{"slug": "palermo", "label": "Palermo", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2656", "qid": "Q2656", "description": "capital of Sicily, Italy", "entries": 36, "years": 35, "span": [-257, 1986], "span_label": ["258 BCE", "1986 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 15}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 5}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 5}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 3}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 2}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 2}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 2}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "sicily", "label": "Sicily", "shared": 10}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-sicily", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "emirate-of-sicily", "label": "Emirate of Sicily", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "carthage", "label": "Carthage", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "roman-republic", "label": "Roman Republic", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "syracuse-sicily", "label": "Syracuse, Sicily", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "normans", "label": "Normans", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "county-of-apulia-and-calabria", "label": "County of Apulia and Calabria", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "robert-guiscard", "label": "Robert Guiscard", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "norman-conquest-of-southern-italy", "label": "Norman conquest of southern Italy", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "republic-of-pisa", "label": "Republic of Pisa", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "roger-ii-of-sicily", "label": "Roger II of Sicily", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": -257, "year_label": "258 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Romans are able to regain the initiative in Sicily against Carthage by retaking Enna and Camarina. In central Sicily, they take the town of Mytistraton, which they have attacked twice previously. The Romans also move in the north by marching across the northern coast toward Panormus, but are not able to take the city due to the city's heavily fortified walls.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1128147349#Roman_Republic", "title": "258 BC", "revid": 1128147349, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -253, "year_label": "254 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A Roman army led by consuls Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Asina and Aulus Atilius Calatinus capture Panormus in Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1211697794#Roman_Republic", "title": "254 BC", "revid": 1211697794, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -250, "year_label": "251 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Romans, led by Lucius Caecilius Metellus, attack the Carthaginian held port city of Panormus after taking Kephalodon. After fierce fighting in the Battle of Panormus, the Carthaginians, led by Hasdrubal (the Fair), are defeated and the city falls.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1125838602#Roman_Republic", "title": "251 BC", "revid": 1125838602, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 440, "year_label": "440 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A Vandal fleet and their allies (Alans, Goths and Moors) set out from Carthage for Sicily, the principal supplier of oil and grain to Italy after the loss of North Africa. They loot all the coastal towns and besiege Palermo. Heavily laden ships return to the court of King Genseric.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364748079#Africa", "title": "440", "revid": 1364748079, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 535, "year_label": "535 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Belisarius lands in Sicily and meets little opposition, save for the Gothic garrison of Palermo. Laying siege to the citadel, he blockades the harbour with his ships. Mundus invades Dalmatia and captures its capital, Salona.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342880383#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "535", "revid": 1342880383, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 828, "year_label": "828 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Siege of Syracuse: The Muslims under Asad ibn al-Furat defeat a Byzantine relief army sent from Palermo, and backed by a Venetian fleet led by Giustiniano Participazio. Al-Furat decides to break off the siege at Syracuse, as his forces suffer greatly from lack of food. Later he dies during an outbreak of an epidemic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941478#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "828", "revid": 1340941478, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 831, "year_label": "831 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Fall – Muslim Arabs reinvade Sicily, and lay siege to Palermo. Symeon, Byzantine commander of the imperial bodyguard (spatharios), surrenders the city in exchange for a safe departure.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941627#Abbasid_Empire_and_Byzantine_Empire", "title": "831", "revid": 1340941627, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Empire and Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 892, "year_label": "892 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – Ibrahim II, Aghlabid emir of Ifriqiya, sends a large army to Palermo, to impose Arab authority from Kairouan. After an uprising, the Sicilians make a bid for independence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346093317#Arabian_Empire", "title": "892", "revid": 1346093317, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 901, "year_label": "901 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Abu Abbas Abdallah defeats a relief Byzantine navy dispatched from Constantinople at Messina. He dismantles the fortifications of Messina and transfers his booty to Palermo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1345013381#Europe", "title": "901", "revid": 1345013381, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 902, "year_label": "902 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Ibrahim II lands with an Aghlabid expeditionary force in Trapani, and proceeds to Palermo. He crushes the reinforced Byzantine army at Giardini.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130244#Europe", "title": "902", "revid": 1341130244, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 948, "year_label": "948 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Fatimid forces under al-Hasan ibn Ali al-Kalbi suppress the rebellion in Palermo and swiftly seize the island. Caliph al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah appoints Ali al-Kalbi as emir of Sicily, beginning the rule of the Kalbid dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512591#Africa", "title": "948", "revid": 1341512591, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1036, "year_label": "1036 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A Zirid expeditionary force invades Sicily and takes Palermo from the Normans, but fails to fully reconquer the island.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342215297#Europe", "title": "1036", "revid": 1342215297, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1040, "year_label": "1040 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Emirate of Sicily is divided and fragmented into small fiefdoms. The Arab nobles of Palermo restore the regime of the Kalbids (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365593173#Europe", "title": "1040", "revid": 1365593173, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1063, "year_label": "1063 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – The Pisan fleet assaults and sacks Palermo (controlled by the Saracens) – this in support of the Norman forces of Roger I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370137387#Europe", "title": "1063", "revid": 1370137387, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1072, "year_label": "1072 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 10", "text": "January 10 – The Normans under Robert Guiscard and his brother Roger I (\"Boso\") conquer Palermo (after a one year siege). Roger receives the keys of the city, and Robert invests him with the title of Count of Sicily. The Emirate of Sicily rules only the southern part of the island, with Syracuse as the capital (until 1091).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332932811#Europe", "title": "1072", "revid": 1332932811, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1091, "year_label": "1091 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February", "text": "February – Norman conquest of Sicily: The Normans conquer Noto and complete the 30-year-long conquest of Sicily from the Moorish rulers. Duke Roger Borsa (a son of Robert Guiscard) surrenders his share in the castles of Calabria, and receives his inheritance of Palermo. He grants charters to various towns and encourages urban planning in Apulia and Calabria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267069429#Europe", "title": "1091", "revid": 1267069429, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1148, "year_label": "1148 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "An Italian silk industry is started at Palermo by Roger II, who takes numbers of silk workers back from Greece.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362156256#Technology", "title": "1148", "revid": 1362156256, "section": "Events › By topic › Technology"}}, {"year": 1154, "year_label": "1154 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 26", "text": "February 26 – King Roger II dies at Palermo after a 24-year reign. He is succeeded by his fourth son William I (\"the Bad\"') as ruler of Sicily. William appoints Maio of Bari, a man of low birth, to chancellor and his adviser. He pursues his father's policy of strengthening authority over the towns and the Italian nobles, who rally around his cousin Robert III, count of Loritello, in Apulia and Calabria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362164172#Europe", "title": "1154", "revid": 1362164172, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1166, "year_label": "1166 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 7", "text": "May 7 – King William I (\"the Wicked\") of Sicily dies at Palermo after a 12-year reign. He is succeeded by his 12-year-old son William II (\"the Good\"), whose mother, Margaret of Navarre, will be regent until he comes of age.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1303964516#Europe", "title": "1166", "revid": 1303964516, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1189, "year_label": "1189 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 11", "text": "November 11 – King William II of Sicily (\"the Good\"), having made peace with Emperor Isaac II and abandoned Thessalonika and other conquests, dies childless at Palermo. The Sicilian nobles elect Tancred of Lecce (illegitimate son of Roger II) as the new ruler of Sicily, instead of Princess Constance and her husband Henry VI, to avoid German rule.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362168718#Continental_Europe", "title": "1189", "revid": 1362168718, "section": "Events › By place › Continental Europe"}}, {"year": 1194, "year_label": "1194 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 20", "text": "November 20 – Emperor Henry VI enforces the inheritance claims by his wife, Constance I, against her illegitimate nephew, King Tancred of Lecce (who died on February 20). He takes Palermo (supported by the navy of Pisa and Genoa) and gains control of all of Sicily – ending Norman rule in Italy after 90 years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292975381#Europe", "title": "1194", "revid": 1292975381, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1220, "year_label": "1220 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 22", "text": "November 22 – Frederick II is crowned Holy Roman Emperor at Rome by Pope Honorius III. He makes Sicily an absolute monarchy and adopts Palermo as its principal seat.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360552842#Europe", "title": "1220", "revid": 1360552842, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1258, "year_label": "1258 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 10", "text": "August 10 – Manfred, son of the late Emperor Frederick II, is crowned king of Sicily at Palermo. Pope Alexander IV, who has an alliance with the Saracens, declares the coronation void and excommunicates Manfred.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1318120479#Europe", "title": "1258", "revid": 1318120479, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1282, "year_label": "1282 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August 30", "text": "August 30 – Peter III of Aragon, traveling with his fleet on a military expedition against Tunis, ends up in the Sicilian town of Trapani, after being asked by the inhabitants of Palermo to help in the fight against Charles I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359685493#Europe", "title": "1282", "revid": 1359685493, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1535, "year_label": "1535 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "September 13", "text": "September 13 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, becomes the first person to pass through the new Porta Nuova in Palermo, celebrating the European conquest of the North African territory of Tunis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561145#July–September", "title": "1535", "revid": 1369561145, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1599, "year_label": "1599 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The first Capuchin friar is entombed in the Catacombe dei Cappuccini in Palermo (Sicily).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373325746#Date_unknown", "title": "1599", "revid": 1373325746, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1713, "year_label": "1713 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 21", "text": "December 21 – Victor Amadeus, Duke of Savoy is crowned King of Sicily at Palermo, and his wife Anne Marie is crowned as Queen consort. The coronation follows Spain's recognition of Sicilian independence, effective September 22, as part of the Treaty of Utrecht.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360271134#October–December", "title": "1713", "revid": 1360271134, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1726, "year_label": "1726 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "September 16", "text": "September 16 – An earthquake strikes Sicily and kills 226 people in Palermo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372345509#July–September", "title": "1726", "revid": 1372345509, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1817, "year_label": "1817 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "April 15", "text": "April 15 – An earthquake strikes Palermo in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360260504#April–June", "title": "1817", "revid": 1360260504, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1860, "year_label": "1860 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 4", "text": "April 4 – A new uprising erupts in Palermo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371066131#April", "title": "1860", "revid": 1371066131, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1860, "year_label": "1860 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 27", "text": "May 27 – Garibaldi's forces take Palermo, the capital of Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371066131#May", "title": "1860", "revid": 1371066131, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1938, "year_label": "1938 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 27", "text": "March 27 – Italian mathematician Ettore Majorana disappears suddenly under mysterious circumstances, while travelling by ship from Palermo to Naples.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818751#March", "title": "1938", "revid": 1368818751, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1949, "year_label": "1949 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "August 14", "text": "August 14 – The Salvatore Giuliano Gang explodes mines under a police barracks, outside Palermo, Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370167995#August", "title": "1949", "revid": 1370167995, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1969, "year_label": "1969 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "October", "text": "October 18th - Carravagio's Nativity with Saint Francis and Saint Lawrence is stolen from the oratory of San Lorenzo in Palermo, Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373164180#October", "title": "1969", "revid": 1373164180, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1972, "year_label": "1972 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "May 5", "text": "May 5 – An Alitalia DC-8 crashes west of Palermo, Sicily; 115 die.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371514417#May", "title": "1972", "revid": 1371514417, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1986, "year_label": "1986 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "February 10", "text": "February 10 – The Maxi Trial (Italian: Maxiprocesso) begins in the bunker room of the Ucciardone prison (Palermo). It will be the largest trial against the Sicilian Mafia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373510075#February", "title": "1986", "revid": 1373510075, "section": "Events › February"}}]}