{"slug": "october", "label": "October", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124", "qid": "Q124", "description": "tenth month in the Julian and Gregorian calendars", "entries": 105, "years": 96, "span": [37, 1972], "span_label": ["37 CE", "1972 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 31}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 20}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 7}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 7}, {"title": "Births", "count": 7}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 6}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 5}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 5}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 4}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 4}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 3}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 3}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 2}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "september", "label": "September", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "november", "label": "November", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "empire-of-trebizond", "label": "Empire of Trebizond", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "ottoman-empire", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "murad-ii", "label": "Murad II", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "france", "label": "France", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "december", "label": "December", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "black-death", "label": "Black Death", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "vikings", "label": "Vikings", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "palestine-region", "label": "Palestine (region)", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 37, "year_label": "37 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "October", "text": "October – Caligula becomes seriously ill, or perhaps is poisoned. He recovers from his illness, but Caligula turns toward the diabolical: he starts to kill off those who are close to him, whom he sees as a serious threat.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369986487#Roman_Empire", "title": "30s", "revid": 1369986487, "section": "Events › 37 AD › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 66, "year_label": "66 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Mid–late October – Cestius Gallus, legate of Syria, marches into Judea and leads a Roman army of 30,000 men to put down the Jewish rebellion. At its core is Legio XII Fulminata, plus 2,000 selected men from the other three Syrian legions, six more cohorts of infantry and four alae of cavalry, plus over 14,000 auxiliaries furnished by Rome's eastern allies, including Herod Agrippa II and two other client kings, Antiochus IV of Commagene and Sohaemus of Emesa, who lead their forces (largely archers and cavalry) in person.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330182683#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 66", "revid": 1330182683, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 66, "year_label": "66 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October – The Jewish Revolt commences against the Roman Empire. The Zealots lay siege to Jerusalem and annihilate the Roman garrison (a cohort of Legio III Cyrenaica). The Sicarii capture the fortress of Masada overlooking the Dead Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330182683#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 66", "revid": 1330182683, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 228, "year_label": "228 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June –October – Battle of Shiting: The Eastern Wu Kingdom defeats the Cao Wei Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371304597#China", "title": "228", "revid": 1371304597, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": 378, "year_label": "378 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "October", "text": "October – The Greuthungi, faced with food shortages, split off and move west into Pannonia. Followed by their families, they raid villages and farmland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1309998773#Roman_Empire", "title": "378", "revid": 1309998773, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 449, "year_label": "449 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October", "text": "October – A Roman synod repudiates all the decisions of the Second Council of Ephesus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354021999#Religion", "title": "449", "revid": 1354021999, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 595, "year_label": "595 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October", "text": "October – King Childebert II dies; his mother Brunhilda attempts to rule Austrasia and Burgundy, as regent for her grandsons. He is succeeded by his two young sons, Theudebert II and Theuderic II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367658603#Europe", "title": "595", "revid": 1367658603, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 637, "year_label": "637 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October – Siege of Aleppo: Muslim Arabs under Khalid ibn al-Walid conquer the Byzantine stronghold Aleppo; the large walled city surrenders after a four-month siege. A column of troops under Malik al-Ashtar is sent to take Azaz.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1315736944#Arabian_Empire", "title": "637", "revid": 1315736944, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 732, "year_label": "732 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October – The Frankish army crosses the Vienne River and establishes a camp at or around the partially abandoned Roman mansion or agricultural settlement, now known as 'Vieux-Poitiers' (near Châtellerault), perhaps using the Roman theatre with its substantial towers as a fortification. Charles Martel forms a defensive position across the Roman road, and fends off Muslim skirmishes during the 'seven days' stand-off, probably involving scouts, and perhaps raiders from both armies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808703#Europe", "title": "732", "revid": 1340808703, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 744, "year_label": "744 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October", "text": "October – Hildeprand is deposed by the council of nobles, for his incompetence as ruler. He is succeeded by Ratchis (formerly duke of Friuli) as king of the Lombards, who makes peace with Pope Zachary.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305046877#Europe", "title": "744", "revid": 1305046877, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 783, "year_label": "783 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October", "text": "October – Charlemagne marries Fastrada, the 18-year-old daughter of a Frankish count named Rudolph, and makes her his queen at Worms. The probable reason behind the marriage is to solidify a Frankish alliance east of the Rhine, against the Saxons in Lower Saxony (modern Germany).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351342197#Europe", "title": "783", "revid": 1351342197, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 821, "year_label": "821 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October", "text": "October – Lothair I, co-emperor and eldest son of Louis I, marries Ermengarde in Thionville (northeastern France). She is the daughter of Count Hugh of Tours.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941313#Europe", "title": "821", "revid": 1340941313, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 829, "year_label": "829 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October – Battle of Thasos: Saracens from the newly founded Emirate of Crete almost annihilate the Byzantine fleet at Thasos, close to the coast of Thrace. The Cyclades and other islands in the Aegean Sea are pillaged.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941503#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "829", "revid": 1340941503, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 886, "year_label": "886 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October – Siege of Paris: Count Odo slips through Viking-controlled territory, to ask the king of West Francia Charles the Fat for support. He returns with a relief force, and reaches safety within the walls. Charles arrives later with a large army, and establishes a camp at Montmartre. After negotiations he promises the Vikings tribute (Danegeld) worth 700 Livres (equivalent to 257kg of silver), and allows them to sail up the River Seine, to over-winter in Burgundy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367666946#Europe", "title": "886", "revid": 1367666946, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 888, "year_label": "888 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October – Alan I (the Great), count of Vannes, and his rival Judicael, unite their forces to defeat the Vikings at Questembert (or 889). Judicael is killed, in a notable victory for the Bretons, with 15,000 Vikings crushed, some few 400 escaping to their ships. In command of a 'united' Breton force, Alan is able to drive the Vikings back to the Loire River. Alan becomes sole ruler of Brittany, and over the Frankish counties of Rennes, Nantes, Coutances and Avranches.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347624107#Europe", "title": "AD 888", "revid": 1347624107, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 888, "year_label": "888 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October – Battle of Milazzo: The Aghlabids score a crushing victory over a Byzantine fleet off Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347624107#Europe", "title": "AD 888", "revid": 1347624107, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 925, "year_label": "925 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October", "text": "October — In Byzantium, John Mystikos, chief minister (paradynasteuon), is deposed by the Emperor Romanos I, flogged, and sent into exile in a monastery. He is replaced by the chamberlain (protovestiarios) Theophanes, who becomes the closest adviser of Emperor Romanos I. At this time the Byzantine Empire has been embroiled in a protracted and disastrous war with Tsar Simeon I of Bulgaria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367671300#July_–_December", "title": "925", "revid": 1367671300, "section": "Events › By date › July – December"}}, {"year": 956, "year_label": "956 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September - October – A Byzantine fleet under Basil Hexamilites deals a crushing defeat to the Hamdanid fleet at Tarsus in Cilicia (modern Turkey).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364917782#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "956", "revid": 1364917782, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 958, "year_label": "958 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October / November – Battle of Raban: The Byzantines under John Tzimiskes defeat the Hamdanid forces in northern Syria. Emir Sayf al-Dawla is forced to retreat – many of his court companions and ghilman fall in pursuit, while over 1,700 of his Turk cavalry are captured and paraded in the streets of Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468198#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "958", "revid": 1364468198, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1015, "year_label": "1015 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "October", "text": "October – Influential Japanese statesman Fujiwara no Michinaga is appointed to be Associate Regent.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365259982#Asia", "title": "1015", "revid": 1365259982, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 1094, "year_label": "1094 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October", "text": "October – Seljuk sultan Mahmud I dies after a 2-year reign. He is succeeded by his brother Barkiyaruq (one of the Seljuk princes who claim the throne) as ruler of the Seljuk Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365267917#Eastern_Islamic_world", "title": "1094", "revid": 1365267917, "section": "Events › By place › Eastern Islamic world"}}, {"year": 1094, "year_label": "1094 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October", "text": "October – Mahmud I, sultan of the Seljuk Empire", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365267917#Deaths", "title": "1094", "revid": 1365267917, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1110, "year_label": "1110 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October–December – Crusaders under Baldwin I (supported by King Sigurd I of Norway) besiege Sidon. Norwegian ships blockade the harbour, but are nearly dispersed by a powerful Fatimid flotilla from Tyre. They are saved by the arrival of a Venetian squadron under Doge Ordelafo Faliero. On December 4, the city capitulates (under notable terms) to Baldwin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368871350#Levant", "title": "1110", "revid": 1368871350, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1114, "year_label": "1114 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October", "text": "October – Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Ahmad al-Mustazhir, was the son of Abbasid caliph al-Mustazhir and Ismah.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184492#Deaths", "title": "1114", "revid": 1369184492, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1135, "year_label": "1135 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October", "text": "October – Conrad III, duke of Franconia, gives up his title as King of Italy in opposition with Lothair III. He receives a pardon and recovers his estates.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184463#Europe", "title": "1135", "revid": 1369184463, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1174, "year_label": "1174 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October – Battle of Thurles: Gaelic-Irish forces under King Domnall Mór Ua Briain defeat an Anglo-Norman invasion at Thurles in Ireland. The English expedition led by Earl Richard de Clare (Strongbow) is surprised while encamped in the area of Lognafola and is forced to retreat to Waterford.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362171775#Ireland", "title": "1174", "revid": 1362171775, "section": "Events › By place › Ireland"}}, {"year": 1183, "year_label": "1183 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October", "text": "October – Alexios II Komnenos, Byzantine Emperor (b. 1167)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360552635#Deaths", "title": "1183", "revid": 1360552635, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1224, "year_label": "1224 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October – Lý Huệ Tông, Emperor of Vietnam, cedes the throne to his second daughter, the Princess Chiêu Thánh, who becomes the Empress Regnant Lý Chiêu Hoàng. Trần Thủ Độ then arranges a marriage between the Empress and Trần Cảnh, the 8-year-old son of Trần Thừa, and ends the rule of the Lý dynasty by making the Empress pass the throne to Trần Cảnh the following year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561506#October_–_December", "title": "1224", "revid": 1369561506, "section": "Events › October – December"}}, {"year": 1256, "year_label": "1256 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "October", "text": "October – Mongol forces led by Baiju Noyan (operating under Hulagu Khan's command) win a victory over Kaykaus II, Seljuk ruler of the Sultanate of Rum, and capture Anatolia. Kaykaus flees to the Byzantine court where he seeks refuge at Constantinople. The Empire of Trebizond fearing a potential punitive Mongol expedition, becomes a vassal state and is forced to pay a tribute tax every year in gold and silk.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350995211#Mongol_Empire", "title": "1256", "revid": 1350995211, "section": "Events › By place › Mongol Empire"}}, {"year": 1290, "year_label": "1290 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October – Qalawun orders a general mobilization of the Mamluk forces. In a council, it is decided that a peace delegation be sent to Cairo under Guillaume de Beaujeu, Grand Master of the Knights Templar. However, Qalawun demands huge compensation for those killed in Acre, and sends a Syrian army to the coast of Palestine, near Caesarea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343598991#Levant", "title": "1290", "revid": 1343598991, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1309, "year_label": "1309 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October – About 500 knights led by John of Castile, Lord of Valencia de Campos, uncle of King James II of Castile, desert the Castilian encampment during the Siege of Algeciras because they are not getting paid and because one-sixth of Granada will be ceded to the Kingdom of Aragon. King Ferdinand of Aragon continues the siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359759809#October_–_December", "title": "1309", "revid": 1359759809, "section": "Events › October – December"}}, {"year": 1337, "year_label": "1337 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October – Hundred Years' War: Edward III of England formally rejects Philip VI's claim to the French throne, initiating hostilities between France and England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359629159#January–December", "title": "1337", "revid": 1359629159, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1340, "year_label": "1340 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "October", "text": "October – Geert Groote, Dutch founder of the Brethren of the Common Life (d. 1384)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1319621241#Births", "title": "1340", "revid": 1319621241, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1341, "year_label": "1341 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September–October – The Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347 (between John VI Kantakouzenos and the regency for the infant John V Palaiologos) breaks out.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561422#Events", "title": "1341", "revid": 1369561422, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1346, "year_label": "1346 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "October", "text": "October–November – Several Mongol towns in the Crimea are cleared of inhabitants by the Black Death.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350441074#Events", "title": "1346", "revid": 1350441074, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1346, "year_label": "1346 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October", "text": "October – Raghnall Mac Ruaidhrí, Scottish magnate", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350441074#Deaths", "title": "1346", "revid": 1350441074, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1346, "year_label": "1346 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September–October – Anglo-Gascon offensives overrun large parts of southwest France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350441074#Events", "title": "1346", "revid": 1350441074, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1347, "year_label": "1347 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "October", "text": "October – Ships arrive in the Sicilian city of Messina, carrying people afflicted by the Black Death onboard.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1289406739#January–December", "title": "1347", "revid": 1289406739, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1352, "year_label": "1352 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October – Byzantine civil war of 1352–1357 – Battle of Demotika: Fighting as allies of John VI Kantakouzenos, the Ottoman beylik scores its first victory on European soil, against the Serbs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1294629592#January–December", "title": "1352", "revid": 1294629592, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1365, "year_label": "1365 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October – Alexandrian Crusade: The city of Alexandria in Egypt is sacked by an allied force of Peter I of Cyprus and the knights of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339848684#January–December", "title": "1365", "revid": 1339848684, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1375, "year_label": "1375 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "October", "text": "October – Joanna of Aragon, Countess of Foix, Aragonese throne claimant (d. 1407)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370334386#Births", "title": "1375", "revid": 1370334386, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1384, "year_label": "1384 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October", "text": "October – Joan Holland, Duchess of Brittany (b. 1350)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369176313#Deaths", "title": "1384", "revid": 1369176313, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1396, "year_label": "1396 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "October", "text": "October – A Transylvanian expedition captures Vlad I Uzurpatorul, thus allowing the restoration of Mircea the Elder of Wallachia to the throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360576293#October–December", "title": "1396", "revid": 1360576293, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1401, "year_label": "1401 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October", "text": "October – Anabella Drummond, queen of Scotland", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347806355#Deaths", "title": "1401", "revid": 1347806355, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1414, "year_label": "1414 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "October", "text": "October – The Hunger War ends inconclusively with a truce brokered by a Papal legate. Famine and plague is sweeping through Prussia as a result from the war.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368828978#October–December", "title": "1414", "revid": 1368828978, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1429, "year_label": "1429 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October", "text": "October – Alexios IV Megas Komnenos, Empire of Trebizond (b. 1382)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320610#Deaths", "title": "1429", "revid": 1351320610, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1433, "year_label": "1433 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October – Iliaș of Moldavia is deposed by his half-brother and joint ruler Stephen II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320602#October–December", "title": "1433", "revid": 1351320602, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1446, "year_label": "1446 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October – Murad II, who recently became the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire after his son Mehmed II was forced by the Janissaries to abdicate, invades Attica, forcing Constantine XI to return Thebes to the duchy of Athens, and remove the tribute imposed in 1444. Murad II imposes his own tribute.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360566332#October–December", "title": "1446", "revid": 1360566332, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1448, "year_label": "1448 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October – Vlad the Impaler becomes reigning Prince of Wallachia for two months, before being deposed in November by Vladislav II of Wallachia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367832753#October–December", "title": "1448", "revid": 1367832753, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1448, "year_label": "1448 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October", "text": "October – Carlo II Tocco, ruler of Epirus", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367832753#Deaths", "title": "1448", "revid": 1367832753, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1449, "year_label": "1449 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October – Bogdan II of Moldavia enters the country with troops from John Hunyadi, and takes the throne after Alexăndrel flees.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365251873#October–December", "title": "1449", "revid": 1365251873, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1451, "year_label": "1451 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October", "text": "October – Bogdan II of Moldavia, assassinated by Petru Aron", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358547324#Deaths", "title": "1451", "revid": 1358547324, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1452, "year_label": "1452 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October – Byzantine–Ottoman Wars: The Ottoman governor of Thessaly, Turakhan Beg, breaks through the Hexamilion wall for the fourth time, and ravages the Peloponnese Peninsula to prevent the Byzantine Despotate of the Morea from assisting Constantinople, during the final Ottoman siege of the imperial capital.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355060030#October–December", "title": "1452", "revid": 1355060030, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1473, "year_label": "1473 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October", "text": "October – Contessina de' Bardi, politically active Florentine woman (b. 1390)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361813739#Deaths", "title": "1473", "revid": 1361813739, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1480, "year_label": "1480 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "October", "text": "October – Saint Cajetan, founder of the Theatines (d. 1547)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370179650#Births", "title": "1480", "revid": 1370179650, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1490, "year_label": "1490 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "October", "text": "October – Olaus Magnus, Swedish ecclesiastic and writer (d. 1557)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365746432#Births", "title": "1490", "revid": 1365746432, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1504, "year_label": "1504 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October – Babur besieges and captures Kabul.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365936803#Date_unknown", "title": "1504", "revid": 1365936803, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1506, "year_label": "1506 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "October", "text": "October – Louis de Blois, Flemish mystical writer (d. 1566)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368141766#Births", "title": "1506", "revid": 1368141766, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1515, "year_label": "1515 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October", "text": "October – Bartolomeo d'Alviano, Venetian general (b. 1455)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362498078#Deaths", "title": "1515", "revid": 1362498078, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1533, "year_label": "1533 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October", "text": "October – Túpac Huallpa, puppet ruler of Peru", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359627731#Deaths", "title": "1533", "revid": 1359627731, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1534, "year_label": "1534 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Manco Inca Yupanqui is crowned as Sapa Inca in Cusco, Peru by Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro, in succession to his brother Túpac Huallpa (d. October 1533).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369558671#Date_unknown", "title": "1534", "revid": 1369558671, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1543, "year_label": "1543 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September–October – Landrecies in Picardy is besieged by forces under Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, but the siege is withdrawn on the approach of the French army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369357899#July–September", "title": "1543", "revid": 1369357899, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1558, "year_label": "1558 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October", "text": "October – Mellin de Saint-Gelais, French poet (b. c. 1491)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368141988#Deaths", "title": "1558", "revid": 1368141988, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1562, "year_label": "1562 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "October", "text": "October – Privateer John Hawkins undertakes the first of several slave trading voyages, attacking Portuguese slave ships off the West African coast and forcibly transporting the enslaved Africans onboard to Spanish colonies in the Americas to sell. Hawkins arrives at the island of Hispaniola in the Spanish West Indies, where he illicitly sells the enslaved Africans to local colonists, as his presence is technically in violation of Spanish law.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362000458#October–December", "title": "1562", "revid": 1362000458, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1562, "year_label": "1562 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October", "text": "October – George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly (b. 1514)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362000458#Deaths", "title": "1562", "revid": 1362000458, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1565, "year_label": "1565 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "October", "text": "October – The first Martello tower, the Tour de Mortella, designed by Giovan Giacomo Paleari Fratino (el Fratin), is completed as part of the Genovese defence system at Mortella (Myrtle) Point, in Upper Corsica.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1323811827#October–December", "title": "1565", "revid": 1323811827, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1602, "year_label": "1602 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October", "text": "October – Thomas Morley, English composer (b. 1557)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351972919#October–December", "title": "1602", "revid": 1351972919, "section": "Deaths › October–December"}}, {"year": 1606, "year_label": "1606 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June or October – Battle of Cape St. Vincent: An improvised Spanish fleet under Luis Fajardo defeats the Dutch fleet under Willem Haultain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561009#April–June", "title": "1606", "revid": 1369561009, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1606, "year_label": "1606 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "October", "text": "October – Luís Vaz de Torres is the first European to sail through the Torres Strait.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561009#October–December", "title": "1606", "revid": 1369561009, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1616, "year_label": "1616 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "October", "text": "October/November – Ben Jonson's satirical five-act comedy, The Devil is an Ass, is produced at the Blackfriars Theatre in London by the King's Men, poking fun at contemporary credence in witchcraft and Middlesex juries.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366307823#September-October", "title": "1616", "revid": 1366307823, "section": "Events › September-October"}}, {"year": 1630, "year_label": "1630 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "October", "text": "October – John Tillotson, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1694)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351974391#October–December", "title": "1630", "revid": 1351974391, "section": "Births › October–December"}}, {"year": 1651, "year_label": "1651 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October", "text": "October – An English diplomatic team, headed by Oliver St John, goes to The Hague to negotiate an alliance between the Commonwealth of England and the Dutch Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365975166#October–December", "title": "1651", "revid": 1365975166, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1693, "year_label": "1693 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October", "text": "October – William Congreve's comedy The Double-Dealer is first performed in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343170745#October–December", "title": "1693", "revid": 1343170745, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1699, "year_label": "1699 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October", "text": "October – An edict by King Louis XIV establishes an office of police magistrate in almost every village in France, with the title of lieutenant general de police created.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560904#October–December", "title": "1699", "revid": 1369560904, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1706, "year_label": "1706 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "October", "text": "October – Twinings founder, Thomas Twining, opens the first known tea room at 216 Strand, London, still open .", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351890964#October–December", "title": "1706", "revid": 1351890964, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1710, "year_label": "1710 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October – The start of the Mascate War (a.k.a. the War of the Peddlers) between two rival mercantile groups the Zillioto family and the Astrid family in colonial Brazil.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358049105#October–December", "title": "1710", "revid": 1358049105, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1714, "year_label": "1714 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October", "text": "October – Raja Sitaram Ray, autonomous king, vassal of the Mughal Empire (b. 1658)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366497107#Deaths", "title": "1714", "revid": 1366497107, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1717, "year_label": "1717 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "October", "text": "October – James Paine, English architect (d. 1789)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366802832#Births", "title": "1717", "revid": 1366802832, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1717, "year_label": "1717 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October", "text": "October – Philippe Pastour de Costebelle, French naval officer and Governor of Newfoundland (b. 1661)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366802832#Deaths", "title": "1717", "revid": 1366802832, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1763, "year_label": "1763 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October", "text": "October – Anna Maria Garthwaite, British designer (b. 1688)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360202149#Deaths", "title": "1763", "revid": 1360202149, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1788, "year_label": "1788 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "October", "text": "October – King George III of the United Kingdom becomes deranged; the Regency Crisis of 1788 starts.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357260814#October–December", "title": "1788", "revid": 1357260814, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1810, "year_label": "1810 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "October", "text": "October – King George III of the United Kingdom is deemed permanently insane.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357106545#October–December", "title": "1810", "revid": 1357106545, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1815, "year_label": "1815 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "October", "text": "October – Robert Adams, American sailor and the first Westerner to visit Timbuktu, is found wandering the streets of London, starving and half-naked, leading to the invitation for him to tell his story as a Barbary captive, which is later published as The Narrative of Robert Adams.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365587765#October", "title": "1815", "revid": 1365587765, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1825, "year_label": "1825 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October–December – Dispute between the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata and the Empire of Brazil over the Banda Oriental region leads to the Cisplatine War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341744335#October–December", "title": "1825", "revid": 1341744335, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1830, "year_label": "1830 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October", "text": "October – The Regeneration in Switzerland begins: more liberal constitutions are adopted in most cantons.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352223718#October–December", "title": "1830", "revid": 1352223718, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1847, "year_label": "1847 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "October", "text": "October – The last volcanic eruption of Mount Guntur in West Java occurs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362575777#October–December", "title": "1847", "revid": 1362575777, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1851, "year_label": "1851 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October", "text": "October – The Reuters news service is founded in London", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358777790#October–December", "title": "1851", "revid": 1358777790, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1860, "year_label": "1860 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "October", "text": "October – John Hanning Speke and James Augustus Grant leave Zanzibar, to search for the source of the Nile River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371066131#October", "title": "1860", "revid": 1371066131, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1869, "year_label": "1869 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "October", "text": "October – The 'Edinburgh Seven', led by Sophia Jex-Blake, start to attend lectures at the University of Edinburgh Medical School, the first women in the United Kingdom to do so (although they will not be allowed to take degrees).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360511845#October", "title": "1869", "revid": 1360511845, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1875, "year_label": "1875 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "October", "text": "October – The Ottoman state declares partial bankruptcy, and places its finances in the hands of European creditors. It is also suffering widespread nationalist rebellions resulting in Russian intervention and Great Power tensions.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371928758#October", "title": "1875", "revid": 1371928758, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1891, "year_label": "1891 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "October", "text": "October – Eugène Dubois finds the first fragmentary bones of Pithecanthropus erectus (later redesignated Homo erectus), or \"Java Man\", at Trinil on the Solo River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369994059#October", "title": "1891", "revid": 1369994059, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1895, "year_label": "1895 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "October", "text": "October – Rudyard Kipling publishes the story \"Mowgli Leaves the Jungle Forever\" in The Cosmopolitan illustrated magazine in the United States, collected in The Second Jungle Book, published in England in November.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364324653#October", "title": "1895", "revid": 1364324653, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1905, "year_label": "1905 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "October", "text": "October – Fauvist artists, led by Henri Matisse and André Derain, first exhibit their works, at the Salon d'Automne in Paris.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373341358#October", "title": "1905", "revid": 1373341358, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1907, "year_label": "1907 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October", "text": "October – A committee of the Delegation for the Adoption of an International Auxiliary Language, made up of academics including Otto Jespersen, Wilhelm Ostwald and Roland Eötvös, meet in Paris to select a language for international use. The committee ultimately decides to reform Esperanto.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373349351#October", "title": "1907", "revid": 1373349351, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1915, "year_label": "1915 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "March", "text": "March – The 1915 Palestine locust infestation breaks out in Palestine; it continues until October.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373518749#March", "title": "1915", "revid": 1373518749, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1922, "year_label": "1922 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "October", "text": "October – 3,000 German marks are now needed to buy a single American dollar – triple the figure three months ago due to hyperinflation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369983934#October", "title": "1922", "revid": 1369983934, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1925, "year_label": "1925 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "October", "text": "October – The major money forgery and fraud of Alves dos Reis is exposed in Portugal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367485783#October", "title": "1925", "revid": 1367485783, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1927, "year_label": "1927 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "October", "text": "October – Niels Bohr presents his theoretical principle of complementarity at the Fifth Solvay Conference on Physics.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370012373#October", "title": "1927", "revid": 1370012373, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1928, "year_label": "1928 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October", "text": "October – The women's organisation Gruaja Shiqiptare is founded in Albania, with Princess Senije as its chair.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372527586#October", "title": "1928", "revid": 1372527586, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1930, "year_label": "1930 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October", "text": "October – The Indochinese Communist Party is formed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373315156#October", "title": "1930", "revid": 1373315156, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1932, "year_label": "1932 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "October", "text": "October – Hergé's Tintin in America (Tintin en Amérique) concludes serial publication and is issued in book format (in black and white) in Belgium.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370718676#October", "title": "1932", "revid": 1370718676, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1945, "year_label": "1945 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "October", "text": "October – Arthur C. Clarke puts forward the idea of a geosynchronous communications satellite, in a Wireless World magazine article.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371513862#October", "title": "1945", "revid": 1371513862, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1947, "year_label": "1947 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "October", "text": "October – First recorded use of the word computer in its modern sense, referring to an electronic digital machine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371901060#October", "title": "1947", "revid": 1371901060, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1953, "year_label": "1953 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "October", "text": "October – The UNIVAC 1103 is the first commercial computer to use random-access memory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371310369#October", "title": "1953", "revid": 1371310369, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1972, "year_label": "1972 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October", "text": "October – In Somalia, the government of President Siad Barre formally introduces the Somali alphabet as the country's official writing script.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371514417#October", "title": "1972", "revid": 1371514417, "section": "Events › October"}}]}