{"slug": "pergamon", "label": "Pergamon", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergamon", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18986", "qid": "Q18986", "description": "ancient city of Ionia in modern-day Turkey and UNESCO World Heritage Site", "entries": 17, "years": 16, "span": [-237, 1147], "span_label": ["238 BCE", "1147 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 9}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 3}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 1}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "dardanelles", "label": "Dardanelles", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "abydos-hellespont", "label": "Abydos, Hellespont", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "ephesus", "label": "Ephesus", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "thrace", "label": "Thrace", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "arabbyzantine-wars", "label": "Arab–Byzantine wars", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "bulgars", "label": "Bulgars", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "edirne", "label": "Edirne", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "walls-of-constantinople", "label": "Walls of Constantinople", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "turkey", "label": "Turkey", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "bithynia", "label": "Bithynia", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "sultanate-of-rum", "label": "Sultanate of Rum", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -237, "year_label": "238 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A joint Seleucid-Galatian invasion of Pergamon is defeated at the Battle of Aphrodisium", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342094383#Persia", "title": "238 BC", "revid": 1342094383, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": -222, "year_label": "223 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Seleucid king Seleucus III is assassinated by members of his army while on campaign against Attalus of Pergamon in Phrygia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1243366265#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "223 BC", "revid": 1243366265, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -219, "year_label": "220 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Attalus II Philadelphus, king of Pergamon (d. 138 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360598324#Births", "title": "220 BC", "revid": 1360598324, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -163, "year_label": "164 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Construction of the detail of the frieze from the east front of the altar in Pergamon, Athena Attacking the Giants, begins and is finished eight years later. It is now kept at the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Antikensammlung, Pergamonmuseum in Berlin, Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1288884961#Art", "title": "164 BC", "revid": 1288884961, "section": "Events › By topic › Art"}}, {"year": -158, "year_label": "159 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Attalus II Philadelphus succeeds his brother Eumenes II as king of Pergamon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1282394740#Greece", "title": "159 BC", "revid": 1282394740, "section": "Events › Greece"}}, {"year": -137, "year_label": "138 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Attalus III succeeds Attalus II as Attalid king of Pergamon", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361991985#Asia_Minor", "title": "138 BC", "revid": 1361991985, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -137, "year_label": "138 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Attalus II Philadelphus, king of Pergamon (b. 220 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361991985#Deaths", "title": "138 BC", "revid": 1361991985, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -132, "year_label": "133 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Attalus III, king of Pergamon. In his will, he makes the people of Rome his heirs (b. 170 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1225573331#Deaths", "title": "133 BC", "revid": 1225573331, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -130, "year_label": "131 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "During Aristonicus of Pergamon uprising against Rome, the consul Publius Licinius Crassus Mucianius is killed in the fighting.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354421595#Roman_Republic", "title": "131 BC", "revid": 1354421595, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -129, "year_label": "130 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Consul Marcus Perperna defeats Aristonicus in battle, besieges him at Stratonicea, dies at Pergamon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1328907388#Roman_Republic", "title": "130 BC", "revid": 1328907388, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -128, "year_label": "129 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Kingdom of Pergamon becomes the Roman Province of Asia upon the defeat of Aristonicus, pretender to the Attalid throne, by M. Perperna.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561461#The_Roman_Republic", "title": "129 BC", "revid": 1369561461, "section": "Events › By place › The Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -74, "year_label": "75 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Julius Caesar travels to Rhodes to study under Apollonius Molon. On his way across the Aegean Sea, he is kidnapped by Cilician pirates and held prisoner in the Dodecanese islet of Pharmacusa. The young Caesar is held for a ransom of twenty talents, but he insists they ask for fifty. After his release Caesar raises a fleet at Miletus, pursues and crucifies the pirates in Pergamon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371365862#Greece", "title": "75 BC", "revid": 1371365862, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": 262, "year_label": "262 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "An earthquake strikes Ephesus and Pergamon and another strikes Cyrene.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325890529#Roman_Empire", "title": "262", "revid": 1325890529, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 717, "year_label": "717 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: Muslim general Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik leads his army of 80,000 men from Pergamum to Abydos, where he crosses the Hellespont. To prevent interference by the Bulgars, or by any Byzantine forces in Thrace, he sends part of his army to a covering position near Adrianople; with his main body, Maslama builds siege lines to blockade Constantinople, which is protected by the massive Theodosian Walls.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808622#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "717", "revid": 1340808622, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1056, "year_label": "1056 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Theodosius, a nephew of the former Emperor Constantine IX, tries to usurp the Byzantine throne, and liberates all the prisoners who flock to his banner. With their support, he marches through the streets of Constantinople to the Palace. There, the Varangian Guard forms outside to stop him. Theodosius loses heart and heads for Hagia Sophia. Later he is captured, and exiled to Pergamon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365382431#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1056", "revid": 1365382431, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1113, "year_label": "1113 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Siege of Nicaea: Malik Shah, Seljuk ruler of the Sultanate of Rum, sends an expedition through Bithynia to the very walls of Nicaea. Seljuk forces raid Abydos on the Hellespont, with its rich custom-houses. Malik Shah attacks and captures Pergamum. Emperor Alexios I Komnenos sets out to meet the Seljuk invaders. He lifts the siege at Nicaea and wins a complete victory near Cotyaeum (modern Turkey).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267067505#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1113", "revid": 1267067505, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1147, "year_label": "1147 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November", "text": "November – The combined forces of Louis VII and Conrad III meet at Lopardium and march along the coastal road via Pergamon and Smyrna to Ephesus, where they celebrate Christmas. Conrad, still suffering from his wounds, sails back to Constantinople to be placed under the care of Manuel's own physicians. Meanwhile, the Crusader camp is attacked by Turkish raiders near Ephesus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362163362#Second_Crusade", "title": "1147", "revid": 1362163362, "section": "Events › By place › Second Crusade"}}]}