{"slug": "palestine-region", "label": "Palestine (region)", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_%28region%29", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23792", "qid": "Q23792", "description": "geographic region in West Asia", "entries": 70, "years": 69, "span": [-273, 1956], "span_label": ["274 BCE", "1956 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 35}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 11}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 9}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 5}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 4}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 3}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 2}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "syria", "label": "Syria", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "egypt", "label": "Egypt", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "egypt-in-the-middle-ages", "label": "Egypt in the Middle Ages", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "damascus", "label": "Damascus", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-jerusalem", "label": "Kingdom of Jerusalem", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "fatimid-caliphate", "label": "Fatimid Caliphate", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "ascalon", "label": "Ascalon", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "gaza-city", "label": "Gaza City", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "anatolia", "label": "Anatolia", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "umayyad-caliphate", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-england", "label": "Kingdom of England", "shared": 3}], "items": [{"year": -273, "year_label": "274 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Magas of Cyrene marries Apama, the daughter of Antiochus and uses his marital alliance to foment a pact to invade Egypt. He opens hostilities against his half brother Ptolemy II, by declaring his province of Cyrenaica to be independent and then attacks Egypt from the west as Antiochus I takes the Egyptian controlled areas in coastal Syria and southern Anatolia, after which he attacks Palestine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367769282#Egypt", "title": "274 BC", "revid": 1367769282, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -199, "year_label": "200 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Antiochus III's forces continue their invasion of Coele Syria and Palestine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360771623#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "200 BC", "revid": 1360771623, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -197, "year_label": "198 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Battle of Panium is fought between Seleucid forces led by Antiochus III and Ptolemaic forces led by Scopas of Aetolia. The Seleucids win the battle which allows Antiochus III to obtain entire possession of Palestine and Coele-Syria from King Ptolemy V of Egypt. Though the Romans send ambassadors to Ptolemy V, they are unable to lend him any serious assistance against Antiochus III.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698641#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "198 BC", "revid": 1352698641, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -174, "year_label": "175 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "During this period of uncertainty in Syria, the Egyptian ruler, Ptolemy VI, lays claim to Coele Syria, Palestine, and Phoenicia, which the Seleucid king Antiochus III has previously conquered. Both the Syrian and Egyptian parties appeal to Rome for help, but the Roman Senate refuses to take sides.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361124288#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "175 BC", "revid": 1361124288, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -169, "year_label": "170 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Antiochus IV decides to let Ptolemy VI continue as king of Egypt, but as his puppet. He does this to minimise any reaction from Rome towards his invasion. Antiochus IV then departs Egypt to deal with disturbances in Palestine, but he safeguards his access to Egypt with a strong garrison in Pelusium.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1289094585#Egypt", "title": "170 BC", "revid": 1289094585, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -159, "year_label": "160 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Seleucid king, Demetrius I Soter defeats a Jewish rebellion at Palestine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1266100355#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "160 BC", "revid": 1266100355, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": 133, "year_label": "133 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Bar Kokhba Revolt: Sextus Julius Severus, Roman governor of Britain, is sent to Judea (in 136 renamed Syria Palaestina) to quell the revolt. Jewish rebels, led by Simon bar Kokhba and Eleazar, cut off the vital supply lines and Roman garrisons in Palestine. Despite Roman reinforcements from Syria and Egypt, they establish an independent state in Judea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267079085#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 133", "revid": 1267079085, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 136, "year_label": "136 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Following the Bar Kokhba revolt, Emperor Hadrian expels the Jews from Judea, and receives a triumphal arch near Scythopolis. The Roman province of Iudaea (plus Galilee) becomes Syria Palaestina (the name Palestine as a designation for this land has been used since at least the 5th century BC (mentioned by Herodotus)).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1335665818#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 136", "revid": 1335665818, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 232, "year_label": "232 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Origen founds a school of Christian theology in Palestine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371191236#Religion", "title": "232", "revid": 1371191236, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 269, "year_label": "269 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Queen Zenobia conquers Syria, Palestine, Lebanon, parts of Mesopotamia and Anatolia and Egypt, giving her control of Rome's grain supply. The library at Alexandria is partly burned during a raid by Zabdas, general of Zenobia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371227782#Near_East", "title": "269", "revid": 1371227782, "section": "Events › By place › Near East"}}, {"year": 295, "year_label": "295 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Petra rejoins the province of Palestine, and is converted to Christianity by the Syrian monk Barsauma.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367879166#Religion", "title": "295", "revid": 1367879166, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 377, "year_label": "377 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Valens concludes a peace with the Persian Empire and leaves enough troops to defend the eastern frontier. The Saracens under Queen Mavia revolt and devastate a swath of territory stretching from Phoenicia and Palestine as far as the Sinai (Egypt). Valens successfully brings the uprising under control.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367313593#Roman_Empire", "title": "377", "revid": 1367313593, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 388, "year_label": "388 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Jerome moves to Palestine, where he spends the rest of his life as a hermit near Bethlehem.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1321355496#Religion", "title": "388", "revid": 1321355496, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 398, "year_label": "398 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "John Chrysostom, Archbishop of Constantinople, receives a delegation of clergy who want to close the pagan temples at Gaza (Palestine) where worshippers are openly defying the law. John works through the eunuch Eutropius, who has great power over emperor Arcadius, and within a week an imperial Constitution is issued closing the Roman temples, but the official appointed to execute this order is bribed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364744112#Religion", "title": "398", "revid": 1364744112, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 420, "year_label": "420 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 26", "text": "February 26 – Saint Porphyry, bishop of Gaza (Palestine)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371542443#Deaths", "title": "AD 420", "revid": 1371542443, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 428, "year_label": "428 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Euthymius the Great builds a monastery in Palestine, near the Dead Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1321157185#Religion", "title": "428", "revid": 1321157185, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 439, "year_label": "439 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The monastery of Mar Saba is founded near Bethlehem (Palestine).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1307025237#Religion", "title": "439", "revid": 1307025237, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 441, "year_label": "441 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Pulcheria leaves for the seaport Hebdomon (Turkey), and becomes a nun to support Nestorianism in the Holy Land (Palestine).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339010572#Byzantium", "title": "441", "revid": 1339010572, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantium"}}, {"year": 482, "year_label": "482 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Zeno promulgates an Edict of Union (Henotikon), in an unsuccessful effort to soften the decision made at the Council of Chalcedon (451), and resolve differences between the Eastern and Western Churches. Zeno wishes to placate the Monophysite churches of Egypt, Palestine and Syria for political reasons.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340789374#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "482", "revid": 1340789374, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 503, "year_label": "503 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Mundhir III, king of the Lakhmids (Arab Christians), raids Palaestina Salutaris and Arabia Petraea. He captures a large number of Romans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364904019#Palestine", "title": "503", "revid": 1364904019, "section": "Events › Palestine"}}, {"year": 518, "year_label": "518 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Jabalah IV ibn al-Harith becomes the king of the Ghassanids. He invades Palestine, but is defeated by a Byzantine army under general (dux) Romanus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754317#Arabia", "title": "518", "revid": 1364754317, "section": "Events › By place › Arabia"}}, {"year": 612, "year_label": "612 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Holy Sponge is brought to Constantinople from Palestine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367635982#Religion", "title": "612", "revid": 1367635982, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 614, "year_label": "614 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Sudarium of Oviedo is taken from Palestine, after the invasion of the Sassanid Persians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364752346#Religion", "title": "614", "revid": 1364752346, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 620, "year_label": "620 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Sassanid War: King Khosrau II captures Ancyra, an important Byzantine military base in central Anatolia. After the conquest of Egypt and Palestine, he restores the Persian Empire as it existed in 490 BC under Darius I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749611#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "620", "revid": 1364749611, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 635, "year_label": "635 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Gaza is conquered by the Muslim Arabs under 'Amr ibn al-'As. It becomes the first city in Palestine developed into a centre of Islamic law.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364906250#Arabia", "title": "635", "revid": 1364906250, "section": "Events › By place › Arabia"}}, {"year": 638, "year_label": "638 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – The Arabian forces under Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah storm Caesarea Maritima, capital of Byzantine Palestine, and effect their final capture of Ascalon (modern Israel). Caliph Umar I stops the Muslim invasion, and appoints Abu Ubaidah governor of Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557443#Arabian_Empire", "title": "638", "revid": 1369557443, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 639, "year_label": "639 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Plague of Emmaus: An epidemic disease which has broken out in Emmaus (Imwas) in Palestine strikes the city and the military camps of the Muslim Arabs, killing most of its population (estimated at 25,000 people) until it subsides in October.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754023#Arabian_Empire", "title": "639", "revid": 1364754023, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 641, "year_label": "641 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 11", "text": "February 11 – Emperor Heraclius, age 65, dies of dropsy at Constantinople after a 31-year reign. He reorganized the imperial administration, but lost Armenia, parts of Egypt, Palestine, Syria and Byzantine Mesopotamia to the Muslim Arabs. Heraclius is succeeded by his sons Constantine III and Heraklonas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364764166#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "641", "revid": 1364764166, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 705, "year_label": "705 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 8", "text": "October 8 – Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan dies in his winter resort at Al-Sinnabra (Palestine), after a 20-year reign. During his rule, the financial administration of the Umayyad Caliphate has been reorganized. Arab coins have replaced former Byzantine and Sassanian coins, and regular postal service has been established between Damascus and the provincial capitals. Abd al-Malik is succeeded by his son Al-Walid I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807090#Arabian_Empire", "title": "705", "revid": 1340807090, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 716, "year_label": "716 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Arab-Byzantine Wars: Umayyad Caliph Sulayman ibn Abd Al-Malik begins the preparations for his campaign on Constantinople; he orders new ships be built in the port-cities in Palestine, Egypt & Ifriqiya. General Umar ibn Hubayra raids southern Anatolia by sea and conquers Lycia, where another Arab fleet joins him, and they spend winter. As the navy advances, Sulayman sends land armies into Anatolia, which settle at Caesarea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808331#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "716", "revid": 1340808331, "section": "Events › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 749, "year_label": "749 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "January 18", "text": "January 18 – Galilee earthquake: Palestine and eastern Transjordan are devastated by an earthquake. The cities of Tiberias, Beit She'an, Hippos and Pella are largely destroyed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365938976#Catastrophe", "title": "749", "revid": 1365938976, "section": "Events › By topic › Catastrophe"}}, {"year": 757, "year_label": "757 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "March 9", "text": "March 9 – A major earthquake strikes Palestine and Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341678247#Catastrophe", "title": "AD 757", "revid": 1341678247, "section": "Events › By topic › Catastrophe"}}, {"year": 806, "year_label": "806 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine wars: Caliph Harun al-Rashid leads a huge military expedition, assembling men from Syria, Palestine, Persia, and Egypt. The invasion army (reportedly 135,000 men) departs from Raqqa, residence of Harun, and enters Cappadocia through the Cilician Gates, sacking several Byzantine fortresses and cities. Heraclea is captured after a month-long siege (August/September). The city is plundered and razed; its inhabitants are enslaved and deported to the Abbasid Caliphate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292643508#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "806", "revid": 1292643508, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 841, "year_label": "841 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A pro-Umayyad rebellion, led by al-Mubarqa in Palestine, breaks out against caliph al-Mu'tasim of the Abbasid Caliphate (ending in 842).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360650312#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "841", "revid": 1360650312, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 966, "year_label": "966 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "John VII, patriarch of Jerusalem, is burned at the stake by a Muslim mob after writing to Emperor Nikephoros II, pleading him to intervene in Palestine and retake it from the Fatimid Caliphate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341513206#Religion", "title": "966", "revid": 1341513206, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1012, "year_label": "1012 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – The climax of the Bedouin anti-Fatimid rebellion in Palestine is reached. Abu'l-Futuh al-Hasan ibn Ja'far is acclaimed as anti-Caliph with the title of al-Rashid bi-llah (\"Righteous with God\").", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365271481#Arabian_Empire", "title": "1012", "revid": 1365271481, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 1102, "year_label": "1102 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – A Fatimid expeditionary force (some 20,000 men) invades Palestine and launches attacks into the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The Crusaders defeat a Fatimid rearguard near Ascalon, and capture the city after a 3-year siege. The Crusaders capture Caesarea Maritima with support of the Genoese fleet. A number of Genoese trading colonies are established along the Mediterranean coast.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365265899#Levant", "title": "1102", "revid": 1365265899, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1105, "year_label": "1105 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 27", "text": "August 27 – Battle of Ramla: The Crusaders under King Baldwin I defeat a Fatimid expeditionary force (some 15,000 men) at Ramla. Baldwin pillages the enemy camp – but does not further pursue the Fatimids. The battle ends in the last large-scale attempt of the Fatimids to reconquer Palestine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365268232#Levant", "title": "1105", "revid": 1365268232, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1107, "year_label": "1107 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – King Sigurd I sails for the Holy Land with 60 ships (with some 5,000 men) on the first stage of the Norwegian Crusade to Palestine. Now 17, he is the first European king to support the Crusaders in the Levant. Sigurd leaves his older brother Eystein I to rule the kingdom in his absence – and visits England, France, Galicia and Sicily en route.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365266728#Europe", "title": "1107", "revid": 1365266728, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1108, "year_label": "1108 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – King Sigurd I sails from England, on the Norwegian Crusade to Palestine. He repels a Muslim fleet near the Tagus River, then attacks Sintra, Lisbon and Alcácer do Sal, and finally defeats a second Muslim fleet further south.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362166699#Europe", "title": "1108", "revid": 1362166699, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1113, "year_label": "1113 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September", "text": "September – King Baldwin I of Jerusalem marries Adelaide del Vasto, the wealthy widow of Count Roger I of Sicily ('Bosso') in Acre. She lands in Palestine accompanied by Arab soldiers (her personal bodyguard) and travels to Jerusalem. Their marriage is bigamous, because Baldwin is legally still married to his second wife Arda of Armenia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267067505#Levant", "title": "1113", "revid": 1267067505, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1117, "year_label": "1117 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Crusaders led by King Baldwin I of Jerusalem raid Pelusium in Egypt and burn the city to the ground. Baldwin marches back to Palestine and strengthens the fortifications of the southern frontier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694426#Levant", "title": "1117", "revid": 1361694426, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1122, "year_label": "1122 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August 8", "text": "August 8 – A Venetian fleet under Doge Domenico Michiel with well over a hundred ships sets sail from Venice, carrying an army of around 15,000 men and siege-material on the Venetian Crusade. The fleet departs for Palestine – but the Venetians pause to attack Corfu (this in retaliation for the refusal of John II to renew exclusive trading privileges). For six months, throughout the winter of 1122–23, the Venetians lay siege to the Byzantine island.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373038979#Europe", "title": "1122", "revid": 1373038979, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1140, "year_label": "1140 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "September 8", "text": "September 8 – Sephardi Jewish philosopher Judah Halevi, having completed the Kuzari, arrives in Alexandria on a pilgrimage to Palestine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367307539#Religion", "title": "1140", "revid": 1367307539, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1141, "year_label": "1141 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May 14", "text": "May 14 – Sephardi Jewish philosopher Judah Halevi sets off from Alexandria on a pilgrimage to Palestine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357081133#Events", "title": "1141", "revid": 1357081133, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1147, "year_label": "1147 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Bosra: A Crusader force under King Baldwin III fights an inconclusive battle against Seljuk forces from Damascus led by Mu'in al-Din aided by Nur al-Din's contingents from Aleppo and Mosul. Baldwin retreats to Jerusalem, while the Seljuk Turks attack his rearguard and stragglers underway back to Palestine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362163362#Levant", "title": "1147", "revid": 1362163362, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1148, "year_label": "1148 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 7", "text": "March 7 – King Conrad III recovers from his wounds and leaves Constantinople with his household. He is well supplied with money by Emperor Manuel I Komnenos and uses these funds to recruit pilgrims to augment the forces that remain to him. Conrad and his re-equipped Crusaders sail with a Byzantine fleet to Palestine. The fleet is scattered by storms and lands in different ports.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362156256#Second_Crusade", "title": "1148", "revid": 1362156256, "section": "Events › By place › Second Crusade"}}, {"year": 1153, "year_label": "1153 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 19", "text": "August 19 – Siege of Ascalon: King Baldwin III of Jerusalem captures Ascalon, the last Fatimid fortress in Palestine. The citizens are allowed to leave in peace and return to Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184506#Levant", "title": "1153", "revid": 1369184506, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1168, "year_label": "1168 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Count William IV of Nevers, arrives in Palestine with a contingent of elite knights. In Jerusalem he is present during a council with Amalric and other nobles to decide on an expedition to Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362165077#Levant", "title": "1168", "revid": 1362165077, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1169, "year_label": "1169 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Late Summer – Emperor Manuel I Komnenos sends an embassy to Egypt to demand tribute, and threatens the country with war when they refuse to pay it. The Byzantine fleet under Admiral Andronikos Kontostephanos sets out from the Hellespont; 60 war galleys are sent to Palestine with money for \"the knights of Jerusalem\". Andronikos with the rest of the fleet sails to Cyprus, at which he defeats a patrolling squadron of 6 Fatimid ships.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367314843#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1169", "revid": 1367314843, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1182, "year_label": "1182 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – August – Battle of Belvoir Castle: Saladin crosses into Palestine round the south of the Sea of Galilee. King Baldwin IV (the Leper) of Jerusalem marches with his army back from Oultrejordain and attacks Saladin's forces near Belvoir Castle (modern Israel). In a fierce battle, the Crusaders successfully repel Saladin's invasion. At the end of the day, each side retires, claiming the victory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362172586#Levant", "title": "1182", "revid": 1362172586, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1185, "year_label": "1185 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "Saladin agrees to a 4-year truce due to severe drought and famine which has struck Palestine. The treaty is signed by Count Raymond of Tripoli and important nobles from Jerusalem. Commerce is renewed between the Crusader States and their Muslim neighbors. A flow of corn from the east saves the Crusaders and the population from starvation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362484284#Levant", "title": "1185", "revid": 1362484284, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1187, "year_label": "1187 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Egyptian troops led by Saladin begins a campaign that paves the way for further Muslim inroads into Christian territory. Al-Adil invades Palestine with the Egyptian army, and captures the strategic castle of Mirabel (Majdal Yaba). By mid-September, Saladin has captured the cities of Acre, Jaffa, Gaza and Ascalon (blockaded by the Egyptian fleet), along with some 50 Crusader castles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369187098#Egypt", "title": "1187", "revid": 1369187098, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": 1202, "year_label": "1202 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "May 20", "text": "May 20 – An earthquake shakes the Levant from Egypt to northern Iraq, causing severe damage in Palestine, Lebanon and western Syria, including the fortifications of the Crusader cities of Acre, Jaffa and Tyre.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369187490#Middle_East", "title": "1202", "revid": 1369187490, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": 1215, "year_label": "1215 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 11", "text": "November 11–30 – The Fourth Council of the Lateran (or \"Great Council\") convened by Innocent III ends at Rome and approves the papal proposal for a Fifth Crusade in Palestine. The Pope promulgates a canon against clerical participation in trial by ordeal, replacing it by compurgation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359458031#Europe", "title": "1215", "revid": 1359458031, "section": "Events › By continent › Europe"}}, {"year": 1217, "year_label": "1217 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November", "text": "November – The Crusader army (some 15,000 men) under Andrew II sets out from Acre, and marches up the Plain of Esdraelon. Sultan Al-Adil I, on hearing that the crusaders are assembling, sends some Muslim troops to Palestine, to halt their advance. The crusaders move towards Beisan, while Al-Adil waits at Ajloun Castle, ready to intercept any attack on Damascus. He sends his son, Al-Mu'azzam, to cover Jerusalem. On November 10, Andrew's well-mounted army defeats Al-Adil at Bethsaida, on the Jordan River. Beisan is occupied and sacked; the Muslims retreat to their fortresses and towns.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367488093#Fifth_Crusade", "title": "1217", "revid": 1367488093, "section": "Events › Fifth Crusade"}}, {"year": 1219, "year_label": "1219 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October – Al-Kamil sends two captive knights as envoys, to renew his former offers of an armistice. If the Crusaders evacuate Egypt, he will return the True Cross (lost in the Battle of Hattin) and they can have Jerusalem, all central Palestine and Galilee. John I advised its acceptance, along with the nobles from England, France and Germany. Pelagius again refuses the peace terms.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1345005371#Fifth_Crusade", "title": "1219", "revid": 1345005371, "section": "Events › By place › Fifth Crusade"}}, {"year": 1229, "year_label": "1229 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 1", "text": "May 1 – Frederick II departs from Acre, while he and his suite pass down the \"Street of the Butchers\" to the harbour, the people crowd out of the doors, and pelts him with entrails and dung. Meanwhile, Odo of Montbéliard (or Eudes), commander of the Crusader army, and John of Ibelin, lord of Beirut, are left behind to quell the unrest in Palestine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367488290#Sixth_Crusade", "title": "1229", "revid": 1367488290, "section": "Events › By place › Sixth Crusade"}}, {"year": 1253, "year_label": "1253 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April", "text": "April – An-Nasir Yusuf, Ayyubid ruler of Damascus, cedes Palestine, together with Jerusalem, Nablus and the coastline of Al-Sham to Aybak, Mamluk sultan of Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362664638#Levant", "title": "1253", "revid": 1362664638, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1262, "year_label": "1262 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Berke–Hulagu war: Mongol forces under Berke Khan, ruler of the Golden Horde, raid territory in the Caucasus belonging to his cousin Hulagu Khan, ruler of the Ilkhanate. Berke supports the Georgian rebels and allies with the Mamluks. He defeats the Ilkhanate forces on the Terek River, together with the Mamluk army led by Baibars (or Abu al-Futuh), saving Palestine and Arabia from Ilkhanate occupation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1275696322#Mongol_Empire", "title": "1262", "revid": 1275696322, "section": "Events › By place › Mongol Empire"}}, {"year": 1290, "year_label": "1290 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October – Qalawun orders a general mobilization of the Mamluk forces. In a council, it is decided that a peace delegation be sent to Cairo under Guillaume de Beaujeu, Grand Master of the Knights Templar. However, Qalawun demands huge compensation for those killed in Acre, and sends a Syrian army to the coast of Palestine, near Caesarea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343598991#Levant", "title": "1290", "revid": 1343598991, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1799, "year_label": "1799 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 7", "text": "March 7 – War of the Second Coalition: Siege of Jaffa – Napoleon captures Jaffa in Palestine from the Ottomans and his troops proceed to kill more than 2,000 Albanian captives.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370057226#January–March", "title": "1799", "revid": 1370057226, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1809, "year_label": "1809 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August 8", "text": "August 8 – Seventy disciples of Vilna Gaon arrive in Palestine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349276571#July–September", "title": "1809", "revid": 1349276571, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1834, "year_label": "1834 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 19", "text": "May 19 – The Peasants' Revolt in Egyptian-ruled Palestine begins; it is suppressed in August.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360367111#April–June", "title": "1834", "revid": 1360367111, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1890, "year_label": "1890 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "English archaeologist Flinders Petrie excavates at Tell el-Hesi, Palestine (mistakenly identified as Tel Lachish), the first scientific excavation of an archaeological site in the Holy Land, during which he discovers how tells are formed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364071388#Date_unknown", "title": "1890", "revid": 1364071388, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1915, "year_label": "1915 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "March", "text": "March – The 1915 Palestine locust infestation breaks out in Palestine; it continues until October.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373518749#March", "title": "1915", "revid": 1373518749, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1917, "year_label": "1917 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November", "text": "Battle of Mughar Ridge: The British Imperial Egyptian Expeditionary Force attacks retreating Ottoman-German Yildirim Army Group forces, resulting in the capture of 10,000 Ottoman prisoners, 100 guns and 50 mi km of Palestine territory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373519608#November", "title": "1917", "revid": 1373519608, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1917, "year_label": "1917 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 2", "text": "November 2 – Zionism: The British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour makes the Balfour Declaration, proclaiming British support for the \"establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people..., it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373519608#November", "title": "1917", "revid": 1373519608, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1919, "year_label": "1919 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 3", "text": "January 3 – The Faisal–Weizmann Agreement is signed by Emir Faisal (representing the Arab Kingdom of Hejaz) and Zionist leader Chaim Weizmann, for Arab–Jewish cooperation in the development of a Jewish homeland in Palestine, and an Arab nation in a large part of the Middle East.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373508849#January", "title": "1919", "revid": 1373508849, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1956, "year_label": "1956 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 16", "text": "January 16 – Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser vows to Liberate Palestine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022627#January", "title": "1956", "revid": 1370022627, "section": "Events › January"}}]}