{"slug": "oliver-cromwell", "label": "Oliver Cromwell", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44279", "qid": "Q44279", "description": "English military and political leader (1599–1658)", "entries": 29, "years": 14, "span": [1628, 1661], "span_label": ["1628 CE", "1661 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 10}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 7}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 3}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 3}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 3}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 2}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "scotland", "label": "Scotland", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "edinburgh", "label": "Edinburgh", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "ireland", "label": "Ireland", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "commonwealth-of-england", "label": "Commonwealth of England", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "london", "label": "London", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "lord-mayor-of-london", "label": "Lord Mayor of London", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "england", "label": "England", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "northumberland", "label": "Northumberland", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "berwick-upon-tweed", "label": "Berwick-upon-Tweed", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "dublin", "label": "Dublin", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "tower-of-london", "label": "Tower of London", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "parliament-of-england", "label": "Parliament of England", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1628, "year_label": "1628 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 17", "text": "March 17 – Oliver Cromwell makes his first appearance in the English Parliament, as Member for Huntingdon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352890088#January–March", "title": "1628", "revid": 1352890088, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1645, "year_label": "1645 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 10", "text": "June 10 – English Civil War: Oliver Cromwell is confirmed as the Lieutenant-General of the Cavalry.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370309626#April–June", "title": "1645", "revid": 1370309626, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1645, "year_label": "1645 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 8", "text": "October 8–14 – English Civil War: The Third siege of Basing House by Oliver Cromwell results in its destruction.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370309626#October–December", "title": "1645", "revid": 1370309626, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1648, "year_label": "1648 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 6", "text": "December 6 – \"Pride's Purge\" in England: Elements of the New Model Army, under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell invade London and expel a majority of the Long Parliament, resulting in the creation of the Rump Parliament.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346163846#October–December", "title": "1648", "revid": 1346163846, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1649, "year_label": "1649 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – Oliver Cromwell lands in Dublin, unopposed and with thousands of English troops, to begin the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367892628#July–September", "title": "1649", "revid": 1367892628, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1649, "year_label": "1649 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 7", "text": "February 7 – The English Parliament rejects a proposal to continue the English monarchy after Oliver Cromwell makes clear that he does not wish to be crowned as King of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367892628#January–March", "title": "1649", "revid": 1367892628, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1650, "year_label": "1650 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 13", "text": "February 13 – Oliver Cromwell's troops sweep through Ireland and bombard the Kiltinan Castle in County Tipperary.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373388330#January–March", "title": "1650", "revid": 1373388330, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1650, "year_label": "1650 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 22", "text": "July 22 – Having completed his invasion of Ireland, England's General Oliver Cromwell begins the war against the Kingdom of Scotland, crossing from Northumberland at Berwick-upon-Tweed into Berwickshire, and leads troops toward Edinburgh.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373388330#July–September", "title": "1650", "revid": 1373388330, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1650, "year_label": "1650 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 3", "text": "September 3 – Third English Civil War: Battle of Dunbar (1650) – Parliamentarian forces under Oliver Cromwell defeat a Scottish army, commanded by David Leslie.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373388330#July–September", "title": "1650", "revid": 1373388330, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1652, "year_label": "1652 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 12", "text": "February 12 – Oliver Cromwell, England's Lord Protector, announces that his Council of Scotland will regulate church affairs as part of the Terms of Incorporation of Scotland into England, and eliminates Presbyterianism as Scotland's state religion.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367149733#January–March", "title": "1652", "revid": 1367149733, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1653, "year_label": "1653 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 20", "text": "April 20 – Oliver Cromwell expels the Rump Parliament in England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365981775#April–June", "title": "1653", "revid": 1365981775, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1653, "year_label": "1653 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 16", "text": "December 16 – The Instrument of Government in England becomes Britain's first written constitution, under which Oliver Cromwell becomes Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland, being advised by a remodelled English Council of State. This is the start of The First Protectorate, bringing an end to the first period of republican government in the country, the Commonwealth of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365981775#October–December", "title": "1653", "revid": 1365981775, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1654, "year_label": "1654 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 12", "text": "April 12 – Oliver Cromwell creates a union between England and Scotland, with Scottish representation in the Parliament of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365981814#April–June", "title": "1654", "revid": 1365981814, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1654, "year_label": "1654 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August 18", "text": "August 18 – Oliver Cromwell launches the Western Design with the appointment of Admiral William Penn to prepare for a fleet to leave on Christmas Day for an English expedition to the Caribbean to counter Spanish commercial interests, effectively beginning the Anglo-Spanish War (which will last until after the English Restoration in 1660). The fleet leaves Portsmouth in late December.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365981814#July–September", "title": "1654", "revid": 1365981814, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1654, "year_label": "1654 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "December 25", "text": "December 25 – An English Navy fleet of 17 warships and 20 transports, carrying 325 cannons, 1,145 seamen, and 1,830 troops, under the command of Admiral William Penn departs from Portsmouth to begin Oliver Cromwell's planned surprise attack on Spain's colonies in the New World.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365981814#October_–December", "title": "1654", "revid": 1365981814, "section": "Events › October –December"}}, {"year": 1654, "year_label": "1654 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 10", "text": "February 10 – The Battle of Tullich takes place in Aberdeenshire in Scotland during Glencairn's rising, a revolt by Scottish royalists against the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland led by Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell. The battle is indecisive.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365981814#January–March", "title": "1654", "revid": 1365981814, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1654, "year_label": "1654 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 10", "text": "July 10 – Peter Vowell and John Gerard are executed in London for plotting to assassinate Oliver Cromwell.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365981814#July–September", "title": "1654", "revid": 1365981814, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1655, "year_label": "1655 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 9", "text": "August 9 – Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell divides England into 11 districts, under major-generals.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365983750#July–September", "title": "1655", "revid": 1365983750, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1655, "year_label": "1655 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "November 24", "text": "November 24 – English Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell announces measures against the Laudian party, which are enforced starting on January 1.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365983750#October_–December", "title": "1655", "revid": 1365983750, "section": "Events › October –December"}}, {"year": 1656, "year_label": "1656 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 23", "text": "February 23 – London's Lord Mayor Christopher Packe suggests to Oliver Cromwell, the Lord Protector and chief executive of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, that the monarchy should be restored with Cromwell as its King. Cromwell declines to become King Oliver, but his right to name his successor becomes effective on May 25, 1657 with the commencement of the Humble Petition and Advice.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372048661#January–March", "title": "1656", "revid": 1372048661, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1657, "year_label": "1657 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 23", "text": "February 23 – In England, the Humble Petition and Advice offers Lord Protector Cromwell the crown.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366656979#January–March", "title": "1657", "revid": 1366656979, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1657, "year_label": "1657 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 4", "text": "February 4 – Resettlement of the Jews in England: Oliver Cromwell gives Antonio Fernandez Carvajal the assurance of the right of Jews to remain in England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366656979#January–March", "title": "1657", "revid": 1366656979, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1657, "year_label": "1657 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 8", "text": "January 8 – Miles Sindercombe and his group of disaffected Levellers are betrayed in their attempt to assassinate Oliver Cromwell by blowing up the Palace of Whitehall in London and are arrested.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366656979#January–March", "title": "1657", "revid": 1366656979, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1657, "year_label": "1657 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 13", "text": "July 13 – Following his refusal to take the oath of allegiance to Oliver Cromwell, English army leader John Lambert is ordered to resign his commissions.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366656979#July–September", "title": "1657", "revid": 1366656979, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1657, "year_label": "1657 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 8", "text": "May 8 – Lord Protector Cromwell confirms his refusal of the crown of England, preferring the title \"Lord Protector\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366656979#April–June", "title": "1657", "revid": 1366656979, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1658, "year_label": "1658 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 13", "text": "January 13 – Edward Sexby, who had plotted against Oliver Cromwell, dies in the Tower of London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986033#January–March", "title": "1658", "revid": 1365986033, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1660, "year_label": "1660 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "May 15", "text": "May 15 – John Thurloe is arrested for high treason, for his support of Oliver Cromwell's regime.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986539#April–June", "title": "1660", "revid": 1365986539, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1661, "year_label": "1661 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "January 30", "text": "January 30 – The body of Oliver Cromwell is exhumed and subjected to a posthumous execution in London, along with those of John Bradshaw and Henry Ireton.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986603#January–March", "title": "1661", "revid": 1365986603, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1661, "year_label": "1661 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "May 27", "text": "May 27 – The Marquess of Argyll, one of the first of the Scottish-born people sentenced to death as a regicide for his role in the conviction and execution of King Charles I of England and Scotland in 1649, is beheaded at the Tolbooth Prison in Edinburgh using the \"Scottish Maiden,\" almost immediately after his conviction of collaboration with the government of Oliver Cromwell. His head is then placed on a spike outside the prison.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986603#April–June", "title": "1661", "revid": 1365986603, "section": "Events › April–June"}}]}