{"slug": "parthian-empire", "label": "Parthian Empire", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_Empire", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1986139", "qid": "Q1986139", "description": "second ancient Iranian Empire (247 BC–224 AD)", "entries": 42, "years": 38, "span": [-164, 226], "span_label": ["165 BCE", "226 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Deaths", "count": 20}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 14}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 4}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 2}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "jerusalem", "label": "Jerusalem", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "armenia", "label": "Armenia", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "rome", "label": "Rome", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "judea", "label": "Judea", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "herod-the-great", "label": "Herod the Great", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "syria", "label": "Syria", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "ctesiphon", "label": "Ctesiphon", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "medes", "label": "Medes", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "augustus", "label": "Augustus", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "asia-minor", "label": "Asia Minor", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "roman-legion", "label": "Roman legion", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "taurus-mountains", "label": "Taurus Mountains", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -164, "year_label": "165 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Phraates I, king of Parthia (Arsacid dynasty)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1209983876#Deaths", "title": "165 BC", "revid": 1209983876, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -128, "year_label": "129 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Han diplomat Zhang Qian escapes Xiongnu custody and resumes his mission of forming an anti-Xiongnu alliance with the Yuezhi. He reaches the State of Dayuan in the Ferghana Valley, whose trade with the Han had been prevented by the Xiongnu and who supply Zhang with guides. Zhang then travels to the states of Kangju, Greater Yuezhi and Daxia (Bactria). He also learns of the Parthian Empire, Daqin, the Caspian Sea and the source of the Yellow River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561461#China", "title": "129 BC", "revid": 1369561461, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -126, "year_label": "127 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Scythians defeat the Parthians in a battle around Media.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326020642#Parthia", "title": "127 BC", "revid": 1326020642, "section": "Events › By place › Parthia"}}, {"year": -125, "year_label": "126 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Phraates II, king of the Parthian Empire", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1213344030#Deaths", "title": "126 BC", "revid": 1213344030, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -86, "year_label": "87 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Gotarzes I, ruler (shah) of the Parthian Empire", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1324423424#Deaths", "title": "87 BC", "revid": 1324423424, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -68, "year_label": "69 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Parthians and Romans re-establish Euphrates as a frontier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1225088492#Roman_Republic", "title": "69 BC", "revid": 1225088492, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -53, "year_label": "54 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Crassus arrives in Syria as proconsul and invades the Parthian Empire, initiating the Roman–Persian Wars, which were to last nearly seven centuries.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1327053231#Roman_Republic", "title": "54 BC", "revid": 1327053231, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -52, "year_label": "53 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Parthian Empire achieved a decisive victory against Rome at the Battle of Carrhae, where General Surena defeated and killed Roman triumvir Marcus Licinius Crassus. According to some historical interpretations, the Mahestan (Parthian noble council) supported preparations for the defense of the empire and advised the king during the military mobilization.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325862163#Parthian_Empire", "title": "53 BC", "revid": 1325862163, "section": "Events › By place › Parthian Empire"}}, {"year": -39, "year_label": "40 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Parthians conquer Jerusalem. Hyrcanus II is removed from power, while Antigonus the Hasmonean becomes king of Judea under Parthian rule. Herod the Great flees Jerusalem to Rome. There he is titled king of Judea by Mark Antony.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267076849#Parthia", "title": "40 BC", "revid": 1267076849, "section": "Events › Asia minor › Parthia"}}, {"year": -38, "year_label": "39 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Marcus Antonius dispatches Publius Ventidius Bassus with 11 legions to the East and drives Quintus Labienus out of Asia Minor. Labienus retreats into Syria, where he receives Parthian reinforcements. Ventidius finally defeats him in the battle at the Taurus Mountains.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326022052#Roman_Republic", "title": "39 BC", "revid": 1326022052, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -37, "year_label": "38 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Pacorus I, crown prince of Parthia (b. c. 63 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1327611270#Deaths", "title": "38 BC", "revid": 1327611270, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -36, "year_label": "37 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Romans conquer Jerusalem from the Parthians. Herod the Great becomes king of Judea and Ananelus is installed as High Priest; both positions are seized from Antigonus II Mattathias after a five-month siege. Thousands of Jews are slaughtered by Roman troops supporting Herod.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325862706#Roman_Republic", "title": "37 BC", "revid": 1325862706, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -36, "year_label": "37 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Orodes II, king of the Parthian Empire (b. 95 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325862706#Deaths", "title": "37 BC", "revid": 1325862706, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -35, "year_label": "36 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Mark Antony launches a major offensive against the Parthians, in which he marches with 10 legions and 10,000 cavalry to Carana in Anatolia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372976843#Roman_Republic", "title": "36 BC", "revid": 1372976843, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -34, "year_label": "35 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Phraates IV ascended the Parthian throne after eliminating his father Orodes II and several royal rivals. The Mahestan (the noble council of the Parthian Empire) initially opposed his rise due to concerns about his violent methods. However, Phraates IV consolidated power by executing or exiling many council members, significantly weakening the influence of the Mahestan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325862738#Parthian_Empire", "title": "35 BC", "revid": 1325862738, "section": "Events › By place › Parthian Empire"}}, {"year": -21, "year_label": "22 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Artaxias II returns, with the support of the Parthians, to Armenia and claims the throne. Artavasdes I escapes to Rome, where Caesar Augustus receives him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369251712#Roman_Empire", "title": "22 BC", "revid": 1369251712, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": -1, "year_label": "2 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Phraates V and his mother Musa become rulers of the Parthian Empire following the murder of Phraates IV.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371257874#Parthia", "title": "0s BC", "revid": 1371257874, "section": "Events › 2 BC › Parthia"}}, {"year": -1, "year_label": "2 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Phraates IV, king of the Parthian Empire", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371257874#2_BC", "title": "0s BC", "revid": 1371257874, "section": "Deaths › 2 BC"}}, {"year": 6, "year_label": "6 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "AD 6 – Orodes III, king (shah) of the Parthian Empire", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365712040#Deaths", "title": "0s", "revid": 1365712040, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 45, "year_label": "45 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Vardanes I, king of the Parthian Empire (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373289291#AD_45", "title": "40s", "revid": 1373289291, "section": "Deaths › AD 45"}}, {"year": 47, "year_label": "47 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Vardanes I, king of the Parthian Empire", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373289291#AD_47", "title": "40s", "revid": 1373289291, "section": "Deaths › AD 47"}}, {"year": 51, "year_label": "51 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Gotarzes II, king of the Parthian Empire", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373339620#51_AD", "title": "50s", "revid": 1373339620, "section": "Deaths › 51 AD"}}, {"year": 60, "year_label": "60 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Abdagases I, king of the Parthian Empire (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372200754#Deaths", "title": "AD 60", "revid": 1372200754, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 78, "year_label": "78 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Pacorus II becomes king of the Parthian Empire (r. 78–115).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330207965#Asia", "title": "AD 78", "revid": 1330207965, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 81, "year_label": "81 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Artabanus III, king of the Parthian Empire", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330323602#Deaths", "title": "AD 81", "revid": 1330323602, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 105, "year_label": "105 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Pacorus II, king of the Parthian Empire", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188807#Deaths", "title": "AD 105", "revid": 1371188807, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 109, "year_label": "109 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Osroes I of Parthia succeeds his brother Pacorus II, and rules over the western Parthian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330325652#Parthian_Empire", "title": "AD 109", "revid": 1330325652, "section": "Events › By place › Parthian Empire"}}, {"year": 110, "year_label": "110 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Pacorus II, ruler (King of Kings ) of the Parthian Empire", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371191593#Deaths", "title": "AD 110", "revid": 1371191593, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 116, "year_label": "116 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Trajan completes his invasion of Parthia by capturing the cities of Seleucia, Babylon, Ctesiphon and Susa, marking the high-water mark of the Roman Empire's eastern expansion.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330326275#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 116", "revid": 1330326275, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 117, "year_label": "117 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Hadrian returns large parts of Mesopotamia to the Parthians as part of a peace settlement. He inaugurates a policy of retrenchment and cultural integration, giving up the policy of conquest of his predecessor in order to consolidate the empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371187799#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 117", "revid": 1371187799, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 129, "year_label": "129 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "King Osroes I of the Parthian Empire", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371186871#Deaths", "title": "AD 129", "revid": 1371186871, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 140, "year_label": "140 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "King Mithridates V dies; Vologases IV claims the throne and extends his rule throughout the Parthian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371187415#Parthian_Empire", "title": "AD 140", "revid": 1371187415, "section": "Events › By place › Parthian Empire"}}, {"year": 147, "year_label": "147 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Vologases IV, son of Mithridates V of Parthia, unites the Parthian Empire under his rule.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371187657#Parthian_Empire", "title": "AD 147", "revid": 1371187657, "section": "Events › By place › Parthian Empire"}}, {"year": 147, "year_label": "147 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Vologases III, king of the Parthian Empire", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371187657#Deaths", "title": "AD 147", "revid": 1371187657, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 161, "year_label": "161 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – The Parthians invade Armenia, and install their own candidate on the throne. A legion (perhaps Legio IX Hispana) is destroyed at Elegeia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371301434#Parthian_Empire", "title": "AD 161", "revid": 1371301434, "section": "Events › By place › Parthian Empire"}}, {"year": 190, "year_label": "190 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Osroes II, controlling Media, claims the throne of the Parthian Empire. King Vologases IV of Parthia puts down the rebellion and restores order.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371309564#Parthia", "title": "AD 190", "revid": 1371309564, "section": "Events › By place › Parthia"}}, {"year": 191, "year_label": "191 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Vologases IV, king of the Parthian Empire", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371309753#Deaths", "title": "AD 191", "revid": 1371309753, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 208, "year_label": "208 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Vologases V, king of the Parthian Empire", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371187746#Deaths", "title": "208", "revid": 1371187746, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 218, "year_label": "218 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Diadumenianus, son of Macrinus, escapes to the Parthian court, but is captured at Zeugma and also put to death.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188214#Roman_Empire", "title": "218", "revid": 1371188214, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 224, "year_label": "224 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 28", "text": "April 28 – Battle of Hormozdgan: King Ardashir I defeats Artabanus V, destroying the Parthian Empire, and establishing the Sassanid Dynasty. Artabanus V's brother Vologases VI will continue to rule, with Armenian and Kushan support, over outlying parts of Parthia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367882775#Parthia", "title": "224", "revid": 1367882775, "section": "Events › Roman Empire › Parthia"}}, {"year": 224, "year_label": "224 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 28", "text": "April 28 – Artabanus IV, king of Parthia", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367882775#Deaths", "title": "224", "revid": 1367882775, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 226, "year_label": "226 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Ctesiphon, until now capital of the Parthian Empire, falls into the hands of the Sasanian Empire, who also make it their capital, after putting an end to the Parthian Dynasty in Iran.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371186982#Parthian_Empire", "title": "226", "revid": 1371186982, "section": "Events › By place › Parthian Empire"}}]}