{"slug": "orleans", "label": "Orléans", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6548", "qid": "Q6548", "description": "large city and commune in Loiret, Centre-Val de Loire, France", "entries": 22, "years": 19, "span": [-52, 1616], "span_label": ["53 BCE", "1616 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 13}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 3}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 3}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 2}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "paris", "label": "Paris", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "francia", "label": "Francia", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "joan-of-arc", "label": "Joan of Arc", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "visigoths", "label": "Visigoths", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "flavius-aetius", "label": "Flavius Aetius", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "franks", "label": "Franks", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "reims", "label": "Reims", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "merovingian-dynasty", "label": "Merovingian dynasty", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "england", "label": "England", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-england", "label": "Kingdom of England", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "june", "label": "June", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -52, "year_label": "53 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "At Cenabum (modern Orléans) Roman merchants are massacred by the Carnutes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325862163#Roman_Republic", "title": "53 BC", "revid": 1325862163, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 444, "year_label": "444 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Flavius Aetius, Roman general (magister militum), settles the Alans around Valence and Orléans, to contain unrest in Brittany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1289774779#Europe", "title": "444", "revid": 1289774779, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 451, "year_label": "451 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Attila approaches Aurelianum (modern Orléans) and the city's inhabitants close the gates, forcing him to lay siege. After learning of the Hun invasion, Flavius Aetius (magister militum) moves quickly from Italy into Gaul, and joins forces with Visigoth king Theodoric I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361438720#Europe", "title": "451", "revid": 1361438720, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 463, "year_label": "463 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In the Gothic war against Aegidius, Childeric I, king of the Salian Franks, allies with the Roman general Aegidius. This war is ended by the battle near Orléans, where the Visigoths under King Theodoric II are defeated by the Franks, while crossing the Loire River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367480401#Europe", "title": "463", "revid": 1367480401, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 523, "year_label": "523 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Sigismund of Burgundy is defeated by the invading Franks under Chlodomer, Childebert I and Chlothar I. He is captured and taken as prisoner to Aurelianum (modern Orléans).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340792003#Europe", "title": "523", "revid": 1340792003, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 524, "year_label": "524 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 1", "text": "May 1 – King Sigismund of Burgundy is executed at Orléans after an 8-year reign, and is succeeded by his brother Godomar. He rallies the Burgundian army and begins plundering Frankish territory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340792013#Europe", "title": "524", "revid": 1340792013, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 561, "year_label": "561 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 29", "text": "November 29 – King Chlothar I (\"the Old\") dies at Compiègne at age 64. The Merovingian dynasty is continued by his four sons (Charibert I, Guntram, Sigebert I and Chilperic I), who divide the Frankish Kingdom and rule from the capitals at Paris, Orléans, Reims and Soissons, respectively.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340800797#Europe", "title": "561", "revid": 1340800797, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 585, "year_label": "585 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – Gundoald, Merovingian usurper king, and his followers are defeated during the siege of Saint-Bertrand. He is executed and Guntram stages a triumphal entry into Orléans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365938601#Europe", "title": "585", "revid": 1365938601, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 732, "year_label": "732 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September", "text": "September – Charles Martel leads his Frankish army (30,000 men) to Orléans and crosses the Loire River, probably accompanied by Eudes of Aquitaine, with his remaining troops. He makes camp near Tours, probably at Ballan-Miré south-west of the fortress city, in order to protect the abbey of Saint Martin. Charles defeats or forces back Umayyad scouts or an advance guard, between the rivers Indre and Creuse. Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi pulls back to establish a position at the Vienne River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808703#Europe", "title": "732", "revid": 1340808703, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 857, "year_label": "857 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "A Danish Viking fleet raids the cities of Dorestad, Paris and Orléans. Others sail up the Oise River, ravaging Beauvais and the abbey of Saint-Germer-de-Fly (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267075868#Europe", "title": "857", "revid": 1267075868, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 987, "year_label": "987 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December", "text": "December – The 15-year-old Robert (the son of Hugh Capet) is crowned co-ruler of France around Christmas at Orléans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468366#Europe", "title": "987", "revid": 1364468366, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 991, "year_label": "991 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 29", "text": "March 29: Bishop Adalberon imprisons the treasonous Duke Charles of Lorraine and his nephew Arnulf, the Archbishop of Reims. Adalberon delivers the two men to King Hugh Capet, who imprisons them and their family in Orléans. The cities of Reims and Laon are returned to Capet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365261005#Events", "title": "991", "revid": 1365261005, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 993, "year_label": "993 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Charles, duke of Lower Lorraine, dies in prison in Orléans (see 991). He is succeeded by his son Otto II, who inherits the full dukedom and pledges his allegiance to Otto III.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350009737#Europe", "title": "993", "revid": 1350009737, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1137, "year_label": "1137 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 1", "text": "August 1 – Louis VI dies of dysentery at Paris after a 29-year reign. He is succeeded by Louis Capet (known as Louis VII) as King of France. During his accession the burgesses of Orléans and Poitiers revolt – who wish to organise communes (creating independent city-states).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362157430#Europe", "title": "1137", "revid": 1362157430, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1405, "year_label": "1405 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 5", "text": "October 5 – Christine de Pizan writes a letter to Queen Isabeau, urging her to intervene in the political struggle between the dukes of Burgundy and Orléans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1337543539#October–December", "title": "1405", "revid": 1337543539, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1429, "year_label": "1429 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 29", "text": "April 29 – Siege of Orléans: Joan of Arc enters Orléans with a relief expedition.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320610#April–June", "title": "1429", "revid": 1351320610, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1429, "year_label": "1429 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 12", "text": "February 12 – Battle of Rouvray (or \"of the Herrings\"): English forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy, which is carrying rations (food) to the army of William de la Pole, 4th Earl of Suffolk at Orléans, from attack by the Comte de Clermont and John Stewart.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320610#January–March", "title": "1429", "revid": 1351320610, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1429, "year_label": "1429 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 7", "text": "May 7 – The Tourelles, the last English siege fortification at Orléans, falls. Joan of Arc becomes the hero of the battle by returning, wounded, to lead the final charge.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320610#April–June", "title": "1429", "revid": 1351320610, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1429, "year_label": "1429 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 8", "text": "May 8 – The English, weakened by disease and lack of supplies, depart Orléans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320610#April–June", "title": "1429", "revid": 1351320610, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1562, "year_label": "1562 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 2", "text": "April 2 – Civil war breaks out in the Kingdom of France as Louis I, Prince of Condé, leader of the Protestant Huguenots, declares war against the French Catholic rulers, in retaliation for the March 1 massacre of Vassy. Condé and Gaspard de Coligny seize control of Orléans, and other uprisings follow throughout France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362000458#April–June", "title": "1562", "revid": 1362000458, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1563, "year_label": "1563 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 18", "text": "February 18 – François, Duke of Guise, is assassinated while besieging Orléans by Jean de Poltrot.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369164885#January–March", "title": "1563", "revid": 1369164885, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1616, "year_label": "1616 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Elizabeth Rutter is hanged as a witch in Middlesex, England, Agnes Berrye in Enfield, and nine women in Leicester on the testimony of a raving 13-year-old named John Smith, under the Witchcraft Act 1603. In Orkney, Elspeth Reoch is tried. In France Leger (first name unknown) is condemned for witchcraft on May 6, Sylvanie de la Plaine is burned at Pays de Labourde as a witch, and in Orléans eighteen witches are killed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366307823#Date_unknown", "title": "1616", "revid": 1366307823, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}]}