is suppressed by Abu Ishaq Ibrahim I, ruler of the Hafsid Sultanate. Peter, wary of the situation in Sicily, sails off and fails to take advantage of the state of rebellion in North Africa. Ibrahim stabilizes his power and styles himself emir of the sultanate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359685493#Europe", "title": "1282", "revid": 1359685493, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1394, "year_label": "1394 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 3", "text": "June 3 – At Tunis, Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz al-Mutawakkil becomes the new of Caliph of the Hafsid Sultanate of Ifriqiya in North Africa", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371593498#April–June", "title": "1394", "revid": 1371593498, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1550, "year_label": "1550 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 28", "text": "June 28 – Capture of Mahdia (1550): The Spanish Armada arrives in North Africa to begin the process of capturing the fortress of Mahdia (now in Tunisia) from control of the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369571608#April–June", "title": "1550", "revid": 1369571608, "section": "Events › April–June"}}]}