{"slug": "persia", "label": "Persia", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persia", "wikidata": null, "qid": null, "description": null, "entries": 57, "years": 53, "span": [-545, 1929], "span_label": ["546 BCE", "1929 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 29}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 9}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 6}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 3}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 3}, {"title": "Births", "count": 2}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 2}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "timur", "label": "Timur", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "athens", "label": "Athens", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "iran", "label": "Iran", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "safavid-dynasty", "label": "Safavid dynasty", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "nader-shah", "label": "Nader Shah", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "ottoman-empire", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "seleucid", "label": "Seleucid", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "antiochus-iii-the-great", "label": "Antiochus III the Great", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "afghanistan", "label": "Afghanistan", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "ardashir-i", "label": "Ardashir I", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "mongol", "label": "Mongol", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "ilkhanate", "label": "Ilkhanate", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": -545, "year_label": "546 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Cyrus makes Pasargadae the capital of Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352091653#Events", "title": "546 BC", "revid": 1352091653, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -543, "year_label": "544 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "People of Teos migrate to Abdera, Thrace to escape the yoke of Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362065450#Events", "title": "544 BC", "revid": 1362065450, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -517, "year_label": "518 BCE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Construction begins on the Apadana (audience hall) of Darius and Xerxes, ceremonial complex, at Persepolis, Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342658453#Architecture", "title": "518 BC", "revid": 1342658453, "section": "Events › By topic › Architecture"}}, {"year": -497, "year_label": "498 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Athens and Eretria respond to the Ionian plea for help against Persia and send troops. An Athenian and Eretrian fleet transports Athenian troops to Ephesus. There they are joined by a force of Ionians and march upon Sardis, the capital of Artaphernes (the satrap of Lydia and brother to Darius I of Persia). Artaphernes, who has sent most of his troops to besiege Miletus, is taken by surprise. However, Artaphernes is able to retreat to the citadel and hold it. Although the Greeks are unable to take the citadel, they pillage the town and set fires that burn Sardis to the ground.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373138296#Greece", "title": "498 BC", "revid": 1373138296, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -491, "year_label": "492 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The first expedition of King Darius I of Persia against Greece commences under the leadership of his son-in-law and general, Mardonius. Darius sends Mardonius to succeed his satrap (governor) in Ionia, Artaphernes, with a special commission to attack Athens and Eretria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172499#Greece", "title": "492 BC", "revid": 1354172499, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -477, "year_label": "478 BCE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Despite Spartan opposition, Athens works on refortifying and rebuilding after the Persian destruction of the city in 479.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129370#Greece", "title": "478 BC", "revid": 1350129370, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -465, "year_label": "466 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Cimon carries the war against Persia into Asia Minor and wins the Battle of the Eurymedon in Pamphylia. This is a decisive defeat of the Persians as Cimon's land and sea forces capture the Persian camp and destroy or capture the entire Persian fleet of 200 triremes (manned by Phoenicians). Many new allies of Athens are now recruited, such as the trading city of Phaselis on the Lycian-Pamphylian border.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129366#Greece", "title": "466 BC", "revid": 1350129366, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -424, "year_label": "425 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Artaxerxes I, Achaemenid king of Persia, is succeeded by his son Xerxes II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1242238622#Persian_Empire", "title": "425 BC", "revid": 1242238622, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -379, "year_label": "380 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Darius III, king of (Achaemenid) Persia (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372504979#Births", "title": "380 BC", "revid": 1372504979, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -324, "year_label": "325 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "While returning to Persia, Alexander's army runs into the Malli clans (in modern day Multan). The ensuing battle severely weakens his army. Alexander sends much of his remaining army to Carmania (modern southern Iran) with his general Craterus, while he leads the rest of his forces back to Persia by the southern route through the Gedrosian Desert (now part of southern Iran and Makran in southern Pakistan).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372590647#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "325 BC", "revid": 1372590647, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -316, "year_label": "317 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Armenia's Persian satrap, Ardvates, frees his country from Macedonian control.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354173231#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "317 BC", "revid": 1354173231, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -302, "year_label": "303 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Seleucus I Nicator expands his kingdom throughout Persia as far east as India, but his advance is eventually halted by Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of the Maurya dynasty of India. In a pact concluded by the two leaders, Seleucus agrees to territorial concessions in exchange for 500 war-trained elephants.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172932#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "303 BC", "revid": 1354172932, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -204, "year_label": "205 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Antiochus III returns from his eastern campaigns, after having defeated the Bactrians and subjugated the Parthians and thus being able to partly restore Seleucid power in these provinces by crushing the revolting governors of Media, Persia and Anatolia. Having established a system of vassal states in the East, Antiochus now adopts the ancient Achaemenid title of \"great king\", and the Greeks, comparing him to Alexander the Great, surname him \"the Great\", that is to say Antiochus III Megas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361853505#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "205 BC", "revid": 1361853505, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -204, "year_label": "205 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Returning via the Persian provinces of Arachosia, Drangiana, and Carmania, Antiochus III arrives in Persis. He then leads a short expedition down the Persian Gulf and receives tribute of 500 talents of silver from the citizens of Gerrha, a mercantile state on the west coast of the Persian Gulf.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361853505#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "205 BC", "revid": 1361853505, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -186, "year_label": "187 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Seleucid king, Antiochus III, attempts to collect tribute from a temple near Susa, Persia, where he was killed. He is succeeded by his son, Seleucus IV, who inherits an empire consisting of Syria, Mesopotamia, Babylonia, western Iran.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1223702100#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "187 BC", "revid": 1223702100, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": 208, "year_label": "208 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Ardashir I, ruler of Istakhr (Persia), revolts against his brother and founds the Sassanid Dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371187746#Parthia", "title": "208", "revid": 1371187746, "section": "Events › By place › Parthia"}}, {"year": 211, "year_label": "211 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Ardashir I becomes king of part of Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371189735#Parthia", "title": "211", "revid": 1371189735, "section": "Events › By place › Parthia"}}, {"year": 216, "year_label": "216 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Mithraism, which had begun in Persia, is on course to be adopted by many Roman soldiers serving in Asia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188509#Religion", "title": "216", "revid": 1371188509, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 869, "year_label": "869 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Zanj Rebellion: The Zanj (black slaves from East Africa), provoked by mercilessly harsh labor conditions in salt flats, and on the sugar and cotton plantations of southwestern Persia, revolt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369351830#Arabian_Empire", "title": "869", "revid": 1369351830, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 1141, "year_label": "1141 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Nizami Ganjavi, Persian poet (d. 1209) (Possibly 1140 or 1142)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357081133#Births", "title": "1141", "revid": 1357081133, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1194, "year_label": "1194 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 10", "text": "March 10 – Sultan Toghrul III is defeated and killed in battle with Ala ad-Din Tekish, near Rey in Persia – ending the Seljuq dynasty of Hamedan. The Seljuk Empire passes to the Khwarazmian dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292975381#Seljuk_Empire", "title": "1194", "revid": 1292975381, "section": "Events › By place › Seljuk Empire"}}, {"year": 1210, "year_label": "1210 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "1210–1211 – Shazi creates the Pen Box, from Persia (Iran) or Afghanistan (it is now kept at Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1321284058#Art_and_Culture", "title": "1210", "revid": 1321284058, "section": "Events › By topic › Art and Culture"}}, {"year": 1334, "year_label": "1334 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "date unknown – Sheikh Safi-ad-din Ardabili of Persia (b. 1251)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561442#Deaths", "title": "1334", "revid": 1369561442, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1353, "year_label": "1353 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November", "text": "November or December – Togha Temür, claimant to the throne of the Mongol Il-Khanate in Persia (assassinated)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1294629981#Deaths", "title": "1353", "revid": 1294629981, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1356, "year_label": "1356 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Ghazan II replaces Anushirwan as ruler of the Ilkhanate in Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350441440#Date_unknown", "title": "1356", "revid": 1350441440, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1358, "year_label": "1358 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Mubariz al-Din Muhammad, leader of the Arab Muzaffarid tribe, expels the Blue Horde from Ilkhanate territory in Persia. The Muzaffarid then release control of the Il-Khanate, after being marched on by the Mongol Jalayirid tribe, ruled by Shaikh Uvais. Shaikh Uvais becomes the new Il-Khan. The Ilkhanate is effectively now disbanded, and replaced by the Jalayirid dynasty of Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1309312891#Date_unknown", "title": "1358", "revid": 1309312891, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1360, "year_label": "1360 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Shah Shuja regains rule of the Muzaffarid tribe in Persia after the death of his brother, Shah Mahmud.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292555105#Date_unknown", "title": "1360", "revid": 1292555105, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1370, "year_label": "1370 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 9", "text": "April 9 – Timur becomes first Amir of the Timurid Empire, following the Siege of Balkh which establishes his rule over the Chagatai Khanate, completing his conquest of Central Asia and parts of Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370872148#April–June", "title": "1370", "revid": 1370872148, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1381, "year_label": "1381 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Timur conquers east Persia, ending the rule of the Sarbadar dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365430794#Date_not_known", "title": "1381", "revid": 1365430794, "section": "Events › Date not known"}}, {"year": 1382, "year_label": "1382 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Ahmed deposes his brother, Hussain, as ruler of the Jalayirid Dynasty in western Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367364320#Date_unknown", "title": "1382", "revid": 1367364320, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1384, "year_label": "1384 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Timur conquers the northern territories of the Jalayirid Empire, in western Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369176313#Unknown_Date", "title": "1384", "revid": 1369176313, "section": "Events › Unknown Date"}}, {"year": 1384, "year_label": "1384 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Zain Al-Abidin succeeds his father, Shah Shuja, as ruler of the Muzaffarids in central Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369176313#Unknown_Date", "title": "1384", "revid": 1369176313, "section": "Events › Unknown Date"}}, {"year": 1385, "year_label": "1385 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde conquers parts of the Jalayirid Sultanate in western Persia, causing a rift between himself and Timur of the Timurid Empire, who had also wanted to conquer Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362439687#Date_unknown", "title": "1385", "revid": 1362439687, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1387, "year_label": "1387 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Timur conquers the Muzaffarid Empire in central Persia, and appoints three puppet rulers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347891884#Date_unknown", "title": "1387", "revid": 1347891884, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1391, "year_label": "1391 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Shah Mansur becomes leader of the Timurid-occupied Muzaffarid Empire, in central Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365430899#Date_unknown", "title": "1391", "revid": 1365430899, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1396, "year_label": "1396 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "The Kart dynasty is brought to an end in east Persia after its remaining rulers are murdered at a banquet by Miran Shah.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360576293#Date_unknown", "title": "1396", "revid": 1360576293, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1425, "year_label": "1425 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Sharafuddin Ali Yazdi's critical history of Persia, Zafar Nama, is completed under the auspices of Mirza Ibrahim Sultan, grandson of Timur.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360580047#Date_unknown", "title": "1425", "revid": 1360580047, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1562, "year_label": "1562 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 15", "text": "March 15 – English merchant Anthony Jenkinson has an audience with Ivan the Terrible in Moscow, before departing the city on April 27 and continuing his second expedition through the Grand Duchy of Moscow to Qazvin, capital of the Safavid dynasty in Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362000458#January–March", "title": "1562", "revid": 1362000458, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1602, "year_label": "1602 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Safavid Empire of Persia and the Spanish Empire conclude a defensive alliance and declare war on the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351972919#Date_unknown", "title": "1602", "revid": 1351972919, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1604, "year_label": "1604 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 15", "text": "June 15 – Ottoman–Safavid War: General Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha, commander of the eastern Ottoman Army, leads troops on a march from Constantinople to fight the Persia's Safavid Army in Armenia, but arrives too late to save the city of Yerevan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348862771#April–June", "title": "1604", "revid": 1348862771, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1611, "year_label": "1611 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Construction begins on Naqsh-e Jahan Square in Isfahan, Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1277342005#Date_unknown", "title": "1611", "revid": 1277342005, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1616, "year_label": "1616 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Richard Steel and John Crowther complete their journey from Ajmeer in the Mughal Empire to Ispahan in Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366307823#Date_unknown", "title": "1616", "revid": 1366307823, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1722, "year_label": "1722 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 8", "text": "March 8 – Battle of Gulnabad in Persia: The Pashtun people of Afghanistan, led by Mahmud Hotak, decisively defeat forces of the Persian Safavid dynasty, precipitating its fall.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365128046#January–March", "title": "1722", "revid": 1365128046, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1722, "year_label": "1722 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 23", "text": "October 23 – The six-month-long Siege of Isfahan ends, when the Safavid capital Isfahan capitulates to the Afghan rebels. Safavid Sultan Husayn abdicates, and acknowledges Mahmud Hotak as the new Shah of Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365128046#October–December", "title": "1722", "revid": 1365128046, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1729, "year_label": "1729 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 24", "text": "February 24 (February 13 O.S.) – In the city of Resht in Persia, Russian and Afghani leaders sign a peace treaty, with General Vasily Levashev for Russia and Muhammad Saidal Khan for Afghanistan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368871381#January–March", "title": "1729", "revid": 1368871381, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1730, "year_label": "1730 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 12", "text": "August 12 – General Nader Khan of Persia captures Tabriz from the Ottoman Empire, bringing an end to the Western Persia Campaign, the first major action in the Ottoman–Persian War (1730–1735). Tabriz becomes a permanent part of Iran. Nader leaves the city four days later to begin the Herat Campaign of 1731.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560881#July–September", "title": "1730", "revid": 1369560881, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1730, "year_label": "1730 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 9", "text": "March 9 – General Nader Khan of Persia opens the first campaign of the Ottoman–Persian War (1730–1735), guiding the Persian Army from Shiraz and starting the Western Persia Campaign against the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560881#January–March", "title": "1730", "revid": 1369560881, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1733, "year_label": "1733 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 19", "text": "December 19 – Unsuccessful in capturing Baghdad from the Ottoman Empire, Persia's ruler Nader Shah signs the Treaty of Baghdad with the Ottoman Governor, Ahmad Khan Pasha, with the Turks and the Iranians agreeing to restore the boundary between the two empires to the lines before the 1732 Ottoman invasion of Iran.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358761924#October–December", "title": "1733", "revid": 1358761924, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1743, "year_label": "1743 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 23", "text": "October 23 – After almost six weeks, Nader Shah of Persia lifts the siege of Mosul.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360887949#October–December", "title": "1743", "revid": 1360887949, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1765, "year_label": "1765 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 21", "text": "July 21 – Having eliminated all of his rivals for leadership of Persia, Karim Khan Zand returns in triumph to his home in Shiraz and makes it his capital then begins construction of citadels, mosques, schools and other buildings.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373039097#July–December", "title": "1765", "revid": 1373039097, "section": "Events › July–December"}}, {"year": 1821, "year_label": "1821 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "October 8", "text": "October 8 (O.S.)/October 20 (N.S.) – Tsar Alexander I of Russia issues an imperial ukase guaranteeing freedom of commerce in Russia by merchants from Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366198623#October–December", "title": "1821", "revid": 1366198623, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1836, "year_label": "1836 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The first printed literature in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic is produced by Justin Perkins, an American Presbyterian missionary in Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368342504#Date_unknown", "title": "1836", "revid": 1368342504, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1850, "year_label": "1850 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The first portion of the Oudh Bequest is transferred from Oudh State in the British Raj to the Shia Islam holy cities of Najaf and Karbala, in Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365770371#Date_unknown", "title": "1850", "revid": 1365770371, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1856, "year_label": "1856 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 1", "text": "November 1 – Anglo-Persian War: War is declared between Great Britain and Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371140008#October–December", "title": "1856", "revid": 1371140008, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1906, "year_label": "1906 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 12", "text": "January 12 – Persian Constitutional Revolution: A nationalistic coalition of merchants, religious leaders and intellectuals in Persia forces the shah Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar to grant a constitution, and establish a national assembly, the Majlis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373343237#January–February", "title": "1906", "revid": 1373343237, "section": "Events › January–February"}}, {"year": 1909, "year_label": "1909 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 16", "text": "July 16 – A revolution forces Mohammad Ali Shah of the Qajar dynasty to abdicate in favor of his son Ahmad Shah Qajar. He proceeds to leave Persia for the Russian Empire, reportedly seeking the assistance of Nicholas II of Russia in regaining the throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373420847#July–August", "title": "1909", "revid": 1373420847, "section": "Events › July–August"}}, {"year": 1929, "year_label": "1929 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 3", "text": "April 3 – Persia signs the Litvinov Protocol.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372436446#April", "title": "1929", "revid": 1372436446, "section": "Events › April"}}]}