{"slug": "north-sea", "label": "North Sea", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1693", "qid": "Q1693", "description": "marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean", "entries": 31, "years": 30, "span": [-55, 1989], "span_label": ["56 BCE", "1989 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 9}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 7}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 6}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 4}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 2}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 2}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "netherlands", "label": "Netherlands", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "baltic-sea", "label": "Baltic Sea", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "denmark", "label": "Denmark", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "english-channel", "label": "English Channel", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "germany", "label": "Germany", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "zeeland", "label": "Zeeland", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "hamburg", "label": "Hamburg", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-england", "label": "Kingdom of England", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "amsterdam", "label": "Amsterdam", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "sweden", "label": "Sweden", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "london", "label": "London", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "duchy-of-schleswig", "label": "Duchy of Schleswig", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -55, "year_label": "56 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Julius Caesar leads an attack on the Morini and the Menapii tribes of the Belgae on the North Sea. They withdraw into their forests, creating difficulties for Caesar's supply lines. The onset of bad weather forces him to pull back into Gallia Belgica.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325862293#Roman_Republic", "title": "56 BC", "revid": 1325862293, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -12, "year_label": "13 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Drusus is granted governor of Gaul and mobilises a Roman army to beat the Germans back across the Rhine. He travels to the North Sea and pays tribute to the Frisii.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372852969#Roman_Empire", "title": "13 BC", "revid": 1372852969, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 288, "year_label": "288 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Far from Carausius' fleet, in the rivers of Gaul, Maximian builds a fleet to contest control of the North Sea and re-take Britain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326174976#Roman_Empire", "title": "288", "revid": 1326174976, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 697, "year_label": "697 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Radbod, king of the Frisians, retreats to the island of Heligoland in the North Sea (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361010652#Europe", "title": "697", "revid": 1361010652, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 797, "year_label": "797 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Charlemagne issues the Capitulare Saxonicum, making Westphalian, Angrian and Eastphalian Saxons equal to other peoples in the Frankish Kingdom. The Nordalbian Saxons revolt; a Frankish fleet is sent to the North Sea coast of Germany. It lands in Hadeln, a marshy coastal region between the Weser and Elbe estuaries, near modern-day Cuxhaven. Charlemagne invades northern Saxony, and again accepts the submission of the Saxons.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358611998#Europe", "title": "797", "revid": 1358611998, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1099, "year_label": "1099 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "November 11", "text": "November 11 – Great floods around the North Sea and English Channel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365265715#Natural_events", "title": "1099", "revid": 1365265715, "section": "Events › By topic › Natural events"}}, {"year": 1134, "year_label": "1134 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Zeeland archipelago is created by a massive storm in the North Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1321069056#Western_Europe", "title": "1134", "revid": 1321069056, "section": "Events › By place › Western Europe"}}, {"year": 1189, "year_label": "1189 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Frederick I grants Hamburg the status of a free imperial city and tax-free access (or free-trade zone) up the Lower Elbe into the North Sea. He also grants the right to fish, to cut trees and the freedom of military service.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362168718#Continental_Europe", "title": "1189", "revid": 1362168718, "section": "Events › By place › Continental Europe"}}, {"year": 1287, "year_label": "1287 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "December 14", "text": "December 14 – A huge storm and associated storm tide in the North Sea and English Channel, known as St. Lucia's flood in the Netherlands, kills thousands and reshapes the coastline of the Netherlands and England. In the Netherlands, a fringing barrier between the North Sea and a shallow lake collapses, causing the fifth-largest flood in recorded history – which creates the Zuider Zee inlet, and kills over 50,000 people. It also gives sea access to Amsterdam, allowing its development as an important port city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694581#Europe", "title": "1287", "revid": 1361694581, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1362, "year_label": "1362 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "January 16", "text": "January 16 – The \"Grote Mandrenke\" storm tide strikes the Netherlands, England, Germany and Denmark, destroying the Danish settlement of Rungholt in the Duchy of Schleswig, and the Humber estuary port of Ravenser Odd in England. The East Frisian island of Buise is broken into two by North Sea floods.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360556919#January–December", "title": "1362", "revid": 1360556919, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1370, "year_label": "1370 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 24", "text": "May 24 – The Treaty of Stralsund ends the second war between Denmark and the Hanseatic League, an alliance of market towns across northern Europe along the North Sea and the Baltic Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370872148#April–June", "title": "1370", "revid": 1370872148, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1385, "year_label": "1385 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 14", "text": "May 14 – The two-day Battle of Sluys concludes on the North Sea off of the coast of the Netherlands as England's Royal Navy, led by the Admiral, Thomas Percy, 1st Earl of Worcester attempts to blockade the Flemish port of Sluis and more than 100 ships stationed there. Jean de Vienne, Admiral of France, makes a successful counter-attack and the Royal Navy ships sail back to England to defend London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362439687#April–June", "title": "1385", "revid": 1362439687, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1404, "year_label": "1404 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "November 19", "text": "November 19 – The St. Elizabeth's flood of the North Sea devastates parts of Flanders, Zeeland and Holland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361962096#October–December", "title": "1404", "revid": 1361962096, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1421, "year_label": "1421 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "November 17", "text": "November 17–19 – St. Elizabeth's flood: The coastal area near Dordrecht in the Netherlands is flooded, due to the extremely high tide of the North Sea; 72 villages are drowned, killing about 10,000 people, and the course of the Meuse is changed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365656442#October–December", "title": "1421", "revid": 1365656442, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1651, "year_label": "1651 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "February 22", "text": "February 22 – St. Peter's Flood: A first storm tide in the North Sea strikes the coast of Germany, drowning thousands. The island of Juist is split in half, and the western half of Buise is probably washed away.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365975166#January–March", "title": "1651", "revid": 1365975166, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1652, "year_label": "1652 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 8", "text": "October 8 – First Anglo-Dutch War: Battle of the Kentish Knock – In a battle fought near the shoal called the Kentish Knock in the North Sea, about 30 km mi from the mouth of the River Thames, the Dutch are forced to withdraw.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367149733#October–December", "title": "1652", "revid": 1367149733, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1709, "year_label": "1709 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "January 6", "text": "January 6 – Western Europe's Great Frost of 1709, the coldest period in 500 years, begins during the night, lasting three months, with its effects felt for the entire year. In France, the Atlantic coast and Seine River freeze, crops fail, and 24,000 Parisians die. Floating ice enters the North Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361817608#January–March", "title": "1709", "revid": 1361817608, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1717, "year_label": "1717 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "December 24", "text": "December 24–25 – Christmas flood: A disastrous flood hits the North Sea coast, between the Netherlands and Denmark; thousands die or lose their houses.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366802832#October–December", "title": "1717", "revid": 1366802832, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1783, "year_label": "1783 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "August 18", "text": "August 18 – The 1783 Great Meteor passes on a 1,000-mile track across the North Sea, Great Britain and France, prompting scientific discussion.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370056030#July–September", "title": "1783", "revid": 1370056030, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1895, "year_label": "1895 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "June 21", "text": "June 21 – The Kiel Canal, connecting the North Sea to the Baltic across the base of the Jutland peninsula in Germany, is officially opened.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364324653#June", "title": "1895", "revid": 1364324653, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1899, "year_label": "1899 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 15", "text": "June 15 – Sweden's Department of Foreign Affairs hosts a conference for delegates from Germany, Denmark, Norway, the UK, the Netherlands, Russia and Sweden to make agreements on fishing in the Arctic Ocean, the Baltic Sea and the North Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371393177#June", "title": "1899", "revid": 1371393177, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1904, "year_label": "1904 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 21", "text": "October 21 – Russo-Japanese War: Dogger Bank incident – The Russian Baltic Fleet fires on British trawlers it mistakes for Japanese torpedo boats, in the North Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373337754#October", "title": "1904", "revid": 1373337754, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1913, "year_label": "1913 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "September 9", "text": "September 9 – Helgoland Island air disaster: The first fatalities aboard a German airship occur, when the Imperial German Navy Zeppelin dirigible LZ 14 is forced down into the North Sea off Heligoland during a thunderstorm, killing 16 of the 22 men on board.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373505613#September", "title": "1913", "revid": 1373505613, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1916, "year_label": "1916 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 31", "text": "May 31–June 1 – WWI: Battle of Jutland, between the British Royal Navy's Grand Fleet and the Imperial German Navy's High Seas Fleet in the North Sea, the war's only large-scale clash of battleships. The result is tactically inconclusive, but British dominance of the North Sea is maintained", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373519106#May", "title": "1916", "revid": 1373519106, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1944, "year_label": "1944 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "December 24", "text": "December 24 – WWII: Fifty German V-1 flying bombs, air-launched from Heinkel He 111 bombers flying over the North Sea, target Manchester in England, killing 42 and injuring more than 100 in the Oldham area.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022611#December", "title": "1944", "revid": 1370022611, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1962, "year_label": "1962 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "December 15", "text": "December 15 – Storm over the North Sea: Belgian pirate radio station Radio Uylenspiegel is knocked off the airwaves, never to operate again.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373095518#December", "title": "1962", "revid": 1373095518, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1962, "year_label": "1962 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "February 17", "text": "February 17 – Heavy storms and high tides result in the North Sea flood of 1962 on Germany's North Sea coast, mainly around Hamburg; more than 300 people die and thousands lose their homes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373095518#February", "title": "1962", "revid": 1373095518, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1969, "year_label": "1969 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "December 24", "text": "December 24 – The oil company Phillips Petroleum made the first oil discovery in the Norwegian sector of North Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373164180#December", "title": "1969", "revid": 1373164180, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1971, "year_label": "1971 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "June 14", "text": "June 14 – Norway begins oil production in the North Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369905382#June", "title": "1971", "revid": 1369905382, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1988, "year_label": "1988 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "July 6", "text": "July 6 – The Piper Alpha production platform in the North Sea is destroyed by explosions and fires, killing 165 oil workers and 2 rescue mariners. 61 workers survive.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373532411#July", "title": "1988", "revid": 1373532411, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1989, "year_label": "1989 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "September 8", "text": "September 8 – Partnair Flight 394 crashes into the North Sea with the loss of 125 lives. The accident was due to the structural failure of the rudder of the Convair 580 caused by the use of counterfeit aircraft parts.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557705#September", "title": "1989", "revid": 1369557705, "section": "Events › September"}}]}