{"slug": "persian-gulf", "label": "Persian Gulf", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34675", "qid": "Q34675", "description": "extension of the Indian Ocean", "entries": 22, "years": 21, "span": [-608, 2019], "span_label": ["609 BCE", "2019 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 12}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 8}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "iran", "label": "Iran", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "tigris", "label": "Tigris", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "iraq", "label": "Iraq", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "basra", "label": "Basra", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "euphrates", "label": "Euphrates", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "ottoman-empire", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "portugal", "label": "Portugal", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "syria", "label": "Syria", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "ancient-rome", "label": "Ancient Rome", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "roman-army", "label": "Roman army", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "united-arab-emirates", "label": "United Arab Emirates", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "united-kingdom", "label": "United Kingdom", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -608, "year_label": "609 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Persian Gulf recedes by a large portion, extending the Tigris and Euphrates rivers by 187 mi (300 km).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370510312#Events", "title": "609 BC", "revid": 1370510312, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -484, "year_label": "485 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Xerxes I is just beginning his reign after the death of his father Darius the Great in 486 BC. During this time the Persian empire extends as far west as Macedonia and Libya and as far east as the Hyphasis (Beas) River; it stretches to the Caucasus Mountains and the Aral Sea in the north and to the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Desert in the south.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360598373#Persian_Empire", "title": "485 BC", "revid": 1360598373, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -325, "year_label": "326 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Following the mutiny of his army at the Hyphasis River, Alexander is persuaded by his army leaders to abandon his plans for invading the Ganges Valley. Alexander appoints Nearchus, a Cretan with naval experience, as admiral and places under his command all in the ranks of his army with any knowledge of seafaring. Nearchus has Indian shipwrights build 800 vessels, some as large as 300 tons, to take the army through Persian Gulf waters to Babylon. Alexander the Great begins the return march down the Indus to the sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1279205798#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "326 BC", "revid": 1279205798, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -324, "year_label": "325 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Alexander the Great orders his admiral, Nearchus, to sail from the Hydaspes River in western India to the Persian Gulf and up the Euphrates River to Babylon while Alexander's army starts marching through Gedrosia (Baluchistan).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372590647#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "325 BC", "revid": 1372590647, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -204, "year_label": "205 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Returning via the Persian provinces of Arachosia, Drangiana, and Carmania, Antiochus III arrives in Persis. He then leads a short expedition down the Persian Gulf and receives tribute of 500 talents of silver from the citizens of Gerrha, a mercantile state on the west coast of the Persian Gulf.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361853505#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "205 BC", "revid": 1361853505, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": 116, "year_label": "116 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Trajan makes Syria a province of Rome and crosses the Tigris to annex Adiabene. He proceeds with his army to the Persian Gulf and conquers territory that becomes the province of Parthia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330326275#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 116", "revid": 1330326275, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 137, "year_label": "137 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Tax laws are passed for trade in Palmyra. The caravan city grows rich by importing rare products from the Persian Gulf, and by exporting items manufactured by the Mediterranean world to the East.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371189792#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 137", "revid": 1371189792, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 165, "year_label": "165 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Romans establish a garrison at Doura Europos on the Euphrates, a control point for the commercial route to the Persian Gulf.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371302074#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 165", "revid": 1371302074, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 227, "year_label": "227 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "King Ardashir I annexes his new empire from the east to the northwest. He conquers, with his army, the provinces of Chorasmia, Sistan and the island Bahrain in the Persian Gulf. The kings of the Kushan Empire and Turan recognize Ardashir as their overlord.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371189138#Persian_Empire", "title": "227", "revid": 1371189138, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": 636, "year_label": "636 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The city of Basra (modern Iraq) is founded on the Shatt al-Arab, at the head of the Persian Gulf. The port will become a major trading center for commodities from Arabia, India, and Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267068315#Arabia", "title": "636", "revid": 1267068315, "section": "Events › By place › Arabia"}}, {"year": 870, "year_label": "870 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Zanj Rebellion: The Zanj (black slaves from East Africa) capture the Abbasid seaport of Al-Ubullah at the Persian Gulf, and cut off communications with Basra (modern Iraq).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129562#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "870", "revid": 1341129562, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 1433, "year_label": "1433 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "January 17", "text": "January 17 – The seventh Ming Chinese overseas expedition fleet, led by Admiral Zheng He, arrives at the island of Hormuz in the Persian Gulf, its furthest westward travel and stays for almost two months before setting off for its return to China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320602#January–March", "title": "1433", "revid": 1351320602, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1507, "year_label": "1507 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "October 10", "text": "October 10 – The Kingdom of Portugal conquers the island of Ormuz in the Persian Gulf.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367240730#October—December", "title": "1507", "revid": 1367240730, "section": "Events › October—December"}}, {"year": 1552, "year_label": "1552 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In the Persian Gulf, the Ottoman Empire Red Sea Fleet attacks the Portuguese stronghold of Hormuz, but fails to capture it.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364394581#Date_unknown", "title": "1552", "revid": 1364394581, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1625, "year_label": "1625 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 11", "text": "February 11 – Dutch–Portuguese War: The Battle of Hormuz, one of the largest naval battles ever fought in the Persian Gulf takes place in the Straits of Hormuz as fleets of the Dutch East India Company and the English East India Company defend Persia against an attack by ships from the colony of Portuguese India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363597525#January–March", "title": "1625", "revid": 1363597525, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1819, "year_label": "1819 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 25", "text": "November 25 – A British expeditionary force reaches Ras Al Khaimah in the Persian Gulf, preparatory to the bombardment and invasion of the town, which led to the signing of the General Maritime Treaty of 1820 between the British and what were to become known as the Trucial States.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355822452#October–December", "title": "1819", "revid": 1355822452, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1971, "year_label": "1971 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 30", "text": "November 30 – Iranian forces occupy the Persian Gulf islands of Abu Musa (joint occupation by agreement with Sharjah) and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs (taken by force from Ras Al Khaimah).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369905382#November", "title": "1971", "revid": 1369905382, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1987, "year_label": "1987 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 19", "text": "October 19 – Operation Earnest Will: US warships destroy two Iranian oil platforms in the Persian Gulf.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372769014#October", "title": "1987", "revid": 1372769014, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1988, "year_label": "1988 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 14", "text": "April 14 – The USS Samuel B. Roberts (FFG-58) strikes a naval mine in the Persian Gulf, while deployed on Operation Earnest Will, during the Tanker War phase of the Iran–Iraq War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373532411#April", "title": "1988", "revid": 1373532411, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1991, "year_label": "1991 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 27", "text": "February 27 – Gulf War: U.S. President Bush declares victory over Iraq and orders a cease-fire. U.S. troops begin to leave the Persian Gulf on March 10.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371487470#February", "title": "1991", "revid": 1371487470, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 2019, "year_label": "2019 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 19", "text": "July 19 – The Iranian Navy of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps captures British tanker Stena Impero and temporarily seizes British-operated and Liberian-flagged tanker Mesdar in the Persian Gulf. The British Foreign Secretary, Jeremy Hunt, warns there will be \"serious consequences\" if Iran does not release the tanker.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373255188#July", "title": "2019", "revid": 1373255188, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 2019, "year_label": "2019 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 12", "text": "May 12 – May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident: Four commercial ships, including two Saudi Aramco oil tankers, are damaged near Fujairah in the Gulf of Oman. The UAE claims it as a \"sabotage attack\", while an early U.S. assessment blames Iran. The incident occurs after increased U.S.-Iran tensions provoked by the deployment of U.S. military to the Persian Gulf in response to an alleged plot by Iran to attack U.S. forces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373255188#May", "title": "2019", "revid": 1373255188, "section": "Events › May"}}]}