{"slug": "old-style", "label": "Old Style", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style", "wikidata": null, "qid": null, "description": null, "entries": 39, "years": 27, "span": [1593, 1917], "span_label": ["1593 CE", "1917 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 18}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 9}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 6}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 2}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 2}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "sweden", "label": "Sweden", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "massachusetts-bay-colony", "label": "Massachusetts Bay Colony", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-england", "label": "Kingdom of England", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-great-britain", "label": "Kingdom of Great Britain", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "dutch-republic", "label": "Dutch Republic", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "great-northern-war", "label": "Great Northern War", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "russian-empire", "label": "Russian Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "war-of-the-spanish-succession", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "parliament-of-great-britain", "label": "Parliament of Great Britain", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-france", "label": "Kingdom of France", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "charles-xii-of-sweden", "label": "Charles XII of Sweden", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "riksdag-of-the-estates", "label": "Riksdag of the Estates", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 1593, "year_label": "1593 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 7", "text": "March 7 (February 25 Old Style) – The Uppsala Synod discontinues; the Liturgical Struggle between the Swedish Reformation and Counter-Reformation ends in Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351972668#January–March", "title": "1593", "revid": 1351972668, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1626, "year_label": "1626 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 6", "text": "November 6 (O.S.) – The ship Arms of Amsterdam arrives in Europe from New Netherland (left September 23) with the news: \"They have purchased the Island Manhattes [Manhattan] from the Indians for the value of 60 guilders.\"", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367580131#October–December", "title": "1626", "revid": 1367580131, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1630, "year_label": "1630 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 17", "text": "September 17 (September 7 Old Style) – The settlement of Boston, Massachusetts Bay Colony is founded.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351974391#July–September", "title": "1630", "revid": 1351974391, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1636, "year_label": "1636 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 25", "text": "August 25 (August 15 Old Style) – The covenant of the Town of Dedham, Massachusetts Bay Colony is first signed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358525522#July–September", "title": "1636", "revid": 1358525522, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1636, "year_label": "1636 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 23", "text": "December 23 (December 13 Old Style) – The Massachusetts Bay Colony organizes three militia regiments to defend the colony against the Pequot Indians. This organization is recognized today as the founding of the United States National Guard.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358525522#October–December", "title": "1636", "revid": 1358525522, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1636, "year_label": "1636 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 13", "text": "March 13 (March 3 Old Style) – A \"great charter\" to the University of Oxford establishes the Oxford University Press, as the second of the privileged presses in England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358525522#January–March", "title": "1636", "revid": 1358525522, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1636, "year_label": "1636 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 5", "text": "March 5 (February 24 Old Style) – King Christian IV of Denmark and Norway gives an order, that all beggars that are able to work must be sent to Brinholmen, to build ships or to work as galley rowers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358525522#January–March", "title": "1636", "revid": 1358525522, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1636, "year_label": "1636 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 4", "text": "October 4 (September 24 Old Style) – Thirty Years' War – Battle of Wittstock: A Swedish-allied army defeats a combined Imperial-Saxon army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358525522#October–December", "title": "1636", "revid": 1358525522, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1636, "year_label": "1636 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 18", "text": "September 18 (September 8 Old Style) – A vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony establishes New College (Harvard University), as the first college founded in the United States.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358525522#July–September", "title": "1636", "revid": 1358525522, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1645, "year_label": "1645 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 23", "text": "August 23 (August 13 Old Style) – The Treaty of Brömsebro is signed between Sweden and Denmark–Norway, ending the Torstenson War and ceding Jemtland, Herjedalen, Gotland and Ösel (Saaremaa) to Sweden, which also holds the province of Halland for a period of 30 years, as a guarantee.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370309626#July–September", "title": "1645", "revid": 1370309626, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1654, "year_label": "1654 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 16", "text": "June 16 (June 6 Old Style) – Charles X Gustav succeeds his cousin Christina on the Swedish throne. After her abdication on the same day, Christina, now the former reigning queen of a Protestant nation, secretly converts to Catholicism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365981814#April–June", "title": "1654", "revid": 1365981814, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1680, "year_label": "1680 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August 20", "text": "August 20 (August 10 Old Style) – The settlement of Karlskrona in Sweden is founded, as the Royal Swedish Navy relocates there.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365997201#July–September", "title": "1680", "revid": 1365997201, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1697, "year_label": "1697 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "May 17", "text": "May 17 (May 7 Old Style) – The 13th century royal Tre Kronor (\"Three Crowns\") castle in Stockholm burns to the ground, and a large portion of the royal library is destroyed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355431044#April–June", "title": "1697", "revid": 1355431044, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1704, "year_label": "1704 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 3", "text": "August 3 (July 23 Old Style) – War of the Spanish Succession – Gibraltar is captured from Spain, by English and Dutch forces under Sir George Rooke.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358992532#July–September", "title": "1704", "revid": 1358992532, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1707, "year_label": "1707 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 25", "text": "April 25 (April 14 Old Style) – War of the Spanish Succession – Battle of Almansa: The Bourbon army of Spain and France (with Irish mercenaries) under the French-born Englishman James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick, soundly defeats the allied forces of Portugal, England, and the Dutch Republic led by the French-born Huguenot (in English service) Henri de Massue, Earl of Galway. Following this, Philip V of Spain promulgates the first Nueva Planta decrees, bringing the Kingdoms of Valencia and Aragon under the laws of the Crown of Castile.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346936133#April–June", "title": "1707", "revid": 1346936133, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1707, "year_label": "1707 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 12", "text": "May 12 (May 1 Old Style) – The new sovereign state of Great Britain comes into being, as a result of the Acts of Union, which combine the Kingdoms of Scotland and England into a single united Kingdom of Great Britain, and merge the Parliaments of England and Scotland, to form the Parliament of Great Britain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346936133#April–June", "title": "1707", "revid": 1346936133, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1709, "year_label": "1709 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 8", "text": "July 8 (June 27 Old Style; June 28 in the Swedish calendar) – Great Northern War: Battle of Poltava in the Cossack Hetmanate (Ukraine) – Peter the Great leads forces of the Tsardom of Russia to a decisive victory over Swedish forces under Charles XII, ending the Swedish invasion of Russia and effectively ending Sweden's role as a major power in Europe.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361817608#July–December", "title": "1709", "revid": 1361817608, "section": "Events › July–December"}}, {"year": 1709, "year_label": "1709 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 11", "text": "September 11 (August 31 Old Style) – War of the Spanish Succession: Battle of Malplaquet – Troops of the Dutch Republic, Habsburg monarchy, the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Prussia, led by the Duke of Marlborough, drive the French from the field, but suffer twice as many casualties.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361817608#July–December", "title": "1709", "revid": 1361817608, "section": "Events › July–December"}}, {"year": 1717, "year_label": "1717 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 4", "text": "January 4 (December 24, 1716 Old Style) – The kingdoms of Great Britain, France and the Dutch Republic sign the Triple Alliance, in an attempt to maintain the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), Britain having signed a preliminary alliance with France on November 28 (November 17) 1716.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366802832#January–March", "title": "1717", "revid": 1366802832, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1718, "year_label": "1718 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 11", "text": "December 11 (November 30 Old Style) – King Charles XII of Sweden is killed at the Siege of Fredriksten in the Great Northern War, the last European monarch to die on a battlefield. His death ends the first era of absolute monarchy in Sweden. Five days later, when the news reaches Stockholm, his sister Princess Ulrika Eleonora proclaims herself Queen regnant of Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350255401#October_–December", "title": "1718", "revid": 1350255401, "section": "Events › October –December"}}, {"year": 1719, "year_label": "1719 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 3", "text": "February 3 (January 23 Old Style) – The Riksdag of the Estates (the parliament of Sweden) recognizes Ulrika Eleonora's claim to the Swedish throne, after she has agreed to sign a new Swedish constitution. Thus, she is recognized as queen regnant of Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365415998#January–March", "title": "1719", "revid": 1365415998, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1720, "year_label": "1720 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 11", "text": "March 11 (February 29 Old Style) – Queen Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden resigns, to let her husband Frederick I take over as king of Sweden. She had desired a joint rule, in a similar manner to William III and Mary II in Britain, but as the Riksdag of the Estates (Sweden's parliament) refuses this, she abdicates in her husband's favour instead.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358044251#January–March", "title": "1720", "revid": 1358044251, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1721, "year_label": "1721 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 2", "text": "November 2 (October 22 Old Style) – The Romanov and architect of the Great Northern War Peter I, is proclaimed the first Emperor of All the Russias. This replaces the 174-year-long Tsardom of Russia with the Russian Empire, which will collapse almost 200 years later in 1917.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367153403#October_–December", "title": "1721", "revid": 1367153403, "section": "Events › October –December"}}, {"year": 1721, "year_label": "1721 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 10", "text": "September 10 (August 23 Old Style) – The Treaty of Nystad is signed, ending the Great Northern War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367153403#July_–September", "title": "1721", "revid": 1367153403, "section": "Events › July –September"}}, {"year": 1726, "year_label": "1726 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 23", "text": "January 23 (January 12 Old Style) – The Conventicle Act (Konventikelplakatet) is adopted in Sweden, outlawing all non-Lutheran religious meetings outside of church services.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372345509#January–March", "title": "1726", "revid": 1372345509, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1726, "year_label": "1726 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "November 8", "text": "November 8 (October 28 Old Style) – Jonathan Swift's satirical novel Gulliver's Travels is first published (anonymously) in London; it sells out within a week.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372345509#October–December", "title": "1726", "revid": 1372345509, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1739, "year_label": "1739 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 13", "text": "June 13 – (June 2 Old Style); The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences is founded in Stockholm, Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340647395#April–June", "title": "1739", "revid": 1340647395, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1743, "year_label": "1743 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 18", "text": "August 18 (August 7 Old Style) – Russia and Sweden sign the Treaty of Åbo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360887949#July–September", "title": "1743", "revid": 1360887949, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1745, "year_label": "1745 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "August 6", "text": "August 6 (July 26 Old Style) – The first recorded women's cricket match takes place in Surrey, England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353016128#July–September", "title": "1745", "revid": 1353016128, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1751, "year_label": "1751 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 27", "text": "May 27 (May 13 Old Style) – Adoption of the Gregorian calendar: Royal assent is given to An Act for Regulating the Commencement of the Year; and for Correcting the Calendar now in Use (the \"Calendar Act\") passed by the Parliament of Great Britain, introducing the Gregorian Calendar, correcting the eleven-day difference between Old Style and New Style dates and making 1 January legally New Year's Day from 1752 in the British Empire. It is largely promoted by George Parker, 2nd Earl of Macclesfield.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351037611#April–June", "title": "1751", "revid": 1351037611, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1866, "year_label": "1866 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 13", "text": "July 13 (July 1 Old Style) – The first Constitution of Romania is issued.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368829327#July", "title": "1866", "revid": 1368829327, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1877, "year_label": "1877 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 21", "text": "May 21 (May 9 O.S.) – By a speech in the Parliament of Romania by Mihail Kogălniceanu, the country declares itself independent from the Ottoman Empire (recognized in 1878 after the end of the Romanian independence war).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370239819#May", "title": "1877", "revid": 1370239819, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1881, "year_label": "1881 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 24", "text": "February 24 (February 12 Old Style) – Qing dynasty China signs the Treaty of Saint Petersburg with the Russian Empire providing for the return to China of the eastern part of the Ili Basin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369747876#February", "title": "1881", "revid": 1369747876, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1881, "year_label": "1881 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 13", "text": "March 13 (March 1 Old Style) – Assassination of Alexander II of Russia: Emperor Alexander II of Russia (\"the Liberator\") is killed near his palace in Saint Petersburg when bombs are thrown at him, an act committed by the revolutionary socialist group Narodnaya Volya coordinated by Sophia Perovskaya but falsely blamed upon Russian Jews. He is succeeded by his son, Alexander III. The assassin Ignacy Hryniewiecki is also killed by his own bomb.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369747876#March", "title": "1881", "revid": 1369747876, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1881, "year_label": "1881 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 26", "text": "March 26 (March 14 Old Style) – The Principality of Romania is proclaimed the Kingdom of Romania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369747876#March", "title": "1881", "revid": 1369747876, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1881, "year_label": "1881 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 22", "text": "May 22 (May 10 Old Style) – Prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen is crowned King of Romania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369747876#May", "title": "1881", "revid": 1369747876, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1882, "year_label": "1882 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 6", "text": "March 6 (February 22 Old Style) – The Principality of Serbia becomes the Kingdom of Serbia following a proclamation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360586433#March", "title": "1882", "revid": 1360586433, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1903, "year_label": "1903 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 30", "text": "July 30–August 23 (July 17–August 10, O.S.) – The Second Congress of the All-Russian Social Democratic Labour Party is held in exile in Brussels, transferring to London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373319317#July", "title": "1903", "revid": 1373319317, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1917, "year_label": "1917 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 14", "text": "September 14 (September 1 Old Style) – Russia is declared a republic by the Provisional Government.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373519608#September", "title": "1917", "revid": 1373519608, "section": "Events › September"}}]}