{"slug": "pechenegs", "label": "Pechenegs", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechenegs", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181752", "qid": "Q181752", "description": "extinct Turkic people", "entries": 16, "years": 16, "span": [889, 1122], "span_label": ["889 CE", "1122 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 15}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "balkans", "label": "Balkans", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "thrace-theme", "label": "Thrace (theme)", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "hungarians", "label": "Hungarians", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "danube", "label": "Danube", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "sviatoslav-i", "label": "Sviatoslav I", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "principality-of-hungary", "label": "Principality of Hungary", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "first-bulgarian-empire", "label": "First Bulgarian Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "anatolia", "label": "Anatolia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "bulgaria", "label": "Bulgaria", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "seljuq-dynasty", "label": "Seljuq dynasty", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 889, "year_label": "889 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Magyars, an Ugric tribe from the steppe of Central Asia, move west under the leadership of Árpád. They are pushed by their rivals, the Pechenegs, into the Balkan Peninsula, and become entangled in a war between Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire. The Magyars head north and settle in Great Moravia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129924#Europe", "title": "889", "revid": 1341129924, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 893, "year_label": "893 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Vladimir, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, is dethroned by his father Boris I, with help from loyal boyars. He is blinded, and succeeded by his brother Simeon I, as prince of Bulgaria; the capital is moved from Pliska to Preslav. Simeon makes an alliance with the Pechenegs (or Patzinaks), a semi-nomad Turkic tribe from the Central Asian steppes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364917563#Europe", "title": "893", "revid": 1364917563, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 934, "year_label": "934 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring and Summer – The Hungarians make an alliance with the Pechenegs, and fight their way through Thrace to Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512094#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "934", "revid": 1341512094, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 968, "year_label": "968 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Nikephoros II receives a Bulgarian embassy led by Prince Boris (the son of Tsar Peter I of Bulgaria), with a plea for help against the invading Kievan Rus'. Nikephoros, occupied in the East, is unable to support him. Instead he sends envoys to summon the Pechenegs to aid Boris. They besiege Kiev, but Grand Prince Sviatoslav I (on campaign in Bulgaria) returns with a Kievan relief force, and defeats the Pechenegs. He drives them out into the Steppe, and sets up viceroys to rule his Rus' territory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364919231#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "968", "revid": 1364919231, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 969, "year_label": "969 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Grand Prince Sviatoslav I invades Bulgaria at the head of a Kievan army, which includes Pecheneg and Hungarian auxiliary forces. He defeats the Bulgarians in a major battle and retakes Pereyaslavets. Boris II capitulates and impales 300 Bulgarian boyars for disloyalty. Sviatoslav assigns garrisons to the conquered fortresses in Northern Bulgaria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365590679#Europe", "title": "969", "revid": 1365590679, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 970, "year_label": "970 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor John I delegates the war in the Balkans to his brother-in-law, the Domestic of the Schools Bardas Skleros, and to the eunuch general Peter Phokas, who begin to gather a Byzantine army in Thrace. At the news of this, a powerful Kievan expeditionary force (30,000 men), along with many Bulgarians and a Pecheneg contingent, is sent south over the Balkan Mountains. After sacking the Bulgarian stronghold of Philippolis (modern-day Plovdiv), they bypass the heavily defended city of Adrianople, and turn towards Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365261460#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "970", "revid": 1365261460, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 972, "year_label": "972 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Grand Prince Sviatoslav I is ambushed by the Pechenegs (possibly in the service of the Byzantines) and killed during his attempt to cross the Dnieper rapids (modern Ukraine). His skull is made into a drinking cup. Sviatoslav is succeeded by his eldest son Yaropolk I as ruler of Kiev, which leads to a civil war with his brother Oleg.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272305#Europe", "title": "972", "revid": 1365272305, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1018, "year_label": "1018 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 14", "text": "August 14 – Bolesław I accepts the surrender of Kiev by the Pechenegs. He reinstates Sviatopolk I as Grand Prince of Kiev.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367470608#Europe", "title": "1018", "revid": 1367470608, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1047, "year_label": "1047 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Winter – Constantine IX allows the Pecheneg tribes to cross the Danube and settle permanently in Byzantine territory. He buys their alliance with presents, using them to attack his enemies (Bulgars and Magyars) in the rear, and so to prevent any southward advance of the Kievan Rus'.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368550348#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1047", "revid": 1368550348, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1049, "year_label": "1049 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Pecheneg Revolt: Emperor Constantine IX decides to transfer 15,000 Pecheneg warriors from their positions in the Balkans to the eastern front. Upon approaching the Bosporus, the Pechenegs decide to turn back, and march through Bulgaria, until they reach the Byzantine city of Serdia. Later, joined by followers, the Pecheneg tribes raise the banner of revolt in Thrace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129777#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1049", "revid": 1350129777, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1053, "year_label": "1053 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "End of the Pecheneg Revolt: Emperor Constantine IX Monomachos makes peace with the Pechenegs. However, Pecheneg raids do not cease; they not only damage the economy by plundering, but Constantine is also forced to buy protection or peace from them by gifts, land grants, privileges and titles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350130055#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1053", "revid": 1350130055, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1059, "year_label": "1059 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Fall – The Magyars cross the Danube River, together with several Pecheneg tribes, but are halted by Byzantine forces (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1271111243#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1059", "revid": 1271111243, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1091, "year_label": "1091 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Tzachas, a Seljuk Turkish military commander, establishes an independent maritime state centred in the Ionian coastal city of Smyrna (modern-day İzmir). He proclaims himself emperor (basileus), and concludes an alliance with the Pechenegs in Thrace. Tzachas uses his fleet to blockade Constantinople by sea, while the Pechenegs besiege the capital by land.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267069429#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1091", "revid": 1267069429, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1096, "year_label": "1096 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 26", "text": "June 26 – The People's Crusade (some 30,000 men) led by Peter the Hermit crosses the Sava (stealing boats from the local fishermen) but are attacked by Pechenegs and Hungarian forces. The citizens of Belgrade flee and the crusaders pillage and burn the city. Peter travels for seven days, and arrives at Niš.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365266324#First_Crusade", "title": "1096", "revid": 1365266324, "section": "Events › By place › First Crusade"}}, {"year": 1121, "year_label": "1121 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor John II Komnenos recovers southwestern Anatolia (modern Turkey) from the Seljuk Turks and then hastens to the Balkans, where the Pechenegs are continuing their incursions. He transfers Byzantine troops to the Danube frontier at Paristrion.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362154597#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1121", "revid": 1362154597, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1122, "year_label": "1122 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Beroia: Emperor John II Komnenos transfers the Byzantine field army from Asia Minor (where it has been engaged against the Seljuk Turks) to the Balkans. The Pechenegs who have set up their camp (defended by a circular formation of wagons) near Beroia (modern Bulgaria) are defeated. John orders the Varangian Guard (some 480 men), the elite Palace Guard to hack their way through the Pecheneg circle of wagons, causing a general rout in their camp. Pecheneg survivors are taken captive and enlisted into the Byzantine army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373038979#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1122", "revid": 1373038979, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}]}