{"slug": "ottoman-empire", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12560", "qid": "Q12560", "description": "multiethnic empire with the monarchs from the Ottoman dynasty (1299–1922)", "entries": 359, "years": 242, "span": [1254, 1924], "span_label": ["1254 CE", "1924 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 205}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 76}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 24}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 22}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 8}, {"title": "Births", "count": 7}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 5}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 4}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 3}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 3}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "republic-of-venice", "label": "Republic of Venice", "shared": 19}, {"slug": "russian-empire", "label": "Russian Empire", "shared": 13}, {"slug": "suleiman-the-magnificent", "label": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "shared": 12}, {"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 11}, {"slug": "murad-ii", "label": "Murad II", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "egypt", "label": "Egypt", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "mehmed-ii", "label": "Mehmed II", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "greek-war-of-independence", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "anatolia", "label": "Anatolia", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "wallachia", "label": "Wallachia", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "polishlithuanian-commonwealth", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "habsburg-monarchy", "label": "Habsburg monarchy", "shared": 7}], "items": [{"year": 1254, "year_label": "1254 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Osman I, founding ruler of the Ottoman Empire (d. 1324)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1296887805#Births", "title": "1254", "revid": 1296887805, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1258, "year_label": "1258 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Osman I, founder of the Great Ottoman Empire (d. 1324)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1318120479#Births", "title": "1258", "revid": 1318120479, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1281, "year_label": "1281 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Orhan Ghazi, Turkish ruler of the Ottoman Empire (d. 1362)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320525#Births", "title": "1281", "revid": 1351320525, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1281, "year_label": "1281 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Osman I, founder of the Ottoman Empire, becomes bey of the Söğüt tribe in central Anatolia after the death of his father, Ertuğrul Ghazi. Osman's accession to power is not peaceful, as he has to fight his relatives before he gets hold of the clan's leadership. One of Osman's major rivals is his uncle Dündar Bey, who rebels against him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320525#Middle_East", "title": "1281", "revid": 1351320525, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": 1299, "year_label": "1299 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 27", "text": "July 27 – Osman I (or Othman) declares the Anatolian beylik (principality) to be independent of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum, originating the Ottoman Empire. Osman becomes the founder and the first ruler, with Söğüt as the capital, which will last until the 1920s.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349939019#Asia", "title": "1299", "revid": 1349939019, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 1324, "year_label": "1324 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Ottoman Sultan Osman I dies after a 25-year reign at Bursa. He is the founder of the Ottoman Empire (first known as a Turkmen principality in the northwest of Anatolia). He is succeeded by his 43-year-old son Orhan I as the second ruler (bey), who places his residence at Söğüt in Bilecik Province (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1303312513#Asia_Minor", "title": "1324", "revid": 1303312513, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": 1326, "year_label": "1326 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "June 29", "text": "June 29 – Murad I, Turkish ruler of the Ottoman Empire (d. 1389)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367237136#Births", "title": "1326", "revid": 1367237136, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1336, "year_label": "1336 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Turgut Alp, Kayı and Ottoman soldier and commander in-chief (b. 1200) at the age of 136.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367230650#Deaths", "title": "1336", "revid": 1367230650, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1337, "year_label": "1337 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Siege of Nicomedia: After its foundation by Osman I in about 1299, the Ottoman Empire expanded across Bithynia in north-west Anatolia by capturing territory from the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359629159#Date_unknown", "title": "1337", "revid": 1359629159, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1338, "year_label": "1338 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Nicomedia is captured by the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360556849#Date_unknown", "title": "1338", "revid": 1360556849, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1352, "year_label": "1352 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Süleyman Pasha (son of Orhan) is probably granted control of Çimpe Castle on the Gallipoli peninsula by Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos, the first territory west of the Bosporus held by the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1294629592#Date_unknown", "title": "1352", "revid": 1294629592, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1354, "year_label": "1354 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "March", "text": "March - Within a month after the devastating earthquake the Ottomans besieged and captured the town of Gallipoli, making it the first Ottoman stronghold in Europe and the staging area for Ottoman expansion across the Balkans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325866553#January–December", "title": "1354", "revid": 1325866553, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1360, "year_label": "1360 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Earliest known Kırkpınar oil wrestling tournament in the Ottoman Empire, which will still be staged into the 21st century.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292555105#Date_unknown", "title": "1360", "revid": 1292555105, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1360, "year_label": "1360 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Bayezid I, sultan of the Ottoman Empire (d. 1403)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292555105#Births", "title": "1360", "revid": 1292555105, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1361, "year_label": "1361 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 21", "text": "May 21 – Orhan Ghazi, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1274)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364918335#Deaths", "title": "1361", "revid": 1364918335, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1362, "year_label": "1362 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March", "text": "March – Murad I succeeds his father Orhan as sultan of the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360556919#January–December", "title": "1362", "revid": 1360556919, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1369, "year_label": "1369 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Ottoman Empire invades Bulgaria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371621472#Dates_unknown", "title": "1369", "revid": 1371621472, "section": "Events › Dates unknown"}}, {"year": 1371, "year_label": "1371 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine co-emperor John V Palaiologos pledges loyalty to the Ottoman Empire, to prevent the Turks from invading Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370413855#Date_unknown", "title": "1371", "revid": 1370413855, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1371, "year_label": "1371 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 26", "text": "September 26 – In the Battle of Maritsa, troops led by Lala Shahin Pasha and Hacı İlbey from the Ottoman Empire overwhelm and kill most of the Serbian defenders, including King Vukašin, his brother Prince Jovan Uglješa, and most of the lords of the Mrnjavčević family. The victory paves the way for the Ottoman Empire to expand into the Balkan Peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370413855#July–September", "title": "1371", "revid": 1370413855, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1373, "year_label": "1373 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 6", "text": "May 6 – Byzantine co-emperor Andronikos IV Palaiologos allies with Savcı Bey, the son of the Ottoman Sultan Murad I, rebels against his father, John V Palaiologos, for agreeing to let Constantinople become a vassal of the Ottoman Empire, but the rebellion fails.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369605206#April–June", "title": "1373", "revid": 1369605206, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1375, "year_label": "1375 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 1", "text": "May 1 – The third war between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Ottoman Empire as the 40,000 Hungarian troops, led by King Lajos of Hungary depart from Várad (now Oradea in Romania) and march into the Principality of Wallachia, whose ruler, Vladislav, has recently changed his alliance from Hungary to the Ottoman sultanate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370334386#April–June", "title": "1375", "revid": 1370334386, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1385, "year_label": "1385 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 18", "text": "September 18 – Battle of Savra: Serbian forces under Balša II and Ivaniš Mrnjavčević are defeated by Ottoman commander Hayreddin Pasha, near Berat.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362439687#July–September", "title": "1385", "revid": 1362439687, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1388, "year_label": "1388 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 27", "text": "August 27 – Battle of Bileća: The Bosnians check the Ottoman advance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360557860#July–September", "title": "1388", "revid": 1360557860, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1389, "year_label": "1389 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 15", "text": "June 15 – At the Battle of Kosovo, The Ottoman Empire and the Serbs fight an inconclusive clash, with both sides suffering heavy losses. Both Sultan Murad I and Serbian Prince Lazar Hrebeljanovic are killed in the battle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360559797#April–June", "title": "1389", "revid": 1360559797, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1390, "year_label": "1390 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Fall of Philadelphia– The Ottomans take Philadelphia, the last Byzantine enclave of any significance in Anatolia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371631980#Date_unknown", "title": "1390", "revid": 1371631980, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1391, "year_label": "1391 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 16", "text": "February 16 –Manuel II Palaiologos becomes Byzantine emperor after his father, John V Palaiologos, dies from a nervous breakdown, due to his continued humiliation by the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365430899#January–March", "title": "1391", "revid": 1365430899, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1392, "year_label": "1392 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The city of Afyonkarahisar (in modern-day western Turkey) is conquered by Sultan Beyazid I, of the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360558319#Date_unknown", "title": "1392", "revid": 1360558319, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1392, "year_label": "1392 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 16", "text": "January 16 – The semi-independent Serbian state (sanjak) of Uskup is annexed by the Ottoman Empire and General Pasha Yiğit Bey becomes the first Ottoman governor of the new province.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360558319#January–March", "title": "1392", "revid": 1360558319, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1394, "year_label": "1394 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Ottomans conquer Thessaly (now eastern Greece) and begin an eight-year siege of Constantinople, in the Byzantine Empire. In the same year, they begin building the Anadoluhisarı fortress to defend themselves during the siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371593498#Date_unknown", "title": "1394", "revid": 1371593498, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1394, "year_label": "1394 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 10", "text": "October 10 – At the Battle of Karanovasa, Wallachia (now southern Romania) resists an invasion by the army Ottoman Empire and its Serb and Bulgarian vassals.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371593498#October–December", "title": "1394", "revid": 1371593498, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1395, "year_label": "1395 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 3", "text": "June 3 – Sultan Bayezid I of the Ottoman Empire has the former Bulgarian Emperor Ivan Shishman beheaded after Shishman is accused of collaborating with the Principality of Wallachia during the 1394 Battle of Karanovasa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366019527#April–June", "title": "1395", "revid": 1366019527, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1399, "year_label": "1399 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Sultan Bayezid I of the Ottoman Empire invades Mamluk-occupied Syria. A rift forms between Sultan Bayezid and Timur of the Timurid Empire, who also wanted to conquer Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362188981#Date_unknown", "title": "1399", "revid": 1362188981, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1399, "year_label": "1399 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Principality of Achaea (now southern Greece) resists an invasion by the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362188981#Date_unknown", "title": "1399", "revid": 1362188981, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1400, "year_label": "1400 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Timur conquers the Empire of The Black Sheep Turkomans, in present-day Azerbaijan, and the Jalayirid dynasty in present-day Iraq. Black Sheep ruler Qara Yusuf and Jalayirid Sultan Ahmad flee, and take refuge with the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369029011#Date_unknown", "title": "1400", "revid": 1369029011, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1400, "year_label": "1400 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Timur defeats both the Ottoman Empire and the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, to capture the city of Damascus in present-day Syria. Much of the city's inhabitants are subsequently massacred by Timur's troops.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369029011#Date_unknown", "title": "1400", "revid": 1369029011, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1402, "year_label": "1402 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 20", "text": "July 20 – Battle of Ankara: An invading Timurid Empire force defeats the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I, who is captured. A period of interregnum begins in the Ottoman Empire, with the future Mehmed I as one of the leading claimants to the throne. After Serbia is freed from Ottoman rule, Stefan Lazarević is crowned Despot of Serbia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371594109#July–September", "title": "1402", "revid": 1371594109, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1411, "year_label": "1411 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 3", "text": "September 3 – The Treaty of Selymbria is concluded between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354941251#July–September", "title": "1411", "revid": 1354941251, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1421, "year_label": "1421 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 26", "text": "May 26 – Mehmed I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, dies and is succeeded by his son, Murad II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365656442#April–June", "title": "1421", "revid": 1365656442, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1422, "year_label": "1422 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Ottoman forces overrun the last domains of Constantine II of Bulgaria, who dies in exile at the Serbian court, ending the Bulgarian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325155630#Undated", "title": "1422", "revid": 1325155630, "section": "Events › Undated"}}, {"year": 1422, "year_label": "1422 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 10", "text": "June 10–September – The Ottoman sultan Murad II besieges Constantinople; the siege is broken off as a result of the rebellion of Küçük Mustafa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325155630#April–June", "title": "1422", "revid": 1325155630, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1430, "year_label": "1430 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 29", "text": "March 29 – The Ottoman Empire, led by the Sultan Murad II, captures Thessalonica in Greece after an eight-year siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561329#January–March", "title": "1430", "revid": 1369561329, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1432, "year_label": "1432 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – An Albanian revolt, led by Gjergj Arianit Komneni, breaks out against the Ottoman Empire, and spreads through most of Albania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361998124#Date_unknown", "title": "1432", "revid": 1361998124, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1436, "year_label": "1436 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Abi Ahmet Celebi, chief physician of the Ottoman Empire (writer of a study on kidney and bladder stones; supporter of the research of Jewish doctor Musa Colinus ul-Israil on the application of drugs; founder of the first Ottoman medical school)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320639#Births", "title": "1436", "revid": 1351320639, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1439, "year_label": "1439 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 18", "text": "August 18 – Smederevo Fortress, the seat of government of the Despotate of Serbia, surrenders to the Ottoman Empire after a siege of three months under the command of the Sultan Murad II. The siege had started after the Despot, Durad Branković, had departed to the Republic of Venice, leaving the nation under the control of his son, Grgur Branković. Grgur is appointed as the Ottoman Governor of the Serbian province.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373513363#July–September", "title": "1439", "revid": 1373513363, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1440, "year_label": "1440 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April", "text": "April – Ottoman Sultan Murad II begins the siege of Belgrade, at this time part of the Kingdom of Hungary following the conquest of Serbia. The fortress is heavily damaged, but the defenders' use of artillery prevents the Turks from capturing the city, and the siege ends after six months.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343605568#April–June", "title": "1440", "revid": 1343605568, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1442, "year_label": "1442 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 25", "text": "March 25 – Battle of Hermannstadt: After seven days of fighting that began on March 18, John Hunyadi defeats an army of the Ottoman Empire (80,000 strong), led by Mezid Bey of Vidin, near Sibiu in what is now Romania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360560025#January–March", "title": "1442", "revid": 1360560025, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1442, "year_label": "1442 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 2", "text": "September 2 – John Hunyadi defeats another army of the Ottoman Empire (70,000 strong), led by Hadım Şehabeddin, Beylerbey (or governor) of Rumelia, near the Ialomița River. Following this, he places Basarab II as ruler of Wallachia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360560025#July–September", "title": "1442", "revid": 1360560025, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1443, "year_label": "1443 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – Pope Eugene IV called for Christians under his jurisdiction to participate in the Crusade of Varna against the incursions of the Ottoman Empire into Central Europe.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349474708#January–March", "title": "1443", "revid": 1349474708, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1443, "year_label": "1443 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 28", "text": "November 28 – Skanderbeg and his forces, rebelling against the Ottoman Empire, liberate Krujë, in Middle Albania, and raise the Albanian flag.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349474708#October–December", "title": "1443", "revid": 1349474708, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1444, "year_label": "1444 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – The Peace of Szeged is signed between the Turkish Ottoman Empire and Hungary.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359067554#July–September", "title": "1444", "revid": 1359067554, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1446, "year_label": "1446 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 10", "text": "December 10 – After hesitating for several weeks, Sultan Murad II, of the Ottoman Empire, destroys the Hexamilion wall, in an assault that includes cannons. Murad and the Ottoman governor of Thessaly, Turakhan Beg, ravage the Peloponnese Peninsula at will, with the Sultan devastating the northern shore, while Glarentza and Turakhan raid in the interior. The Despotate of the Morea is turned into an Ottoman vassal state.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360566332#October–December", "title": "1446", "revid": 1360566332, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1446, "year_label": "1446 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October – Murad II, who recently became the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire after his son Mehmed II was forced by the Janissaries to abdicate, invades Attica, forcing Constantine XI to return Thebes to the duchy of Athens, and remove the tribute imposed in 1444. Murad II imposes his own tribute.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360566332#October–December", "title": "1446", "revid": 1360566332, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1451, "year_label": "1451 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 3", "text": "February 3 – Murad II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, dies and is succeeded (on February 18) by his son, Mehmed II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358547324#January–March", "title": "1451", "revid": 1358547324, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1451, "year_label": "1451 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 10", "text": "September 10 – The Ottoman Empire renews its treaty with Republic of Venice and, on September 20, a truce with the Kingdom of Hungary.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358547324#July–September", "title": "1451", "revid": 1358547324, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1454, "year_label": "1454 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Isaac Zarfati sends a circular letter to Rhineland, Swabia, Moravia and Hungary, praising the happy conditions of the Jews under the crescent, in contrast to the \"great torture chamber\" under the cross, and urging them to come to the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367365323#Date_unknown", "title": "1454", "revid": 1367365323, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1455, "year_label": "1455 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 5", "text": "October 5 – Threatened with an invasion by the Ottoman Empire, the Principality of Moldavia sends its first tribute to the Ottoman Sultan, paying 2,000 ducats (equivalent to 6.99 kg lb of gold) in response to an ultimatum.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371446040#October–December", "title": "1455", "revid": 1371446040, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1455, "year_label": "1455 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 8", "text": "September 8 – Pope Calixtus III decides to send Christians on a crusade against the Ottoman Empire in an attempt to recapture Constantinople. At a ceremony at St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, the Pope provides Cardinal Alain de Coëtivy with the crusader's cross and sends him on a mission to meet with King Charles VII of France in hopes of getting French support for the proposed crusade.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371446040#July–September", "title": "1455", "revid": 1371446040, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1456, "year_label": "1456 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 18", "text": "May 18 – Second Battle of Oronichea (1456): Ottoman Forces of 15,000 are sent to capture Albania, but are met and swiftly defeated by Skanderbeg's smaller forces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371442849#April–June", "title": "1456", "revid": 1371442849, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1457, "year_label": "1457 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 2", "text": "September 2 – At the Battle of Albulena, the Albanian general Skanderbeg's defeats Ottoman Empire army, in the open field.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359845780#July–September", "title": "1457", "revid": 1359845780, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1458, "year_label": "1458 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 20", "text": "April 20 – Isidore of Kiev is installed as the Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople, leader of Eastern Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire, with the approval of the Muslim Ottoman Sultan, Mehmed II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371245383#April–June", "title": "1458", "revid": 1371245383, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1458, "year_label": "1458 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Francesco II Acciaioli, last Duke of Athens, surrenders the city to the Ottoman Empire and Sultan Mehmed II enters peacefully in August. Ottoman authorities issue a decree to protect the Acropolis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371245383#April–June", "title": "1458", "revid": 1371245383, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1460, "year_label": "1460 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 14", "text": "January 14 – After gaining a consensus at the Council of Mantua, Pope Pius II formally declares a Christian crusade against the Muslim Ottoman Empire to recapture Constantinople, which had been captured by the Ottomans in 1453.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371496065#January–March", "title": "1460", "revid": 1371496065, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1461, "year_label": "1461 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 17", "text": "April 17 – Skanderbeg, ruler of Albania, reaches a three-year peace agreement with the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365256665#April–June", "title": "1461", "revid": 1365256665, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1461, "year_label": "1461 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – The Empire of Trebizond, the last major Romano-Greek outpost, falls to the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed II, after a 21-day siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365256665#July–September", "title": "1461", "revid": 1365256665, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1463, "year_label": "1463 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 25", "text": "May 25 – The Kingdom of Bosnia falls to the Ottoman Empire as the last monarch, King Stephen Tomašević, is captured and executed by orders of the Sultan Mehmed II. According to the chronicle of Benedetto Dei, the Sultan himself carries out the beheading.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359850172#April–June", "title": "1463", "revid": 1359850172, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1467, "year_label": "1467 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Third Siege of Krujë: A few months after the failure of the second siege, Mehmed II leads another unsuccessful Ottoman invasion of Albania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352890331#Date_unknown", "title": "1467", "revid": 1352890331, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1470, "year_label": "1470 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 12", "text": "July 12 – During the Ottoman–Venetian War, the Ottomans capture the Greek island of Euboea, territory of the Republic of Venice, after a four week siege of the fortified city of Negroponte by the Sultan Mehmed II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359853032#July–September", "title": "1470", "revid": 1359853032, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1473, "year_label": "1473 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 11", "text": "August 11 – At the Battle of Otlukbeli, Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II defeats the White Sheep Turkmens, led by Uzun Hasan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361813739#July–September", "title": "1473", "revid": 1361813739, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1475, "year_label": "1475 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December", "text": "December – The Principality of Theodoro falls to the Ottoman Empire, arguably taking with it the final territorial remnant of the successor to the Roman Kingdom after nearly 2,228 years of Roman civilization since the legendary Founding of Rome in 753 BC.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369334832#October–December", "title": "1475", "revid": 1369334832, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1475, "year_label": "1475 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 10", "text": "January 10 – At the Battle of Vaslui during the Moldavian–Ottoman Wars, in what is now Romania, Stephen III of Moldavia leads his troops to defeat Ottoman invaders commanded by General Hadım Suleiman Pasha.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369334832#January–March", "title": "1475", "revid": 1369334832, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1476, "year_label": "1476 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 15", "text": "February 15 – After turning down an offer of peace negotiations with the Ottoman Empire, Bohemia's King Matthias Corvinus leads troops across the Hungarian border and captures the fortress of Šabac.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361998162#January–March", "title": "1476", "revid": 1361998162, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1478, "year_label": "1478 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 15", "text": "June 15 – The Fourth Siege of Krujë comes to an end as the Albanian city surrenders to the Ottoman Empire, which had prevented food and supplies from reaching the town for a year. After the surrender, made on a promise that the occupants would be allowed to leave, most of the men in Krujë are killed and the women and children taken away to be sold as slaves.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359855585#April–June", "title": "1478", "revid": 1359855585, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1479, "year_label": "1479 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 25", "text": "April 25 – The ratification of the Treaty of Constantinople in Venice ends the Siege of Shkodra after fifteen months, and brings all of Albania under the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359855824#April–June", "title": "1479", "revid": 1359855824, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1479, "year_label": "1479 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 25", "text": "January 25 – The Treaty of Constantinople is signed between the Ottoman Empire and Republic of Venice, ending 16 years of war between the two powers; Venice will cede Negroponte, Lemnos and Shkodër, and pay an annual sum of 10,000 gold ducats.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359855824#January–March", "title": "1479", "revid": 1359855824, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1479, "year_label": "1479 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 13", "text": "October 13 – In the Battle of the Breadfield, the army of the Kingdom of Hungary, led by Pál Kinizsi and István Báthory, defeats the army of the Ottoman Empire and Transylvania and Hungary, leaving at least 10,000 Ottoman Turks dead.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359855824#October–December", "title": "1479", "revid": 1359855824, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1481, "year_label": "1481 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 14", "text": "December 14 – Ayas Pasha, the Ottoman Empire's sanjak of Bosnia, captures the city of Herceg Novi after a month-long siege when the Duke Vlatko Hercegović agrees to surrender.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365936509#October–December", "title": "1481", "revid": 1365936509, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1481, "year_label": "1481 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 3", "text": "May 3 – Mehmed II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, dies and is succeeded by his son, Bayezid II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365936509#April–June", "title": "1481", "revid": 1365936509, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1483, "year_label": "1483 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 29", "text": "October 29 – Battle of Una: Forces of the Kingdom of Croatia defeat the army of the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369188840#October–December", "title": "1483", "revid": 1369188840, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1491, "year_label": "1491 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – The Ottoman–Mamluk War (1485–1491) between the Ottoman Empire and the Egyptian Mamluks ends.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360561378#April–June", "title": "1491", "revid": 1360561378, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1491, "year_label": "1491 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – At the battle of Vrpile Gulch in southern Croatia, the armies of the Ottoman Empire are defeated by those of the Kingdom of Croatia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360561378#July–September", "title": "1491", "revid": 1360561378, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1492, "year_label": "1492 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 2", "text": "August 2 – The Jews are expelled from Spain on the Tisha B'Av fast day, pursuant to the Alhambra Decree. More than 40,000 and perhaps as many as 200,000 leave. Sultan Bayezid II of the Ottoman Empire, learning of this, dispatches the Ottoman Navy to bring the Jews safely to Ottoman lands, mainly to the cities of Thessaloniki (in modern-day Greece) and İzmir (in modern-day Turkey); others settle in Sarajevo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366150846#July—September", "title": "1492", "revid": 1366150846, "section": "Events › July—September"}}, {"year": 1493, "year_label": "1493 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 9", "text": "September 9 – At the Battle of Krbava Field in southern Croatia, forces of the Ottoman Empire defeat those of the Kingdom of Croatia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371631093#July–September", "title": "1493", "revid": 1371631093, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1499, "year_label": "1499 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Zeta, the last free monarchy in Southeastern Europe, is annexed by the Ottoman Empire, as part of the sanjak of Shkodër, and Stefan II Crnojević is removed from office.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369343359#Date_unknown", "title": "1499", "revid": 1369343359, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1500, "year_label": "1500 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 1", "text": "June 1 – Pope Alexander VI issues the papal bull Quamvis ad amplianda, calling on a Roman Catholic crusade against the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371377541#April–June", "title": "1500", "revid": 1371377541, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1503, "year_label": "1503 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 20", "text": "August 20 – A previous treaty between Vladislaus II of Hungary and Bayezid II, which was finalized on June 11, goes into effect. The treaty suppresses warfare along the Hungarian-Ottoman border. Stephen III of Moldavia is also included in this treaty, but it preserves his nation's independence on the condition Moldavia pays an annual tribute to the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366510845#July–September", "title": "1503", "revid": 1366510845, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1511, "year_label": "1511 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 2", "text": "July 2 – The Şahkulu rebellion, which had started in Anatolia by Sakhulu Baba, against the Ottoman Empire on April 9, is suppressed in southeastern Turkey by the Ottoman Grand Vizier, Hadım Ali Pasha and Prince Şehzade Ahmed, son of the Sultan Bayezid II. Sakhulu is subsequently beheaded.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367291242#July–September", "title": "1511", "revid": 1367291242, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1512, "year_label": "1512 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Moldavia becomes a vassal of the Ottoman Empire, on the same conditions as Wallachia: the voivode will be designated by the Turks, but will be Eastern Orthodox Christians. Also, the Turks are not allowed to build mosques, to be buried, to own land or to settle in the country.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1323795843#Date_unknown", "title": "1512", "revid": 1323795843, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1513, "year_label": "1513 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 16", "text": "August 16 – Battle of Dubica (part of the Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War): Croatian troops under Petar Berislavić, Ban (Viceroy) of Croatia, defeat an Ottoman army under Sanjak-bey Junuz-aga.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363949569#July–September", "title": "1513", "revid": 1363949569, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1515, "year_label": "1515 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Ottomans conquer the last beyliks of Anatolia, the Beylik of Dulkadir and the Ramadanid Emirate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362498078#Date_unknown", "title": "1515", "revid": 1362498078, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1516, "year_label": "1516 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 28", "text": "July 28 – Selim I of the Ottoman Empire captures the city of Malatya (located in what is now southeastern Turkey) as the first conquest in his war against the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt and then proceeds to invade Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368315851#July–September", "title": "1516", "revid": 1368315851, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1516, "year_label": "1516 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 28", "text": "October 28 – Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17): Ottoman forces under the Grand Vizier Sinan Pasha defeat the Mamluks in the Battle of Yaunis Khan near Gaza.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368315851#October–December", "title": "1516", "revid": 1368315851, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1517, "year_label": "1517 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 22", "text": "January 22 – Battle of Ridaniya: The Ottoman army of sultan Selim I defeats the Mamluk army in Egypt, commanded by king Tuman Bay II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366649067#January–March", "title": "1517", "revid": 1366649067, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1517, "year_label": "1517 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 30", "text": "January 30 – Cairo is captured by the Ottoman Empire after a three day battle, and the Mamluk Sultanate falls. The Abbasid Caliphate, reestablished in 1261, falls to the Ottomans and the last Caliph, Al-Mutawakkil III, is deported along with his family to Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366649067#January–March", "title": "1517", "revid": 1366649067, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1518, "year_label": "1518 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The remnants of The Abbasid Caliphate (stationed in Egypt under the Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) hands over the title of caliph to the Ottoman Empire that had conquered Constantinople in 1453, 65 years earlier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362000593#Date_unknown", "title": "1518", "revid": 1362000593, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1520, "year_label": "1520 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 22", "text": "September 22 – Suleiman I succeeds his father Selim I as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He is officially crowned on September 30 and will rule until 1566.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367307705#July–September", "title": "1520", "revid": 1367307705, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1521, "year_label": "1521 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 29", "text": "August 29 – Belgrade is captured by the Ottoman army of Suleiman the Magnificent.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369246997#July–September", "title": "1521", "revid": 1369246997, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1521, "year_label": "1521 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 29", "text": "June 29 or 30 – The oldest surviving dateable document written primarily in the Romanian language: Neacșu's letter, written by a trader from Câmpulung, to Johannes Benkner, the mayor of Brașov, warning that the Ottoman Empire is preparing its troops to cross into Wallachia and Transylvania; the script used is Romanian Cyrillic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369246997#April–June", "title": "1521", "revid": 1369246997, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1522, "year_label": "1522 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 28", "text": "May 28 – The Ottoman Empire's siege of Knin in the Kingdom of Croatia is successful as Mihajlo Vojković surrenders to Gazi Husrev Bey and most of the Croatian inhabitants are allowed to leave. Inhabitants of Bosnia then move in.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372799978#April–June", "title": "1522", "revid": 1372799978, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1523, "year_label": "1523 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "October 27", "text": "October 27 – Hürrem Pasha, the Ottoman Empire's Governor-General of the Damascus Eyalet (which includes parts of what will become Syria, Israel, Jordan and Palestine) begins a punitive expedition through Lebanon against the Druze of Chouf. During the first campaign, Hürrem's troops burn 43 villages and kill at least 400 Druze.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561167#October–December", "title": "1523", "revid": 1369561167, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1526, "year_label": "1526 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 29", "text": "August 29 – Battle of Mohács: The Ottoman army of Sultan Suleiman I defeats the Hungarian army of King Louis II, who drowns while retreating with his troops. Two rival groups seek to elect a successor to Louis. Suleiman takes Buda, while Archduke Ferdinand of Austria and John Zápolya, Prince of Transylvania, dispute the succession. As a result of the battle, Ragusa achieves independence, although it acknowledges Ottoman overlordship.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369353275#July–September", "title": "1526", "revid": 1369353275, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1526, "year_label": "1526 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 6", "text": "February 6 – Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, agrees to form a military alliance with France, after King François I sends a proposal by way of his envoy, Jean Frangipani.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369353275#January–March", "title": "1526", "revid": 1369353275, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1527, "year_label": "1527 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 27", "text": "September 27 – Battle of Tarcal: Ferdinand, future Holy Roman Emperor, defeats John Zápolya and takes over most of Hungary. John appeals to the Ottomans for help.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366980186#July–September", "title": "1527", "revid": 1366980186, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1529, "year_label": "1529 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 10", "text": "May 10 – The Ottoman army under Suleiman I leaves Constantinople, to invade Hungary once again.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362793946#April–June", "title": "1529", "revid": 1362793946, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1529, "year_label": "1529 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 8", "text": "September 8 – Buda is recaptured by the invading forces of the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362793946#July–September", "title": "1529", "revid": 1362793946, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1533, "year_label": "1533 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 22", "text": "July 22 – Treaty of Constantinople between the Ottoman Empire and the Archduchy of Austria: Ferdinand I, King of the Romans, withdraws his claims to most of Hungary and János Szapolyai, voivode of Transylvania, becomes King of Hungary under the suzerainty of Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359627731#July–September", "title": "1533", "revid": 1359627731, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1534, "year_label": "1534 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 4", "text": "December 4 – The Ottoman army under Suleiman the Magnificent captures the city of Baghdad from the Safavids without a struggle, beginning almost 400 years of Ottoman rule of what is now Iraq.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369558671#October–December", "title": "1534", "revid": 1369558671, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1535, "year_label": "1535 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 1", "text": "June 1 – The Conquest of Tunis by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, begins with the destruction of Barbarossa's fleet. Following the eventual capture of the city from the Ottoman Empire, around 30,000 inhabitants are massacred.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561145#April–June", "title": "1535", "revid": 1369561145, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1536, "year_label": "1536 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 18", "text": "February 18 – A Franco-Ottoman alliance exempts French merchants from Ottoman law and allows them to travel, buy and sell throughout the sultan's dominions, and to pay low customs duties on French imports and exports. The compact is confirmed in 1569.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366494676#January–March", "title": "1536", "revid": 1366494676, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1537, "year_label": "1537 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 17", "text": "May 17 – The Ottoman Empire invaded southern Italy, attacking the cities of Apulia, Otranto and Brindisi, in a campaign that would last until November 22.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362632656#April–June", "title": "1537", "revid": 1362632656, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1538, "year_label": "1538 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 24", "text": "February 24 – Treaty of Nagyvárad: Peace is declared between Ferdinand I, future Holy Roman Emperor and the Ottoman Empire. John Zápolya is recognized as King of Hungary (Eastern Hungarian Kingdom), while Ferdinand retains the northern and western parts of the Kingdom, and is recognized as heir to the throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561127#January–March", "title": "1538", "revid": 1369561127, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1538, "year_label": "1538 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 5", "text": "November 5 – The siege of the Indian city of Diu ends as the Gujarat and Ottoman forces withdraw from the Portuguese held city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561127#October–December", "title": "1538", "revid": 1369561127, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1538, "year_label": "1538 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 28", "text": "September 28 – Battle of Preveza: The Ottoman fleet of Suleiman the Magnificent, under the command of Hayreddin Barbarossa, defeats the Holy League of Emperor Charles V, under the command of Andrea Doria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561127#July–September", "title": "1538", "revid": 1369561127, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1540, "year_label": "1540 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 10", "text": "September 10 – Gibraltar is sacked by the fleet of Barbary pirate Ali Hamet, a Sardinian renegade in the service of the Ottoman Empire, and many of its leading citizens are taken as captives to Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera in Morocco. This leads to construction of the defensive Charles V Wall, at this time known as the Muralla de San Benito.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366494590#July–September", "title": "1540", "revid": 1366494590, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1543, "year_label": "1543 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 6", "text": "August 6– The Siege of Nice by the Ottoman Empire and French forces (under the Franco-Ottoman alliance), led by Admiral Hayreddin Barbarossa, begins. At the time, the city is under the control of the Duchy of Savoy and is defended by the Savoyards, assisted by the Habsburg armies of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. The siege lasts for 16 days.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369357899#July–September", "title": "1543", "revid": 1369357899, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1543, "year_label": "1543 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 4", "text": "September 4 – Campaign of Suleiman: Suleiman the Magnificent captures the Hungarian coronation city of Székesfehérvár after a siege that had started on August 20. The city will be occupied by the Ottoman Empire for 145 years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369357899#July–September", "title": "1543", "revid": 1369357899, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1545, "year_label": "1545 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Sokhoista: The army of the Ottoman Empire defeats an alliance of Georgian dynasties.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366653612#Undated", "title": "1545", "revid": 1366653612, "section": "Events › Undated"}}, {"year": 1545, "year_label": "1545 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 22", "text": "February 22 – A firman of the Ottoman Empire is issued for the dethronement of Radu Paisie as Prince of Wallachia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366653612#January–March", "title": "1545", "revid": 1366653612, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1545, "year_label": "1545 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 10", "text": "November 10 – A truce is signed between the Holy Roman Empire and the Ottoman Empire following the Siege of Nice, as Emperor Charles V acknowledges the Ottoman conquests.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366653612#October–December", "title": "1545", "revid": 1366653612, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1547, "year_label": "1547 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 13", "text": "June 13 – A peace treaty is signed between representatives of the Holy Roman Empire and of the Ottoman Empire and France after the Holy Roman Empire's defeat at the 1543 Siege of Nice.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369359234#April–June", "title": "1547", "revid": 1369359234, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1549, "year_label": "1549 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 21", "text": "December 21 – Ottoman Empire Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent abandons his campaign against Safavid Iran after 21 months, during which he was unable to proceed further than Tabriz.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362482759#October–December", "title": "1549", "revid": 1362482759, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1550, "year_label": "1550 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 28", "text": "June 28 – Capture of Mahdia (1550): The Spanish Armada arrives in North Africa to begin the process of capturing the fortress of Mahdia (now in Tunisia) from control of the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369571608#April–June", "title": "1550", "revid": 1369571608, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1551, "year_label": "1551 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – The Siege of Tripoli ends, with the Knights of Malta surrendering Tripoli to the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352783865#July–September", "title": "1551", "revid": 1352783865, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1552, "year_label": "1552 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In the Persian Gulf, the Ottoman Empire Red Sea Fleet attacks the Portuguese stronghold of Hormuz, but fails to capture it.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364394581#Date_unknown", "title": "1552", "revid": 1364394581, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1552, "year_label": "1552 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 27", "text": "July 27 – The Ottomans capture the city of Temesvar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364394581#July–September", "title": "1552", "revid": 1364394581, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1552, "year_label": "1552 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 6", "text": "July 6 – In Hungary, Drégely Castle is attacked by the Ottoman Empire. Captain György Szondy and c. 140 soldiers in the castle die, after 4 days of fighting against 8,000 Turkish raiders.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364394581#July–September", "title": "1552", "revid": 1364394581, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1552, "year_label": "1552 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 9", "text": "September 9 – The Siege of Eger begins as thousands of Ottoman troops, led by General Kara Ahmed Pasha of the Ottoman Empire attack a greatly outnumbered force of Hungarian defenders, captained by István Dobó.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364394581#July–September", "title": "1552", "revid": 1364394581, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1555, "year_label": "1555 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 1", "text": "June 1 – The Treaty of Amasya between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia concludes the Ottoman-Safavid War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561106#April–June", "title": "1555", "revid": 1369561106, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1557, "year_label": "1557 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Özdemir Pasha conquers the Red Sea port of Massawa for the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365955110#Date_unknown", "title": "1557", "revid": 1365955110, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1558, "year_label": "1558 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 13", "text": "June 13 – An armada of ships from the Ottoman Empire, dispatched by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent at the request of King Henry II of France, sails into the Bay of Naples at Italy and attacks the city of Sorrento.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368141988#April–June", "title": "1558", "revid": 1368141988, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1560, "year_label": "1560 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 11", "text": "May 11 – In the Battle of Djerba, the Ottoman fleet, commanded by Piali Pasha, overwhelms a large joint European (mainly Spanish) fleet, sinking about half its ships.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359957428#April–June", "title": "1560", "revid": 1359957428, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1565, "year_label": "1565 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 18", "text": "May 18 – Ottoman troops land on the island of Malta, beginning the Great Siege of Malta.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1323811827#April–June", "title": "1565", "revid": 1323811827, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1566, "year_label": "1566 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Between July 19, 1566 and July 7, 1567 (during the Islamic calendar year 974 AH) – The first bridge crossing the Neretva River at Mostar in Herzegovina is completed by the Ottoman Empire. The white marble bridge becomes known as Stari Most (\"Old Bridge\").", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365562466#Date_unknown", "title": "1566", "revid": 1365562466, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1566, "year_label": "1566 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 6", "text": "August 6 – The siege of Szigetvár is begun by Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. This is the Ottoman Empire at its greatest extent.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365562466#July–September", "title": "1566", "revid": 1365562466, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1569, "year_label": "1569 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The trade compact of 1536 is renewed, exempting French merchants from Ottoman law, and allowing them to travel, buy and sell throughout the sultan's dominions, and to pay low customs duties on French imports and exports.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366794933#Dates_unknown", "title": "1569", "revid": 1366794933, "section": "Events › Dates unknown"}}, {"year": 1571, "year_label": "1571 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 1", "text": "August 1 – The Ottoman conquest of Cyprus is concluded, by the surrender of Famagusta. Cyprus is established as an eyalet of the Ottoman Empire, and the first Turkish colony moves into the island.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369367955#July–September", "title": "1571", "revid": 1369367955, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1572, "year_label": "1572 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 29", "text": "July 29–August 2 – Battle of Molodi: A large Crimean–Ottoman army which invaded Russia is routed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370792520#July–September", "title": "1572", "revid": 1370792520, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1573, "year_label": "1573 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 7", "text": "March 7 – The Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573) is ended by a peace treaty, confirming the transfer of control of Cyprus from the Republic of Venice to the Ottoman Empire, and also confirming Turkish occupation of the more fertile region of Dalmatia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366656331#January–March", "title": "1573", "revid": 1366656331, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1577, "year_label": "1577 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 29", "text": "June 29 – Mehmed II Giray becomes the new Khan of Crimea for the Ottoman Empire, after the death of his father, Devlet I Giray, from a plague.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361323001#April–June", "title": "1577", "revid": 1361323001, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1578, "year_label": "1578 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Ottoman Empire conquers Abkhazia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356931160#Date_unknown", "title": "1578", "revid": 1356931160, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1580, "year_label": "1580 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 21", "text": "June 21 (8 Cemazi ul-evvel 988 AH) – England signs a commercial treaty with the Ottoman Empire, and Sultan Murad III sends a letter to Queen Elizabeth I informing her, \"Just as the merchants of Poland and France and Venice come and go, the merchants of your domain also shall bring wares to our Well-Protected Domains and take away wares.\" In return, Murad III is able to purchase English metals (iron, brass and tin) for his war with Iran.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369376205#April–June", "title": "1580", "revid": 1369376205, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1583, "year_label": "1583 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Ottoman fleet crosses into the Western Mediterranean and raids the Italian coastline. In Corsica, the towns of Sartene and Arbellara are sacked (summer).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363312090#Date_unknown", "title": "1583", "revid": 1363312090, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1590, "year_label": "1590 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 21", "text": "March 21 – The Treaty of Constantinople is signed between the Ottoman Empire (in modern-day Turkey) and the Safavid Empire (modern-day Iran), ending a 12-year war between the two nations.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369164716#January–March", "title": "1590", "revid": 1369164716, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1590, "year_label": "1590 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 29", "text": "November 29 – A truce is signed between representatives of the Holy Roman Empire (ruled by Emperor Rudolf II) and the Ottoman Empire (ruled by Sultan Murad III).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369164716#October–December", "title": "1590", "revid": 1369164716, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1592, "year_label": "1592 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 10", "text": "June 10 – The Siege of Bihać begins in the Kingdom of Croatia, by Telli Hasan Pasha (Hasan Predojević) of the Ottoman Empire. Bihać is captured on June 19 and is lost for Croatia forever.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362477183#April–June", "title": "1592", "revid": 1362477183, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1593, "year_label": "1593 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 22", "text": "June 22 – Battle of Sisak in Croatia: The Habsburgs defeat the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351972668#April–June", "title": "1593", "revid": 1351972668, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1594, "year_label": "1594 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 27", "text": "April 27 – After suppressing the Serbian uprising in Banat, the Ottoman Empire rulers carry out the public burning of the bones of Saint Sava in Belgrade.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1319812312#April–June", "title": "1594", "revid": 1319812312, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1596, "year_label": "1596 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 26", "text": "October 26 – Battle of Keresztes: The Ottoman Empire Turks defeat a combined Habsburg–Transylvanian army, after two days of fighting: .", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369722581#October–December", "title": "1596", "revid": 1369722581, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1599, "year_label": "1599 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November", "text": "November – Persian embassy to Europe (1599–1602): A diplomatic delegation from Safavid Persia, led by Hossein Ali Beg Bayat and his staff after being dispatched by the Shah Abbas the Great, arrives in Moscow as part of a mission to enlist European nations into an alliance against the Ottoman Empire. The Persians are accompanied by English adventurer Anthony Shirley, who had persuaded Shah Abbas to undertake the initiative.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373325746#October–December", "title": "1599", "revid": 1373325746, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1600, "year_label": "1600 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 15", "text": "November 15 – Thessaly rebellion: Greek farmers in Thessaly, incited by Bishop Dionysios Skylosophos, begin an uprising against the Ottoman Empire, with violence in an area bounded by Trikala and Karditsa and the surrounding mountains, but the rebellion is suppressed by the Ottomans in a few days. \"Dionysios the Philosopher, Metropolitan of Larissa\", by Georgios Ploumidis, in Ta Nea (Athens), August 17, 2000, archived by Archive.org", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360196741#October–December", "title": "1600", "revid": 1360196741, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1602, "year_label": "1602 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Safavid Empire of Persia and the Spanish Empire conclude a defensive alliance and declare war on the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351972919#Date_unknown", "title": "1602", "revid": 1351972919, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1603, "year_label": "1603 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 22", "text": "December 22 – Sultan Mehmed III of the Ottoman Empire dies, and is succeeded by his son Ahmed I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366656830#October–December", "title": "1603", "revid": 1366656830, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1604, "year_label": "1604 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Ottoman–Safavid War (1603–18): Shāh Abbas I of Persia's Safavid army captures the city of Yerevan from the Ottoman Empire after a siege. At this time the Shāh begins the expulsion of Armenians from Jolfa to New Julfa in his capital of Isfahan; more than 25,000 die during the exodus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348862771#April–June", "title": "1604", "revid": 1348862771, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1605, "year_label": "1605 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 9", "text": "November 9 – Handan Sultan, Valide Sultan, mother of Ahmed I of Ottoman Empire (b.1568)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362477436#October–December", "title": "1605", "revid": 1362477436, "section": "Deaths › October–December"}}, {"year": 1606, "year_label": "1606 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 11", "text": "November 11 – The Peace of Zsitvatorok is signed between the Ottoman and Holy Roman Empires. The independence of Transylvania is recognized by both sides, and Austria's annual tribute to the Ottomans is abolished.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561009#October–December", "title": "1606", "revid": 1369561009, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1609, "year_label": "1609 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 16", "text": "June 16 – The Battle of Tashiskari is fought as General Giorgi Saakadze of the Georgian Kingdom of Kartli repels invading troops from the Ottoman Empire before they can capture Tbilisi.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365588617#April–June", "title": "1609", "revid": 1365588617, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1611, "year_label": "1611 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 5", "text": "August 5 – Nasuh Pasha becomes the new grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire after the death of Kuyucu Murad Pasha.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1277342005#July–September", "title": "1611", "revid": 1277342005, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1612, "year_label": "1612 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 20", "text": "November 20 – The Treaty of Nasuh Pasha is signed, between the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) and the Safavid Empire (Iran), with the Ottomans ceding back land they had captured from the Safavids after 1555, in return for Safavid payment of 200 loads of silk.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366306597#October–December", "title": "1612", "revid": 1366306597, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1613, "year_label": "1613 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 29", "text": "August 29 – The Sicilians under de Aragon defeat the trade fleet of the Ottoman Empire, ending the Battle of Cape Corvo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366649732#July–September", "title": "1613", "revid": 1366649732, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1615, "year_label": "1615 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Austrian merchants receive economic privileges in the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365922608#Date_unknown", "title": "1615", "revid": 1365922608, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1616, "year_label": "1616 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Abbas I's Kakhetian and Kartlian campaigns occur as progressive combats. Abbas I of Persia captures Tbilisi following a conflict with the Georgian soldiers and the general populace. After the capture of Tbilisi, Abbas I confronts an Ottoman army. The battle takes place near Lake Gökçe, and results in a Safavid victory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366307823#Date_unknown", "title": "1616", "revid": 1366307823, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1616, "year_label": "1616 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Ottoman Empire attempts landings at the shoreline between Cádiz and Lisbon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366307823#Date_unknown", "title": "1616", "revid": 1366307823, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1617, "year_label": "1617 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 23", "text": "September 23 – The Peace of Busza is signed, between the Ottoman Empire and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367152520#July–September", "title": "1617", "revid": 1367152520, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1620, "year_label": "1620 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 17", "text": "September 17–October 7 – Battle of Cecora: The Ottoman Empire defeats Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth–Moldavian troops.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363705489#July–September", "title": "1620", "revid": 1363705489, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1621, "year_label": "1621 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 9", "text": "October 9 – The Treaty of Khotyn is signed between the Ottoman Empire and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, ending the First Polish-Ottoman War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358440931#October–December", "title": "1621", "revid": 1358440931, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1622, "year_label": "1622 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 20", "text": "May 20 – Ottoman Sultan Osman II is strangled by rebelling Janissaries, who revolted when they heard rumours that Osman II was planning to move against them.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366857889#April–June", "title": "1622", "revid": 1366857889, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1624, "year_label": "1624 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 14", "text": "January 14 – After 90 years of Ottoman occupation, Baghdad is recaptured by the Safavid Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331350573#January–March", "title": "1624", "revid": 1331350573, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1625, "year_label": "1625 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 8", "text": "February 8 – Hafız Ahmed Pasha is designated as the new grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire by Sultan Murad IV, 11 days after the death of Çerkes Mehmed Pasha.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363597525#January–March", "title": "1625", "revid": 1363597525, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1628, "year_label": "1628 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 22", "text": "October 22 – Abaza Mehmed Pasha surrenders to Ottoman forces, ending the Abaza rebellion.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352890088#October–December", "title": "1628", "revid": 1352890088, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1635, "year_label": "1635 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Ottomans are expelled from Yemen.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360049087#Date_unknown", "title": "1635", "revid": 1360049087, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1638, "year_label": "1638 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 27", "text": "June 27 – Patriarch Cyril of Constantinople is deposed for high treason, strangled and thrown into the sea by Janissaries, on Ottoman Sultan Murad IV's command.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352457236#April–June", "title": "1638", "revid": 1352457236, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1639, "year_label": "1639 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Treaty of Zuhab is signed between the Ottoman (Turkish) Empire and Safavid Persia, delineating the modern Turkey-Iran and Iraq-Iran border lines.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360051116#Date_unknown", "title": "1639", "revid": 1360051116, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1640, "year_label": "1640 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 9", "text": "February 9 – Ibrahim I succeeds his brother Murad IV (r. 1623–1640) as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire; he will rule until his death in 1648.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361323300#January–March", "title": "1640", "revid": 1361323300, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1656, "year_label": "1656 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 27", "text": "June 27 – The Navy of the Ottoman Empire suffers a major defeat after two days of fighting against the navies of the Republic of Venice and of Malta in the Battle of the Dardanelles, one of the Turkish straits that connects the Black Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. Out of 98 Ottoman Turkish ships under the command of Kenan Pasha, 82 are either captured or destroyed. Venice loses only three of its ships, but its commander, Admiral Lorenzo Marcello, is killed by a direct cannon hit to his flagship.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372048661#April–June", "title": "1656", "revid": 1372048661, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1656, "year_label": "1656 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 15", "text": "September 15 – Köprülü Mehmed Pasha becomes Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372048661#July–September", "title": "1656", "revid": 1372048661, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1660, "year_label": "1660 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "July 24", "text": "July 24 – The Great Fire of 1660 begins in Constantinople, capital of the Ottoman Empire (now Istanbul in Turkey), and destroys two-thirds of the city over two consecutive days, consuming 280,000 buildings and killing 40,000 people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986539#July–September", "title": "1660", "revid": 1365986539, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1662, "year_label": "1662 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 20", "text": "August 20 – Ignatius Andrew Akijan is installed as the new Patriarch of the Syriac Catholic Church for Christians within the Muslim-ruled Ottoman Empire after his appointment is confirmed by the Sultan Mehmed IV.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988036#July–September", "title": "1662", "revid": 1365988036, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1663, "year_label": "1663 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 13", "text": "September 13 – After a siege of more than a month, the Hungarian fortress at Érsekújvár (now Nové Zámky in Slovakia) surrenders to the Ottoman Empire. In accordance with the treaty of surrender negotiated by the Hungarian commander, Count Ádám Forgách, the European residents are allowed free passage to Austria, and the Ottoman Grand Vizier, Fazil Ahmed Pasha provides a document certifying that the fort's defenders fought bravely.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988068#July–September", "title": "1663", "revid": 1365988068, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1664, "year_label": "1664 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 1", "text": "August 1 – Battle of Saint Gotthard: The Ottoman Empire is defeated by a Habsburg army, led by Raimondo Montecuccoli, leading to the Peace of Vasvár.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372648278#July–September", "title": "1664", "revid": 1372648278, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1664, "year_label": "1664 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 5", "text": "June 5 – The siege of the Croatian fortress at Novi Zrin (located near the village of Donja Dubrava in Croatia near its border with Hungary). After a 32-day defense, the Croatian defenders surrender to troops of the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372648278#April–June", "title": "1664", "revid": 1372648278, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1668, "year_label": "1668 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "August 17", "text": "August 17 – The magnitude 8.0 North Anatolia earthquake causes 8,000 deaths in northern Anatolia, Ottoman Empire, and is the most powerful earthquake recorded in Turkey.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365989896#July–September", "title": "1668", "revid": 1365989896, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1669, "year_label": "1669 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": null, "text": "Ottoman units burn the eastern part of Kolárovo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366419040#Date_unknown", "title": "1669", "revid": 1366419040, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1669, "year_label": "1669 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 6", "text": "September 6 – Francesco Morosini, capitano generale of the Venetian forces in the siege of Candia, surrenders to the Ottomans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366419040#July–September", "title": "1669", "revid": 1366419040, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1671, "year_label": "1671 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 22", "text": "June 22 – The Ottoman Empire declares war on Poland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365991065#April–June", "title": "1671", "revid": 1365991065, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1671, "year_label": "1671 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 30", "text": "October 30 – The Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire sign a treaty delineating the borders between their territories in modern-day Greece, with Venice acknowledging the loss of the island of Crete in the Cretan War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365991065#October–December", "title": "1671", "revid": 1365991065, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1672, "year_label": "1672 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 18", "text": "October 18 – The Treaty of Buchach, between the Ottoman Empire and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, is signed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365992116#October–December", "title": "1672", "revid": 1365992116, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1673, "year_label": "1673 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 11", "text": "November 11 – Battle of Khotyn: Polish and Lithuanian military units, under the command of soon-to-be-king Jan Sobieski, defeat the Turkish army. In this battle, which takes place one day after the death of Poland and Lithuania's monarch, Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki, the rockets invented by Kazimierz Siemienowicz are successfully used.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365992268#October–December", "title": "1673", "revid": 1365992268, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1676, "year_label": "1676 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 17", "text": "October 17 – The Treaty of Żurawno is signed, between the Ottoman (Turkish) Empire and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365992596#October–December", "title": "1676", "revid": 1365992596, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1676, "year_label": "1676 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 19", "text": "September 19 – The Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681) begins, with Russo-Ukrainian troops forcing pro-Ottoman Hetman Ivan Samoylovych to surrender Chyhyryn.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365992596#July–September", "title": "1676", "revid": 1365992596, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1681, "year_label": "1681 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 3", "text": "January 3 – The Treaty of Bakhchisarai is signed, between the Ottoman vassal Crimean Khanate and the Russian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361310073#January–March", "title": "1681", "revid": 1361310073, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1683, "year_label": "1683 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 4", "text": "August 4 – Turhan, in the powerful role of the Valide sultan of the Ottoman Empire since 1648 as the mother of Sultan Mehmed IV, dies at the age of 56, bringing an end to the era in Ottoman history known as the \"Sultanate of Women\". Upon the overthrow of Mehmed IV four years later, the role of the mother of the Ottoman Sultan is less powerful.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366000368#July–September", "title": "1683", "revid": 1366000368, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1683, "year_label": "1683 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 14", "text": "July 14 – A 173,000-man Ottoman force arrives at Vienna, and starts to besiege the city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366000368#July–September", "title": "1683", "revid": 1366000368, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1683, "year_label": "1683 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 12", "text": "September 12 – Battle of Vienna: The Ottoman siege of the city is broken with the arrival of a force of 70,000 Poles, Austrians and Germans under Polish–Lithuanian king Jan III Sobieski, whose cavalry turns their flank. The victory marks a turning point in the Ottoman Empire's fortunes and the end of the Turkish attempt to expand its control into Western Europe.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366000368#July–September", "title": "1683", "revid": 1366000368, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1684, "year_label": "1684 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 25", "text": "April 25 – The Morean War begins as the Republic of Venice declares war on the Ottoman Empire for control of the Peloponnese area of Greece, a peninsula which includes Corinth and Sparta and has been referred to by the Ottomans as Morea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366005630#April–June", "title": "1684", "revid": 1366005630, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1684, "year_label": "1684 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 21", "text": "July 21–August 6 – Morean War: Siege of Santa Maura – The Republic of Venice captures the Ottoman island fortress of Santa Maura.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366005630#July–September", "title": "1684", "revid": 1366005630, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1684, "year_label": "1684 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 5", "text": "March 5 – Pope Innocent XI forms a Holy League with the Habsburg Empire, Venice and Poland, to end Ottoman Turkish rule in Europe.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366005630#January–March", "title": "1684", "revid": 1366005630, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1684, "year_label": "1684 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 21", "text": "September 21 – Morean War: The Republic of Venice captures the fortress town of Preveza from the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366005630#July–September", "title": "1684", "revid": 1366005630, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1685, "year_label": "1685 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February", "text": "February–March – Morean War (part of the Great Turkish War): The Ottoman serasker Halil Pasha invades the Mani Peninsula, and forces it to surrender hostages.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369485499#January–March", "title": "1685", "revid": 1369485499, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1685, "year_label": "1685 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 11", "text": "November 11 – Morean War: The Republic of Venice captures the fortress town of Igoumenitsa from the Ottoman Empire, and razes it to the ground.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369485499#October–December", "title": "1685", "revid": 1369485499, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1685, "year_label": "1685 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 14", "text": "September 14 – Morean War: The Republic of Venice defeats an Ottoman army at Kalamata.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369485499#July–September", "title": "1685", "revid": 1369485499, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1686, "year_label": "1686 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 2", "text": "September 2 – Great Turkish War: Battle of Buda – Imperial forces of the Holy League of 1684 (Russia, Saxony, Brandenburg and Bavaria under Austrian leadership) liberate Buda (now part of Budapest) from Ottoman Turkish rule (leading to the end of Ottoman rule in Hungary during subsequent years).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368502958#July–September", "title": "1686", "revid": 1368502958, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1687, "year_label": "1687 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 12", "text": "August 12 – Great Turkish War: Battle of Mohács – The Habsburg imperial army, and allies under Charles V, Duke of Lorraine, defeat the Ottoman Turks, and enable Austria to conquer most of Ottoman-occupied Hungary.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363302904#July–September", "title": "1687", "revid": 1363302904, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1687, "year_label": "1687 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 24", "text": "July 24 – Morean War: Battle of Patras – The Republic of Venice defeats the Ottomans, which flee in panic, allowing the Venetians to capture the fortresses of Patras, Rio, Antirrio, and Lepanto unopposed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363302904#July–September", "title": "1687", "revid": 1363302904, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1687, "year_label": "1687 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "September 26", "text": "September 26 – Half of the Parthenon is destroyed in Athens after mortar shells are fired by Republic of Venice forces under the command of Francesco Morosini in a battle against the Ottoman Empire for control of the city. The strike ignites a stock of gunpowder that the Ottomans had stored inside the 2,200-year-old temple, which had been completed in 438 BC as a shrine to the goddess Athena. During the fighting September 23 and September 29 for control of the Acropolis in the Morean War, the Temple of Athena Nike is demolished and the Propylaea suffers damage.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363302904#July–September", "title": "1687", "revid": 1363302904, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1689, "year_label": "1689 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Holy Roman Empire wins the Battle of Niš, fought against the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365638130#Events", "title": "1689", "revid": 1365638130, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1690, "year_label": "1690 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Serbian Patriarch Arsenije III Crnojević leads the first of the two Great Serbian Migrations into the Habsburg Empire, following Ottoman atrocities in Kosovo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369486553#Date_unknown", "title": "1690", "revid": 1369486553, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1691, "year_label": "1691 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 19", "text": "August 19 – The Battle of Slankamen takes place between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy Roman Empire and allies at Syrmia (now the Serbian province of Vojvodina), and 25,000 Ottomans are killed, including Köprülüzade Fazıl Mustafa Pasha, the Grand Vizier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356137934#July–September", "title": "1691", "revid": 1356137934, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1695, "year_label": "1695 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 27", "text": "April 27 – Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700): Russia begins the Azov campaigns (1695–96) against the Ottoman Empire, with 31,000 troops departing to the Ottoman fortress at Azov on the Don River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368691153#April–June", "title": "1695", "revid": 1368691153, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1696, "year_label": "1696 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 22", "text": "August 22 – Forces of the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire clash near Andros.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361123555#July–September", "title": "1696", "revid": 1361123555, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1697, "year_label": "1697 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 6", "text": "July 6 – A major naval battle takes place between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire with each side having 25 battleships, supplemented by smaller vessels. The Venetian Navy, under the command of Admiral Bartolomeo Contarini, suffers 71 deaths and 163 injuries, and even worse casualties in a second engagement on September 20.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355431044#July–September", "title": "1697", "revid": 1355431044, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1697, "year_label": "1697 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 11", "text": "September 11 – Battle of Zenta: Prince Eugene of Savoy crushes the Ottoman army of Mustafa II, and effectively ends Turkish hopes of recovering lost ground in Hungary.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355431044#July–September", "title": "1697", "revid": 1355431044, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1698, "year_label": "1698 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 16", "text": "November 16 – A congress begins in Sremski Karlovci to discuss a treaty between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy League.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370144847#October–December", "title": "1698", "revid": 1370144847, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1698, "year_label": "1698 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 8", "text": "September 8 – The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth defeats the Tatars in the Battle of Podhajce, the last battle between the Ottoman Empire and the Polish and Lithuanians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370144847#July–September", "title": "1698", "revid": 1370144847, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1699, "year_label": "1699 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 26", "text": "January 26 – The Republic of Venice, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Holy Roman Empire sign the Treaty of Karlowitz with the Ottoman Empire, marking an end to the major phase of the Ottoman–Habsburg wars. The treaty marks a major geopolitical shift, as the Ottoman Empire subsequently abandons its expansionism and adopts a defensive posture while the Habsburg monarchy expands its influence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560904#January–March", "title": "1699", "revid": 1369560904, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1703, "year_label": "1703 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 23", "text": "August 23 – Edirne event: Sultan Mustafa II of the Ottoman Empire is dethroned.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369923832#July–September", "title": "1703", "revid": 1369923832, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1711, "year_label": "1711 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 21", "text": "July 21 – The Treaty of the Pruth is signed between the Ottoman Empire and Russia, ending the Pruth River Campaign.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364260988#July–September", "title": "1711", "revid": 1364260988, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1713, "year_label": "1713 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 1", "text": "February 1 – Skirmish at Bender, Moldova: Charles XII of Sweden is defeated by the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360271134#January–March", "title": "1713", "revid": 1360271134, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1714, "year_label": "1714 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 9", "text": "December 9 – Ottoman–Venetian War (1714–1718): The Ottoman Empire declares war on the Republic of Venice.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366497107#October–December", "title": "1714", "revid": 1366497107, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1716, "year_label": "1716 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 13", "text": "April 13 – Austria, ruled by King Charles VI, renews its alliance with the Republic of Venice, leading the Ottoman Empire, ruled by Ahmed III, to declare war.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360559357#April–June", "title": "1716", "revid": 1360559357, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1716, "year_label": "1716 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 5", "text": "August 5 – Battle of Petrovaradin: 83,300 Austrian troops of Prince Eugene of Savoy defeat 150,000 Ottoman Turks under Silahdar Damat Ali Pasha (who is killed).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360559357#July–September", "title": "1716", "revid": 1360559357, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1716, "year_label": "1716 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 8", "text": "July 8–August 21 – Seventh Ottoman–Venetian War: The Ottoman Empire unsuccessfully lays siege to Corfu, the last bastion of the Republic of Venice in the Greek islands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360559357#July–September", "title": "1716", "revid": 1360559357, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1717, "year_label": "1717 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 17", "text": "August 17 – The month-long Siege of Belgrade ends, with Prince Eugene of Savoy's Austrian troops capturing the city from the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366802832#July–September", "title": "1717", "revid": 1366802832, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1724, "year_label": "1724 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 23", "text": "June 23 – The Treaty of Constantinople is signed, partitioning Persia between the Ottoman Empire and Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372325153#April–June", "title": "1724", "revid": 1372325153, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1727, "year_label": "1727 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 4", "text": "March 4 – Battle of Halidzor in Armenia: A small group of defenders overcomes a much larger Ottoman Empire army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360176234#January–March", "title": "1727", "revid": 1360176234, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1731, "year_label": "1731 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 25", "text": "November 25 – Patrona Halil, an ethnic Albanian and a janissary who instigated a mass uprising in 1730 within the Ottoman Empire that brought Mahmud I to power as the new Sultan, is strangled to death in Mahmud's presence after the rebellion is suppressed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560841#October–December", "title": "1731", "revid": 1369560841, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1732, "year_label": "1732 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 16", "text": "August 16 – The Order of Malta under the command of Jacques-François de Chambray defeats a convoy of the Ottoman Empire and frees 14 Christian slaves, following the naval battle of Damietta.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369314491#July–September", "title": "1732", "revid": 1369314491, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1733, "year_label": "1733 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 19", "text": "December 19 – Unsuccessful in capturing Baghdad from the Ottoman Empire, Persia's ruler Nader Shah signs the Treaty of Baghdad with the Ottoman Governor, Ahmad Khan Pasha, with the Turks and the Iranians agreeing to restore the boundary between the two empires to the lines before the 1732 Ottoman invasion of Iran.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358761924#October–December", "title": "1733", "revid": 1358761924, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1733, "year_label": "1733 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 24", "text": "October 24 – The Battle of Kirkuk starts which will lead to the defeat of the Ottoman army under general Topal Osman Pasha.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358761924#October–December", "title": "1733", "revid": 1358761924, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1737, "year_label": "1737 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 30", "text": "June 30 – Russo-Turkish War, 1735-1739: Russian forces under Field Marshal Munnich storm the Ottoman fortress of Ochakov, and take prisoner 4,000 Turks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367176390#April–June", "title": "1737", "revid": 1367176390, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1739, "year_label": "1739 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 22", "text": "July 22 – The Ottoman Empire retakes Belgrade from Austria's Habsburg monarchy after winning the Battle of Grocka.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340647395#July–September", "title": "1739", "revid": 1340647395, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1756, "year_label": "1756 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 14", "text": "October 14 – An \"Agreement of Friendship and Trade\" is signed by Sultan Osman III and King Frederick V. Denmark appoints an extraordinary representative to the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349937992#October–December", "title": "1756", "revid": 1349937992, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1757, "year_label": "1757 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "A firman (decree) of Ottoman sultan Osman III (d. October 30) preserves the division of ownership and responsibilities of various Christian holy places in Jerusalem and Bethlehem (e.g. the former's Church of the Holy Sepulchre); this becomes established as the Status Quo in international law.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370632620#Date_unknown", "title": "1757", "revid": 1370632620, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1757, "year_label": "1757 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 14", "text": "December 14 – Battle of Khresili: King Solomon I of Imereti defeats the Ottoman army and an allied faction of nobles, in what becomes western Georgia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370632620#October–December", "title": "1757", "revid": 1370632620, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1757, "year_label": "1757 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 30", "text": "October 30 – Osman III dies, and is succeeded as Ottoman Sultan by Mustafa III.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370632620#October–December", "title": "1757", "revid": 1370632620, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1763, "year_label": "1763 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 8", "text": "April 8 – Koca Ragıp Pasha, Ottoman (Turkish) Grand Vizier (b. 1698)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360202149#Deaths", "title": "1763", "revid": 1360202149, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1763, "year_label": "1763 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "August", "text": "August – Fire in Smyrna, Ottoman Empire, destroys 2,600 houses.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360202149#July–September", "title": "1763", "revid": 1360202149, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1766, "year_label": "1766 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 13", "text": "September 13 – The position of Patriarch of the Serbs, established on April 9, 1346 as the authority over the Serbian Orthodox Church, is abolished by order of Sultan Mustafa III of the Ottoman Empire; the patriarchate is not re-established until 1920 following the creation of Yugoslavia at the end of World War One.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358061260#July–September", "title": "1766", "revid": 1358061260, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1768, "year_label": "1768 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 14", "text": "July 14 – The massacre of Polish people (most likely by the Russians) at the village of Balta, now a part of Ukraine but at the time an Ottoman Empire town on the frontier with Poland, leads to the Russo-Turkish War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369390957#July–September", "title": "1768", "revid": 1369390957, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1768, "year_label": "1768 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "November 3", "text": "November 3 – Karađorđe Petrović, leader of the First Serbian Uprising against the Ottoman Empire, founder of the Serbian Karađorđević dynasty (d. 1817)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369390957#Births", "title": "1768", "revid": 1369390957, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1770, "year_label": "1770 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 20", "text": "April 20 – Battle of Aspindza: Georgian king Erekle II defeats the Ottoman forces, despite being abandoned by an ally, Russian General Totleben.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368310921#April–June", "title": "1770", "revid": 1368310921, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1770, "year_label": "1770 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 5", "text": "July 5 – Battle of Chesma and Battle of Larga: The Russian Empire defeats the Ottoman Empire in both battles. When the news of the defeat reaches the Ottoman city of Smyrna (July 8), the crowd attacks the Greek community of the city (perceived as favourable to the Russian cause) and kills an estimated 200 Greeks and three Western Europeans (although some reports estimate the number of victims at 3,000 or even 5,000 including \"3 or 4 thousands who die due to the fright\").", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368310921#July–_September", "title": "1770", "revid": 1368310921, "section": "Events › July– September"}}, {"year": 1773, "year_label": "1773 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 8", "text": "May 8 – In Egypt, Ottoman rebels revolt, killing Ali Bey, Mamluk Sultan of Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365114710#April–June", "title": "1773", "revid": 1365114710, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1774, "year_label": "1774 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 21", "text": "January 21 – Mustafa III, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, dies and is succeeded by his brother Abdul Hamid I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560805#January–March", "title": "1774", "revid": 1369560805, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1774, "year_label": "1774 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 21", "text": "July 21 – Russia and the Ottoman Empire sign the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca with Russian victory, ending six years of war. The treaty gives Russia the right to intervene in Ottoman politics, to protect its Christian subjects.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560805#July–September", "title": "1774", "revid": 1369560805, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1774, "year_label": "1774 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 20", "text": "June 20 (June 9 O.S.) – Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774): Battle of Kozludzha – The Imperial Russian Army, led by Alexander Suvorov, routs numerically superior Ottoman Empire forces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560805#April–June", "title": "1774", "revid": 1369560805, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1775, "year_label": "1775 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January", "text": "January – The Habsburg monarchy forces the Ottoman Empire to cede Bukovina to its rule.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365589248#January–June", "title": "1775", "revid": 1365589248, "section": "Events › January–June"}}, {"year": 1779, "year_label": "1779 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 10", "text": "March 10 – The Treaty of Aynalıkavak is signed between Ottoman Turkey and the Russian Empire, regarding the Crimean Khanate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370567590#January–March", "title": "1779", "revid": 1370567590, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1784, "year_label": "1784 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 6", "text": "January 6 – Treaty of Constantinople: The Ottoman Empire agrees to Russia's annexation of the Crimea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370567291#January–March", "title": "1784", "revid": 1370567291, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1790, "year_label": "1790 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 17", "text": "May 17–18 – Battle of Andros: An Ottoman–Algerian fleet destroys the fleet of the Greek privateer Lambros Katsonis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361336081#April–June", "title": "1790", "revid": 1361336081, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1792, "year_label": "1792 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 9", "text": "January 9 – The Treaty of Jassy ends the Russian Empire's war with the Ottoman Empire over Crimea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359853540#January–March", "title": "1792", "revid": 1359853540, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1799, "year_label": "1799 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 16", "text": "April 16 – French Revolutionary Wars: At the Battle of Mount Tabor severely outnumbered French forces repulse an Ottoman attack.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370057226#April–June", "title": "1799", "revid": 1370057226, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1799, "year_label": "1799 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 25", "text": "July 25 – Battle of Abukir: French forces under Napoleon Bonaparte defeat 20,000 Ottoman Mamluk troops under Mustafa Pasha at Abukir. The French suffer only 220 dead and 600 wounded while the Ottoman losses are enormous: 2,000 dead on the battlefield, 11,000 men drowned, 5,000 prisoners of war. Napoleon captures 100 Ottoman banners, 32 guns, 400 horses and three Pashas' Bunchuks (ceremonial flags issued to Pasha).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370057226#July–September", "title": "1799", "revid": 1370057226, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1801, "year_label": "1801 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin, British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, begins removal of the Elgin Marbles from the Parthenon in Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370397745#Date_unknown", "title": "1801", "revid": 1370397745, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1802, "year_label": "1802 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 5", "text": "January 5 – Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin, British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, begins removal of the Elgin Marbles from the Parthenon in Athens, claiming they are at risk of destruction during the Ottoman occupation of Greece; the first shipment departs Piraeus on board Elgin's ship, the Mentor, \"with many boxes of moulds and sculptures\", including three marble torsos from the Parthenon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341741915#January–March", "title": "1802", "revid": 1341741915, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1804, "year_label": "1804 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 14", "text": "February 14 – The First Serbian uprising begins the Serbian Revolution. By 1817, the Principality of Serbia will have proclaimed self-rule from the Ottoman Empire, the first nation-state in Europe to do so.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369393739#January–March", "title": "1804", "revid": 1369393739, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1808, "year_label": "1808 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 15", "text": "November 15 – Mahmud II (1808–1839) succeeds Mustafa IV (1807–1808), as sultan of the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369185588#October–December", "title": "1808", "revid": 1369185588, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1809, "year_label": "1809 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 5", "text": "January 5 – The Treaty of the Dardanelles, between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Ottoman Empire, is concluded.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349276571#January–March", "title": "1809", "revid": 1349276571, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1815, "year_label": "1815 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 24", "text": "April 24 – The Second Serbian Uprising against Ottoman rule takes place in Takovo, Ottoman Serbia. By the end of the year Serbia is acknowledged as a semi-independent state, temporarily achieving the ideals of the First Serbian Uprising.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365587765#April", "title": "1815", "revid": 1365587765, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1817, "year_label": "1817 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 24", "text": "July 24 – Karađorđe Petrović, Serb leader of the First Serbian Uprising against the Ottoman Empire, founder of the Serbian Karađorđević dynasty (b. 1768)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360260504#July–December", "title": "1817", "revid": 1360260504, "section": "Deaths › July–December"}}, {"year": 1818, "year_label": "1818 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 9", "text": "September 9 - Ottoman Empire Defeats the First Saudi State and captures Abdullah bin Saud Al Saud", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373165947#July–September", "title": "1818", "revid": 1373165947, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1820, "year_label": "1820 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 12", "text": "April 12 – Alexander Ypsilantis becomes the leader of Filiki Eteria, a secret organization to overthrow Ottoman rule over Greece.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368795492#April–June", "title": "1820", "revid": 1368795492, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1821, "year_label": "1821 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 10", "text": "April 10 (O.S.)/April 22 (N.S.) – Ecumenical Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople is blamed by the Ottoman government for being unable to suppress Greek independence, and is hanged outside the main gate of the Patriarchal Cathedral immediately after the celebration of Pascha.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366198623#April–June", "title": "1821", "revid": 1366198623, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1821, "year_label": "1821 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 14", "text": "June 14 – Egyptian conquest of Sudan (1820–1824): King Badi VII of Sennar surrenders his throne and realm without a fight to Ismail Pasha, general of the Ottoman Empire, ending the existence of the Funj Sultanate in Sudan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366198623#April–June", "title": "1821", "revid": 1366198623, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1821, "year_label": "1821 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 7", "text": "June 7 (O.S.)/June 19 (N.S.) – Battle of Drăgășani, Wallachia: The Filiki Eteria are decisively defeated by the Ottomans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366198623#April–June", "title": "1821", "revid": 1366198623, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1821, "year_label": "1821 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 25", "text": "March 25 (O.S.)/April 6 (N.S.) – Metropolitan bishop Germanos of Patras raises the revolutionary flag of Greece at the Monastery of Agia Lavra (according to oral tradition), symbolically marking the beginning of the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire; later celebrated as Greece's traditional Independence Day.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366198623#April–June", "title": "1821", "revid": 1366198623, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1822, "year_label": "1822 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "August 5", "text": "August 5–13 – A sequence of earthquakes occurs in the northern part of the Ottoman Empire, causing severe damage from Gaziantep to Antakya in modern Turkey and from Aleppo to Khan Sheikhun in modern Syria. At least 20,000 people are killed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367154222#July–September", "title": "1822", "revid": 1367154222, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1822, "year_label": "1822 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 13", "text": "July 13 – Greek War of Independence: Greek soldiers defeat Ottoman forces at Thermopylae.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367154222#July–September", "title": "1822", "revid": 1367154222, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1822, "year_label": "1822 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 19", "text": "March 19 – The Holy Alliance sends the Ottoman Empire a final ultimatum after Ottoman repression of Austrian subjects in Bucharest during the Wallachian uprising, otherwise facing war with Austria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367154222#January–March", "title": "1822", "revid": 1367154222, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1822, "year_label": "1822 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 31", "text": "March 31 – Greek War of Independence – Chios massacre: 20,000 Greeks on the island of Chios are slaughtered by Ottoman troops, and 23,000 more are exiled.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367154222#January–March", "title": "1822", "revid": 1367154222, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1826, "year_label": "1826 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 14", "text": "June 14–15 – The Auspicious Incident: Mahmud II, sultan of the Ottoman Empire, crushes the last mutiny of janissaries in Istanbul.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373386632#April–June", "title": "1826", "revid": 1373386632, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1827, "year_label": "1827 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 6", "text": "July 6 – Greek War of Independence: The Treaty of London between France, Britain and Russia, demands that the Turks agree to an armistice in Greece.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362794712#July–September", "title": "1827", "revid": 1362794712, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1827, "year_label": "1827 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May 20", "text": "May 20 – Zarafa, the first giraffe to be seen in Europe for over three centuries, arrives in Marseille as a gift from the Ottoman Viceroy of Egypt, Mehmet Ali Pasha, to King Charles X of France. The giraffe then begins a 50-day journey to Paris, walking with its handlers toward Paris where it will arrive on July 9.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362794712#April–June", "title": "1827", "revid": 1362794712, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1827, "year_label": "1827 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 20", "text": "October 20 – Greek War of Independence: Battle of Navarino – British, French and Russian naval forces destroy the Turko-Egyptian fleet in Greece. This is the last naval action to be fought under sail alone.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362794712#October–December", "title": "1827", "revid": 1362794712, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1829, "year_label": "1829 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 22", "text": "March 22 – Greece receives autonomy from the Ottoman Empire in the London Protocol, signed by Russia, France and Britain, effectively ending the Greek War of Independence. Greece continues to seek full independence through diplomatic negotiations with the three Great Powers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371400114#January–March", "title": "1829", "revid": 1371400114, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1830, "year_label": "1830 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 3", "text": "February 3 – The London Protocol establishes the full independence and sovereignty of Greece from the Ottoman Empire, as the result of the Greek War of Independence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352223718#January–March", "title": "1830", "revid": 1352223718, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1831, "year_label": "1831 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 29", "text": "March 29 – The Bosnian uprising (1831–32) against the Ottoman Empire begins.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360358594#January–March", "title": "1831", "revid": 1360358594, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1832, "year_label": "1832 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 21", "text": "December 21 – Battle of Konya: The Egyptians defeat the main Ottoman army in central Anatolia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370617764#October–December", "title": "1832", "revid": 1370617764, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1832, "year_label": "1832 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 10", "text": "May 10 – The Egyptians, aided by Maronites, seize Acre from the Ottoman Empire after a 7-month siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370617764#April–June", "title": "1832", "revid": 1370617764, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1833, "year_label": "1833 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 8", "text": "July 8 – The Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi creates an alliance between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369983797#July–September", "title": "1833", "revid": 1369983797, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1833, "year_label": "1833 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 6", "text": "May 6 – The Ottoman Empire promulgates a firman ratifying the Peace Agreement of Kütahya, bringing an end to the Egyptian-Ottoman War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369983797#April–June", "title": "1833", "revid": 1369983797, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1835, "year_label": "1835 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The first Bulgarian-language school opens in the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364866184#Date_unknown", "title": "1835", "revid": 1364866184, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1839, "year_label": "1839 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The United Kingdom, backed by the Russian Empire and the Austrian Empire, compels July Monarchy France to abandon Muhammad Ali of Egypt, and forces him to return Syria and Arabia to the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360384794#Date_unknown", "title": "1839", "revid": 1360384794, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1839, "year_label": "1839 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Tanzimat starts in the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360384794#Date_unknown", "title": "1839", "revid": 1360384794, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1840, "year_label": "1840 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 15", "text": "July 15 – The Austrian Empire, the United Kingdom, the Kingdom of Prussia and the Russian Empire sign the Convention of London with the Sublime Porte, ruler of the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360387586#July–September", "title": "1840", "revid": 1360387586, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1844, "year_label": "1844 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 23", "text": "March 23 – The Edict of Toleration is passed in the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372570203#January–March", "title": "1844", "revid": 1372570203, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1847, "year_label": "1847 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 31", "text": "May 31 – Second Treaty of Erzurum: the Ottoman Empire cedes Abadan Island to the Persian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362575777#April–June", "title": "1847", "revid": 1362575777, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1853, "year_label": "1853 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 4", "text": "October 4–5 – Crimean War: The Ottoman Empire begins war with Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352708271#October–December", "title": "1853", "revid": 1352708271, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1854, "year_label": "1854 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Florence Nightingale and her team of 38 trained volunteer nurses, having set out on October 21 from England, arrive at Selimiye Barracks in Scutari in the Ottoman Empire, to care for British Army troops wounded in the Crimean War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362496011#October–December", "title": "1854", "revid": 1362496011, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1854, "year_label": "1854 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 13", "text": "July 13 – Mohamed Sa'id Pasha succeeds his nephew Abbas as the Wāli of Egypt and Sudan, then a province of the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362496011#July–September", "title": "1854", "revid": 1362496011, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1858, "year_label": "1858 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 28", "text": "April 28–May 1 – Battle of Grahovac: The Ottomans are decisively defeated by Montenegrin forces. The Bawani Imli massacre, (April 28) where 52 Indian freedom fighters were hanged to death on a tamarind tree by British colonial forces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371625769#April–June", "title": "1858", "revid": 1371625769, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1858, "year_label": "1858 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 8", "text": "August 8 – Ottoman Penal Code decriminalized homosexual sex between consenting adults in the Ottoman Empire", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371625769#July–September", "title": "1858", "revid": 1371625769, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1859, "year_label": "1859 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 12", "text": "February 12 – The Mekteb-i Mülkiye School is founded in the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371179353#January–March", "title": "1859", "revid": 1371179353, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1859, "year_label": "1859 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 24", "text": "January 24 (O. S.) – Under the rule of Alexandru Ioan Cuza, the provinces of Wallachia and Moldavia are united under the jurisdiction of the Ottoman Empire. It would be a principal step in forming the modern state of Romania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371179353#January–March", "title": "1859", "revid": 1371179353, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1860, "year_label": "1860 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 5", "text": "October 5 – Austria, Britain, France, Prussia and the Ottoman Empire form a commission to investigate the causes of the massacres of Maronite Christians, committed by Druzes in Lebanon earlier in the year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371066131#October", "title": "1860", "revid": 1371066131, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1861, "year_label": "1861 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 25", "text": "June 25 – Abdülmecid I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1839–1861) dies and is succeeded by Abdülaziz (1861–1876).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368946725#June", "title": "1861", "revid": 1368946725, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1864, "year_label": "1864 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 21", "text": "May 21 – The Russian Empire begins the Circassian genocide. More than 1.5 million Circassians are driven from their homeland to the Ottoman Empire, ending the Russo-Circassian War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369213895#May", "title": "1864", "revid": 1369213895, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1866, "year_label": "1866 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 6", "text": "January 6 – Ottoman troops clash with supporters of Maronite leader Youssef Bey Karam, at St. Doumit in Lebanon; the Ottomans are defeated.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368829327#January", "title": "1866", "revid": 1368829327, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1870, "year_label": "1870 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 28", "text": "February 28 – The Bulgarian Exarchate is established, by decree of Sultan Abdülaziz of the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362496807#February", "title": "1870", "revid": 1362496807, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1875, "year_label": "1875 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "October", "text": "October – The Ottoman state declares partial bankruptcy, and places its finances in the hands of European creditors. It is also suffering widespread nationalist rebellions resulting in Russian intervention and Great Power tensions.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371928758#October", "title": "1875", "revid": 1371928758, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1876, "year_label": "1876 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 13", "text": "December 13 – New Constitution of the Ottoman Empire signed, ending Tanzimat in the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363589433#December", "title": "1876", "revid": 1363589433, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1876, "year_label": "1876 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 1", "text": "July 1 – Serbia declares war on the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363589433#July", "title": "1876", "revid": 1363589433, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1877, "year_label": "1877 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 24", "text": "April 24 – Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878): Russia declares war on the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370239819#April", "title": "1877", "revid": 1370239819, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1877, "year_label": "1877 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 20", "text": "January 20 – The Constantinople Conference ends, with Ottoman Turkey rejecting proposals of internal reform and Balkan provisions.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370239819#January", "title": "1877", "revid": 1370239819, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1877, "year_label": "1877 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 21", "text": "May 21 (May 9 O.S.) – By a speech in the Parliament of Romania by Mihail Kogălniceanu, the country declares itself independent from the Ottoman Empire (recognized in 1878 after the end of the Romanian independence war).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370239819#May", "title": "1877", "revid": 1370239819, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1878, "year_label": "1878 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 2", "text": "February 2 – Greece declares war on the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365252865#February", "title": "1878", "revid": 1365252865, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1878, "year_label": "1878 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 5", "text": "January 5 – Russo-Turkish War: Battle of Shipka Pass IV – Russian and Bulgarian forces defeat the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365252865#January", "title": "1878", "revid": 1365252865, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1878, "year_label": "1878 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 13", "text": "June 13–July 13 – The Congress of Berlin convenes to discuss the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365252865#June", "title": "1878", "revid": 1365252865, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1878, "year_label": "1878 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 4", "text": "June 4 – Cyprus Convention: The Ottoman Empire cedes Cyprus to the United Kingdom, but retains the nominal title.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365252865#June", "title": "1878", "revid": 1365252865, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1878, "year_label": "1878 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 3", "text": "March 3 (February 19 O.S.) – Treaty of San Stefano signed between the Russian and Ottoman Empires following Russian victory in the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) provides for establishment of an autonomous Principality of Bulgaria (although not as large as originally envisaged). Russia however regards the treaty as a preliminary one only, refusing on March 25 a British proposal to lay it before a European congress, and matters are finally settled in July's Treaty of Berlin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365252865#March", "title": "1878", "revid": 1365252865, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1899, "year_label": "1899 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 9", "text": "January 9 – After a successful revolt against the Ottoman Empire by the inhabitants of the island of Crete, the area, which joins Greece, gets its first constitution.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371393177#January", "title": "1899", "revid": 1371393177, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1901, "year_label": "1901 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 27", "text": "February 27 – The Sultan of Turkey orders 50,000 troops to the Bulgarian frontier because of unrest in Macedonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373318021#February", "title": "1901", "revid": 1373318021, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1903, "year_label": "1903 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 2", "text": "August 2 – The Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising, organized by the Secret Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization, breaks out in the Ottoman provinces of Macedonia and Adrianople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373319317#August", "title": "1903", "revid": 1373319317, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1903, "year_label": "1903 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "March 5", "text": "March 5 – The Ottoman Empire and the German Empire sign an agreement to build the Constantinople–Baghdad Railway.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373319317#March", "title": "1903", "revid": 1373319317, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1903, "year_label": "1903 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 4", "text": "May 4 – Macedonian Bulgarian revolutionary Gotse Delchev is killed in a skirmish with the Ottoman army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373319317#May", "title": "1903", "revid": 1373319317, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1908, "year_label": "1908 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 23", "text": "July 23 – Young Turk Revolution: The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) issues a formal ultimatum to Sultan Abdul Hamid II, to restore the constitution of 1876 within the Ottoman Empire; it is restored the following day.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373410903#July", "title": "1908", "revid": 1373410903, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1908, "year_label": "1908 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 3", "text": "July 3 – Young Turk Revolution in the Ottoman Empire: Major Ahmed Niyazi, with 200 followers (Ottoman troops and civilians), begins an open revolution by defecting from the 3rd Army Corps in Macedonia, decamping into the hill country.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373410903#July", "title": "1908", "revid": 1373410903, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1908, "year_label": "1908 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 5", "text": "October 5 – Bulgaria declares its independence from the Ottoman Empire; Ferdinand I of Bulgaria becomes Tsar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373410903#October", "title": "1908", "revid": 1373410903, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1908, "year_label": "1908 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 6", "text": "October 6 – The Bosnian crisis begins, after the Austro-Hungarian Empire annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina from the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373410903#October", "title": "1908", "revid": 1373410903, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1909, "year_label": "1909 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 27", "text": "April 27 – Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Abdul Hamid II is overthrown and succeeded by his brother, Mehmed V.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373420847#March–April", "title": "1909", "revid": 1373420847, "section": "Events › March–April"}}, {"year": 1909, "year_label": "1909 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 21", "text": "March 21 – The remains of the Báb are placed in the Baháʼí Shrine of the Báb on Mount Carmel in Haifa, at this time within the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373420847#March–April", "title": "1909", "revid": 1373420847, "section": "Events › March–April"}}, {"year": 1910, "year_label": "1910 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 24", "text": "July 24 – Ottoman forces capture the city of Shkodër to put down the Albanian Revolt of 1910.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373495790#July", "title": "1910", "revid": 1373495790, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1911, "year_label": "1911 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 29", "text": "September 29 – Italy declares war on the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373497014#September", "title": "1911", "revid": 1373497014, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1912, "year_label": "1912 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 3", "text": "December 3 – Bulgaria, Montenegro, and Serbia (the Balkan League, but not Greece) sign an armistice with the Ottoman Empire at Çatalca, temporarily halting the First Balkan War after 2 months. (The armistice will expire on February 3, 1913, and hostilities will resume.)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373503730#December", "title": "1912", "revid": 1373503730, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1912, "year_label": "1912 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 24", "text": "February 24 – Battle of Beirut: Italy makes a surprise attack on the Ottoman port of Beirut, when the cruiser Giuseppe Garibaldi and the gunboat Volturno bombard the harbour, killing 97 sailors and civilians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373503730#February", "title": "1912", "revid": 1373503730, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1912, "year_label": "1912 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 28", "text": "November 28 – Albania declares independence from the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373503730#November", "title": "1912", "revid": 1373503730, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1912, "year_label": "1912 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "October 16", "text": "October 16 – Bulgarian pilots Radul Minkov and Prodan Toprakchiev perform the second bombing with an airplane in history, at the railway station of Karaagac near Edirne, against Turkey.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373503730#October", "title": "1912", "revid": 1373503730, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1912, "year_label": "1912 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 18", "text": "October 18 – Italy and the Ottoman Empire sign a treaty in Ouchy near Lausanne, ending the Italo-Turkish War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373503730#October", "title": "1912", "revid": 1373503730, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1912, "year_label": "1912 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 24", "text": "October 24 – First Balkan War: Battle of Kumanovo – Serbian forces defeat the Ottoman army in Vardar Macedonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373503730#October", "title": "1912", "revid": 1373503730, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1912, "year_label": "1912 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 8", "text": "October 8 – The First Balkan War begins: Montenegro declares war against the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373503730#October", "title": "1912", "revid": 1373503730, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1912, "year_label": "1912 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 4", "text": "September 4 – The government of the Ottoman Empire agrees to the demands put forward in the Albanian Revolt of 1912.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373503730#September", "title": "1912", "revid": 1373503730, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1913, "year_label": "1913 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 1", "text": "December 1 – Crete, having obtained self rule from Turkey after the First Balkan War, is annexed by Greece.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373505613#December", "title": "1913", "revid": 1373505613, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1913, "year_label": "1913 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 18", "text": "June 18 – The Arab Congress of 1913 opens, during which Arab nationalists meet to discuss desired reforms under the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373505613#June", "title": "1913", "revid": 1373505613, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1913, "year_label": "1913 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 4", "text": "March 4–6 – First Balkan War: Battle of Bizani – Forces of the Kingdom of Greece capture the forts of Bizani (covering the approaches to Ioannina) from the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373505613#March", "title": "1913", "revid": 1373505613, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1913, "year_label": "1913 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 29", "text": "September 29 – Second Balkan War: The Treaty of Constantinople is signed in Istanbul, between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Bulgaria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373505613#September", "title": "1913", "revid": 1373505613, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1914, "year_label": "1914 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 2", "text": "August 2 – A secret treaty between the Ottoman Empire and German Empires secures Ottoman neutrality.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373518346#August", "title": "1914", "revid": 1373518346, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1915, "year_label": "1915 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 25", "text": "April 25 – WWI: Start of the Gallipoli Campaign by land forces (lasting until January 1916) – A landing at Anzac Cove is conducted by Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, and a landing at Cape Helles by British and French troops, to begin the Allied invasion of the Gallipoli peninsula in the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373518749#April", "title": "1915", "revid": 1373518749, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1915, "year_label": "1915 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – WWI: Battle of Broken Hill: A train ambush near Broken Hill, Australia, is carried out by two men (claiming to be in support of the Ottoman Empire) who are killed, together with four civilians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373518749#January", "title": "1915", "revid": 1373518749, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1915, "year_label": "1915 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 14", "text": "July 14 – The McMahon–Hussein Correspondence between Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca and the British official Sir Henry McMahon concerning the Arab revolt against the Ottoman Empire begins; in exchange for assistance against the Ottomans, the British offer bin Ali their recognition of an independent Arab kingdom, although clear terms are never agreed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373518749#July", "title": "1915", "revid": 1373518749, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1915, "year_label": "1915 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "June 11", "text": "June 11 – Friar Leonard Melki and hundreds of other Christians are driven out of Mardin and massacred by Ottoman troops.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373518749#June", "title": "1915", "revid": 1373518749, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1915, "year_label": "1915 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 27", "text": "May 27 – Armenian genocide: The Tehcir Law is promulgated by the Turkish Ottoman Empire authorizing deportation of the Ottoman Armenian population to Deir ez-Zor in the Syrian desert, leading to the deaths of anywhere between 800,000 and over 1,500,000 civilians and confiscation of their property.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373518749#May", "title": "1915", "revid": 1373518749, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1916, "year_label": "1916 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 29", "text": "April 29 – WWI: Mesopotamian campaign – The Siege of Kut ends with the surrender of British Indian Army forces to the Ottoman Empire at Kut-al-Amara on the Tigris in Basra Vilayet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373519106#April", "title": "1916", "revid": 1373519106, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1916, "year_label": "1916 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 23", "text": "December 23 – WWI: The Desert Column captures the Ottoman garrison during the Battle of Magdhaba.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373519106#December", "title": "1916", "revid": 1373519106, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1916, "year_label": "1916 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 9", "text": "January 9 – WWI: Gallipoli Campaign – The last British troops are evacuated from Gallipoli, as the Ottoman Empire prevails over a joint British and French operation to capture Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373519106#January", "title": "1916", "revid": 1373519106, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1916, "year_label": "1916 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 10", "text": "June 10 – The Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire, to create a single unified Arab state spanning from Aleppo to Aden, is formally declared by Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373519106#June", "title": "1916", "revid": 1373519106, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1916, "year_label": "1916 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 10", "text": "March 10 – The McMahon–Hussein Correspondence concludes with an understanding that the United Kingdom would recognise Arab independence in return for Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca, launching the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373519106#March", "title": "1916", "revid": 1373519106, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1916, "year_label": "1916 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 16", "text": "May 16 – Britain and France conclude the secret Sykes–Picot Agreement, which is to divide Arab areas of the Ottoman Empire, following the conclusion of WWI and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, into French and British spheres of influence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373519106#May", "title": "1916", "revid": 1373519106, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1917, "year_label": "1917 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 17", "text": "April 17 – WWI: The Egyptian Expeditionary Force begins the Second Battle of Gaza. This unsuccessful frontal attack on strong Ottoman defences along with the first battle, results in 10,000 casualties, the dismissal of force commander General Archibald Murray, and the beginning of the Stalemate in Southern Palestine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373519608#April", "title": "1917", "revid": 1373519608, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1917, "year_label": "1917 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December", "text": "Battle of Jerusalem: The British Egyptian Expeditionary Force accepts the surrender of Jerusalem by the mayor, Hussein al-Husayni, following the effective defeat of the Ottoman-German Yildirim Army Group.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373519608#December", "title": "1917", "revid": 1373519608, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1917, "year_label": "1917 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 30", "text": "December 30 – WWI: The British Egyptian Expeditionary Force secures the victory at the Battle of Jerusalem, by successfully defending Jerusalem from numerous counterattacks by the Ottoman-German Yildirim Army Group.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373519608#December", "title": "1917", "revid": 1373519608, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1917, "year_label": "1917 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "Battle of Aqaba: Arabian troops, led by T. E. Lawrence, capture Aqaba from the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373519608#July", "title": "1917", "revid": 1373519608, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1917, "year_label": "1917 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 7", "text": "November 7 – WWI: The Battle of Hareira and Sheria continues, when the XX Corps and Desert Mounted Corps capture Hareira and Sheria, marking the end of the Ottoman Gaza to Beersheba line.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373519608#November", "title": "1917", "revid": 1373519608, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1917, "year_label": "1917 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 27", "text": "October 27 – WWI: Battle of Buqqar Ridge – Ottoman forces attack British Desert Mounted Corps units garrisoning El-Buqqar Ridge, during the last days of the Stalemate in Southern Palestine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373519608#October", "title": "1917", "revid": 1373519608, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1918, "year_label": "1918 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 30", "text": "October 30 – The Armistice of Mudros ends conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies of World War I, and grants independence to the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373520023#October", "title": "1918", "revid": 1373520023, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1920, "year_label": "1920 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 15", "text": "March 15–16 – Constantinople is occupied by British Empire forces, acting for the Allied Powers against the Turkish National Movement. Retrospectively, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey regards this as the dissolution of the Ottoman regime in Istanbul.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369258210#March", "title": "1920", "revid": 1369258210, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1920, "year_label": "1920 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 12", "text": "September 12 – The position of Patriarch of the Serbs is re-established as the authority over the Serbian Orthodox Church, almost 156 years to the day after it was abolished by the Ottoman Empire in 1766.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369258210#September", "title": "1920", "revid": 1369258210, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1922, "year_label": "1922 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 1", "text": "November 1 – The Ottoman Empire is abolished after 600 years, and its last sultan, Mehmed VI, abdicates, leaving for exile, initially in Malta, on November 17.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369983934#November", "title": "1922", "revid": 1369983934, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1922, "year_label": "1922 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 19", "text": "November 19 – Abdülmecid II, Crown Prince of the Ottoman Empire, is elected Caliph.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369983934#November", "title": "1922", "revid": 1369983934, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1923, "year_label": "1923 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 24", "text": "July 24 – The Treaty of Lausanne (1923), settling the boundaries of the modern Republic of Turkey, is signed in Switzerland by Greece, Bulgaria and other countries that fought in the First World War, bringing an end to the Ottoman Empire after 624 years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367772921#July–August", "title": "1923", "revid": 1367772921, "section": "Events › July–August"}}, {"year": 1923, "year_label": "1923 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 29", "text": "October 29 – Turkey becomes a republic, following the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire; Kemal Atatürk is elected as first president.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367772921#September–October", "title": "1923", "revid": 1367772921, "section": "Events › September–October"}}, {"year": 1924, "year_label": "1924 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 3", "text": "March 3 – The Ottoman Caliphate, a remnant of the Ottoman Empire abolished on November 1, 1922, and one of the historical claims of succession to the Islamic State of Muhammad, comes to an end with the deposition of Abdülmecid II, Caliph of the Ottoman dynasty. This marks the end of an era, giving way to the drastic political transformations of Turkey under President Atatürk's reforms.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372136634#March", "title": "1924", "revid": 1372136634, "section": "Events › March"}}]}