{"slug": "parthia", "label": "Parthia", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthia", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1645483", "qid": "Q1645483", "description": "historical region located in north-eastern Iran", "entries": 72, "years": 65, "span": [-322, 379], "span_label": ["323 BCE", "379 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 33}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 16}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 14}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 3}, {"title": "Births", "count": 2}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "armenia", "label": "Armenia", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "seleucid", "label": "Seleucid", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "medes", "label": "Medes", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "bactria", "label": "Bactria", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "mesopotamia", "label": "Mesopotamia", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "euphrates", "label": "Euphrates", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "syria", "label": "Syria", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "china", "label": "China", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "ancient-rome", "label": "Ancient Rome", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "trajan", "label": "Trajan", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "iran", "label": "Iran", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "augustus", "label": "Augustus", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": -322, "year_label": "323 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Phrataphernes rules Parthia and Hyrcania;", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1311163255#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "323 BC", "revid": 1311163255, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -249, "year_label": "250 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Andragoras, a Seleucid satrap of the province of Partahia (Parthia), tries to gain independence from the Seleucid Kingdom under Antiochus II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1278897656#Persia", "title": "250 BC", "revid": 1278897656, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": -238, "year_label": "239 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Diodotus of Bactria defeats an army of Parthians. He dies shortly thereafter and is succeeded by his son Diodotus II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1212004865#Persia", "title": "239 BC", "revid": 1212004865, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": -237, "year_label": "238 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Andragoras, Seleucid governor (satrap) of Parthia", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342094383#Deaths", "title": "238 BC", "revid": 1342094383, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -231, "year_label": "232 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Seleucid king Seleucus II Callinicus undertakes an expedition into the interior of Iran to try to regain Parthia, but his efforts come to nothing. According to some sources, he is even taken prisoner for several years by the Parthian king, Arsaces I. Other sources mention that he establishes a peace with Arsaces I by recognising his sovereignty over Parthia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1319908071#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "232 BC", "revid": 1319908071, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -210, "year_label": "211 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arsaces II succeeds his father Arsaces I as King of Parthia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325637763#Parthia", "title": "211 BC", "revid": 1325637763, "section": "Events › By place › Parthia"}}, {"year": -210, "year_label": "211 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Arsaces I, king of Parthia from 250 BC and son of Phriapites, a chief of the seminomadic Parni tribe from the Caspian steppes", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325637763#Deaths", "title": "211 BC", "revid": 1325637763, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -208, "year_label": "209 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The King of the Parthians, Arsaces II, is attacked by the Seleucid king Antiochus III, who takes Hecatompylos (southeast of the Caspian Sea), the Arsacid capital and Syrinx in Hyrcania. Antiochus III defeats Arsaces II at the Battle of Mount Labus and then forces Arsaces II to enter into an alliance with the Seleucids.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300115697#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "209 BC", "revid": 1300115697, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -205, "year_label": "206 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arsaces II, king of the Parthians, loses territory in battles with Euthydemus I, ruler of Bactria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361853494#Persia", "title": "206 BC", "revid": 1361853494, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": -204, "year_label": "205 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Antiochus III returns from his eastern campaigns, after having defeated the Bactrians and subjugated the Parthians and thus being able to partly restore Seleucid power in these provinces by crushing the revolting governors of Media, Persia and Anatolia. Having established a system of vassal states in the East, Antiochus now adopts the ancient Achaemenid title of \"great king\", and the Greeks, comparing him to Alexander the Great, surname him \"the Great\", that is to say Antiochus III Megas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361853505#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "205 BC", "revid": 1361853505, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -194, "year_label": "195 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Mithridates I (or Mithradates), \"Great King\" of Parthia from about 171 BC who turned Parthia into a major political power and expanded the empire westward into Mesopotamia (d. 138 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300115647#Births", "title": "195 BC", "revid": 1300115647, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -190, "year_label": "191 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arsaces II, king of Parthia is succeeded by his cousin Phriapatius.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356019531#Parthia", "title": "191 BC", "revid": 1356019531, "section": "Events › By place › Parthia"}}, {"year": -190, "year_label": "191 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Arsaces II, King of Parthia, who had reigned from about 211 BC", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356019531#Deaths", "title": "191 BC", "revid": 1356019531, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -175, "year_label": "176 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "King Phriapatius of Parthia dies and is succeeded by his son Phraates I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370483923#Parthia", "title": "176 BC", "revid": 1370483923, "section": "Events › By place › Parthia"}}, {"year": -174, "year_label": "175 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Timarchus is appointed governor of Media in western Persia by Antiochus IV to deal with the growing threat from the Parthians. At the same time, Timarchus' brother, Heracleides, becomes minister of the royal finances.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361124288#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "175 BC", "revid": 1361124288, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -170, "year_label": "171 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Mithradates I succeeds his brother Phraates I as king of Parthia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698432#Parthia", "title": "171 BC", "revid": 1352698432, "section": "Events › By place › Parthia"}}, {"year": -170, "year_label": "171 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Phraates I, King of Parthia, who has ruled the country since 176 BC", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698432#Deaths", "title": "171 BC", "revid": 1352698432, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -166, "year_label": "167 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Parthians capture the key central Asian city of Herat. This victory effectively chokes off the movement of trade along the Silk Road to China and means that the Hellenic kingdom of Bactria is doomed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340086150#Parthia", "title": "167 BC", "revid": 1340086150, "section": "Events › By place › Parthia"}}, {"year": -165, "year_label": "166 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Seleucid king Antiochus IV mounts a campaign against the Parthians who are threatening his empire in the east. He leaves his chancellor, Lysias, with responsibility for the government of southern Syria and the guardianship of his son.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1209983742#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "166 BC", "revid": 1209983742, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -160, "year_label": "161 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The rebel Seleucid general and ruler of Media, Timarchus, who has distinguished himself by defending Media against the emergent Parthians, treats Demetrius I's violent accession to the Seleucid throne as the excuse to declare himself an independent king and extend his realm from Media into Babylonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1311856799#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "161 BC", "revid": 1311856799, "section": "Events › by side › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -159, "year_label": "160 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "The Parthian King, Mithradates I, seizes Media from the Seleucids following the death of Timarchus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1266100355#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "160 BC", "revid": 1266100355, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -158, "year_label": "159 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "While Eucratides I is in north west India to claim possession of the previous Bactrian King Demetrius I's territory there, the Parthians, under Mithradates I, annex two Bactrian provinces. Returning from India to reconquer them, Eucratides is murdered by his son.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1282394740#Bactria", "title": "159 BC", "revid": 1282394740, "section": "Events › Greece › Bactria"}}, {"year": -156, "year_label": "157 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Sanatruces (also known as Sinatruces or Sanatruk), King of Parthia who will rule the Parthian Empire from around 77 BC (approximate date) (d. c. 70 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1311551494#Births", "title": "157 BC", "revid": 1311551494, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -140, "year_label": "141 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Demetrius II of Syria made prisoner of Mithridates, king of the Parthians. Antiochus VII Sidetes becomes king of the Seleucid Empire in his absence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326020399#Syria_and_Judea", "title": "141 BC", "revid": 1326020399, "section": "Events › By place › Syria and Judea"}}, {"year": -137, "year_label": "138 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Phraates II becomes emperor of Parthia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361991985#Parthia", "title": "138 BC", "revid": 1361991985, "section": "Events › By place › Parthia"}}, {"year": -137, "year_label": "138 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Mithridates I, king of Parthia (b. c. 195 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361991985#Deaths", "title": "138 BC", "revid": 1361991985, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -128, "year_label": "129 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Ecbatana: the Seleucid King Antiochus VII Sidetes is defeated and killed by the Parthians under Phraates II, ending Seleucid control over Media or Mesopotamia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561461#Syria", "title": "129 BC", "revid": 1369561461, "section": "Events › By place › Syria"}}, {"year": -127, "year_label": "128 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Artabanus I becomes king of Parthia (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1318575176#Parthia", "title": "128 BC", "revid": 1318575176, "section": "Events › By place › Parthia"}}, {"year": -127, "year_label": "128 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Phraates II, king of Parthia (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1318575176#Deaths", "title": "128 BC", "revid": 1318575176, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -123, "year_label": "124 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Mithridates II succeeds Artabanus I as King of Parthia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1302859733#Parthia", "title": "124 BC", "revid": 1302859733, "section": "Events › By place › Parthia"}}, {"year": -114, "year_label": "115 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Parthia makes a trade treaty with China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1328732522#Middle_East", "title": "115 BC", "revid": 1328732522, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": -99, "year_label": "100 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Tigranes II of Armenia is placed on the Armenian throne by the Parthians in exchange for the cession of \"seventy valley\" (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355643460#Asia_Minor", "title": "100 BC", "revid": 1355643460, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -91, "year_label": "92 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "In the first diplomatic contact between Rome and Parthia, Sulla meets with a Parthian envoy, resulting in the parties recognizing the Euphrates as a common frontier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1328379180#Roman_Republic", "title": "92 BC", "revid": 1328379180, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -69, "year_label": "70 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Phraates III becomes the king of Parthia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1329933586#Parthia", "title": "70 BC", "revid": 1329933586, "section": "Events › By place › Parthia"}}, {"year": -69, "year_label": "70 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Sanatruces (or Sanatruk), king of Parthia", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1329933586#Deaths", "title": "70 BC", "revid": 1329933586, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -54, "year_label": "55 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Mithridates IV, claimant to the throne of Parthia, supported by Aulus Gabinius, Roman governor of Syria, is defeated by Surena, general under Orodes, in the Battle of Seleucia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364737843#Parthia", "title": "55 BC", "revid": 1364737843, "section": "Events › By place › Parthia"}}, {"year": -53, "year_label": "54 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Mithridates III, king of Parthia (executed by Orodes II)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1327053231#Deaths", "title": "54 BC", "revid": 1327053231, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -33, "year_label": "34 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian pacifies Dalmatia and Pannonia forming the province of Illyricum, while Antony regains Armenia from Parthia. Octavian reduces the outposts defending the Liburnian town of Promona, sets up siege works and forces its surrender.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350111909#Roman_Republic", "title": "34 BC", "revid": 1350111909, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -25, "year_label": "26 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Tiridates II invades Parthia and issues coins dated from March and May, 26 BC.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369286058#Roman_Empire", "title": "26 BC", "revid": 1369286058, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": -19, "year_label": "20 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 12", "text": "May 12 – Emperor Augustus Caesar negotiates a peace with Parthia, making Armenia a buffer zone between the two major powers. The captured eagles of Marcus Licinius Crassus and Mark Antony are returned.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341406329#Roman_Empire", "title": "20 BC", "revid": 1341406329, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 1, "year_label": "1 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "AD 1 – Gaius Caesar meets with Phraates V, the king of Parthia, on the Euphrates. Rather than invading the Parthians, Gaius Caesar concludes peace with them; Parthia recognizes Roman claims to Armenia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365712040#Roman_Empire", "title": "0s", "revid": 1365712040, "section": "Events › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 7, "year_label": "7 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "AD 7 – Vonones I becomes ruler of the Parthian Empire (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365712040#Persia", "title": "0s", "revid": 1365712040, "section": "Events › Persia"}}, {"year": 8, "year_label": "8 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "AD 8 – Vonones I becomes king (shah) of the Parthian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365712040#Persia", "title": "0s", "revid": 1365712040, "section": "Events › Persia"}}, {"year": 11, "year_label": "11 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Artabanus II becomes ruler of Parthia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371078816#Persia", "title": "10s", "revid": 1371078816, "section": "Events › 11 AD › Persia"}}, {"year": 17, "year_label": "17 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Tiberius sends Germanicus to the east, in order to lead a military campaign against Parthia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371078816#Roman_Empire", "title": "10s", "revid": 1371078816, "section": "Events › 17 AD › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 19, "year_label": "19 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Vonones I, king of the Parthian Empire", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371078816#19_AD", "title": "10s", "revid": 1371078816, "section": "Deaths › 19 AD"}}, {"year": 35, "year_label": "35 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Tiridates III becomes king of Parthia (until AD 36).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369986487#Persia", "title": "30s", "revid": 1369986487, "section": "Events › 35 AD › Persia"}}, {"year": 36, "year_label": "36 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Lucius Vitellius defeats Artabanus III of Parthia in support of another claimant to the throne, Tiridates III.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369986487#Roman_Empire", "title": "30s", "revid": 1369986487, "section": "Events › 36 AD › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 40, "year_label": "40 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Vardanes I becomes king of Parthia, opposed by his brother Gotarzes II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373289291#AD_40", "title": "40s", "revid": 1373289291, "section": "Timeline › AD 40"}}, {"year": 54, "year_label": "54 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Corbulo recruits Syrian auxiliary units in the region and stations them in border forts, with orders from Nero not to provoke the Parthians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373339620#Syrian", "title": "50s", "revid": 1373339620, "section": "Events › 54 AD › Syrian"}}, {"year": 56, "year_label": "56 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "War between Rome and Parthia breaks out due to the invasion of Armenia by King Vologases I, who has replaced the Roman-supported ruler with his brother Tiridates I of Armenia. (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373339620#Roman_Empire", "title": "50s", "revid": 1373339620, "section": "Events › 56 AD › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 58, "year_label": "58 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Roman-Parthian War: Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo, commander in the East, launches his Armenian offensive against Parthia. He leads a Roman army (four legions) through the mountainous country of Armenia, against the fortress at Volandum, to the southwest of Artaxata. After a siege of eight hours Corbulo takes the city; the legionnaires massacre the defenders and plunder Volandum to their hearts' content.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373339620#Caucasus", "title": "50s", "revid": 1373339620, "section": "Events › 58 AD › Caucasus"}}, {"year": 63, "year_label": "63 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo is restored to command after the Roman debacle at the Battle of Rhandeia. He invades Armenia and defeats Tiridates I, who accepts Roman sovereignty. Parthia withdraws from the war.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330182489#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 63", "revid": 1330182489, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 78, "year_label": "78 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Vologases I, king of the Parthian Empire", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330207965#Deaths", "title": "AD 78", "revid": 1330207965, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 80, "year_label": "80 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Vologases II, king of the Parthian Empire", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371506339#Deaths", "title": "AD 80", "revid": 1371506339, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 113, "year_label": "113 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Trajan sails from Rome to begin his expedition against Parthia. He arrives in Athens where Parthian envoys greet him with olive branches, a sign of peace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371189035#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 113", "revid": 1371189035, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 114, "year_label": "114 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Trajan defeats the Parthians and overruns Armenia and northern Mesopotamia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330326111#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 114", "revid": 1330326111, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 115, "year_label": "115 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Trajan captures the Parthian capital of Ctesiphon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371191693#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 115", "revid": 1371191693, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 123, "year_label": "123 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Hadrian averts a war with Parthia by a personal meeting with Osroes I (according to the Historia Augusta, disputed).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339094983#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 123", "revid": 1339094983, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 140, "year_label": "140 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Mithridates V, king of the Parthian Empire", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371187415#Deaths", "title": "AD 140", "revid": 1371187415, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 162, "year_label": "162 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Lucius Verus begins a war with the Parthians, due to the invasion of Syria and Armenia by King Vologases IV of Parthia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371301532#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 162", "revid": 1371301532, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 164, "year_label": "164 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Avidius Cassius, one of Lucius Verus' generals, crosses the Euphrates and invades Parthia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371301890#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 164", "revid": 1371301890, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 165, "year_label": "165 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "A Roman military expedition under Avidius Cassius is successful against Parthia, capturing Artaxata, Seleucia on the Tigris, and Ctesiphon. The Parthians sue for peace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371302074#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 165", "revid": 1371302074, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 165, "year_label": "165 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Antonine Plague: A pandemic breaks out in Rome, after the Roman army returns from Parthia. The plague significantly depopulates the Roman Empire and China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371302074#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 165", "revid": 1371302074, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 166, "year_label": "166 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "End of the war with Parthia: The Parthians leave Armenia and eastern Mesopotamia, which both become Roman protectorates.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371302266#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 166", "revid": 1371302266, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 197, "year_label": "197 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Legio I, II, and III Parthica are levied by Septimius Severus for his Parthian campaign.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371314350#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 197", "revid": 1371314350, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 208, "year_label": "208 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Vologases VI succeeds his father Vologases V to the throne. His brother Artabanus V begins a rebellion against him in the Parthian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371187746#Parthia", "title": "208", "revid": 1371187746, "section": "Events › By place › Parthia"}}, {"year": 216, "year_label": "216 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Caracalla tricks the Parthians by accepting a marriage proposal. He slaughters his bride and the wedding guests after the celebrations.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188509#Roman_Empire", "title": "216", "revid": 1371188509, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 217, "year_label": "217 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Artabanus V signs a peace treaty with Rome after he receives 200 million sesterces, for the rebuilding of towns destroyed during the war in Parthia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371227173#Roman_Empire", "title": "217", "revid": 1371227173, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 220, "year_label": "220 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Ardashir I, founder of the Sassanid dynasty, gains support from some Parthian sub-kings and revolts against the rule of Vologases VI. Ardashir, a grandson of Sasan, had ruled Persis since 208 and six years earlier gained control of the region surrounding Persepolis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371227417#Parthian_Empire", "title": "220", "revid": 1371227417, "section": "Events › By place › Parthian Empire"}}, {"year": 228, "year_label": "228 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Ardashir I, four years after establishing the Sassanid Persian Empire, completes his conquest of Parthia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371304597#Persian_Empire", "title": "228", "revid": 1371304597, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": 379, "year_label": "379 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "King Shapur II, ruler of the Persian Empire, age 70, dies after a 69-year reign in which he conquered Armenia and transferred multitudes of people from the western lands to Susiana (Khuzistan). The great town Nishapur in Khorasan (eastern Parthia) is also founded by him. His brother Ardashir II, governor-king of Adiabene, is placed by the nobles on the throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367645183#Persia", "title": "379", "revid": 1367645183, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}]}