{"slug": "peru", "label": "Peru", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419", "qid": "Q419", "description": "sovereign state in South America", "entries": 70, "years": 64, "span": [-2499, 2022], "span_label": ["2500 BCE", "2022 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 21}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 12}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 9}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 7}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 5}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 5}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 4}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 3}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 2}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "lima", "label": "Lima", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "chile", "label": "Chile", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "francisco-pizarro", "label": "Francisco Pizarro", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "spanish-empire", "label": "Spanish Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "simon-bolivar", "label": "Simón Bolívar", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "bolivia", "label": "Bolivia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "new-world", "label": "New World", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "venezuela", "label": "Venezuela", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "colombia", "label": "Colombia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "south-america", "label": "South America", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "argentina", "label": "Argentina", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "mercalli-intensity-scale", "label": "Mercalli intensity scale", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": -2499, "year_label": "2500 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "c. 2500 BC: People in what is now Peru rely on fish and mussels for food.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371895857#Events", "title": "25th century BC", "revid": 1371895857, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -499, "year_label": "500 BCE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "The world population reaches 100,000,000—85,000,000 in the Eastern Hemisphere and 15,000,000 in the Western Hemisphere, primarily Mesoamerica and northern South America (Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363151372#Demographics", "title": "500 BC", "revid": 1363151372, "section": "Events › By topic › Demographics"}}, {"year": -25, "year_label": "26 BCE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "August 29", "text": "August 29 – Christian Cross Asterism (astronomy) at Zenith of Lima, Peru.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369286058#Astronomy", "title": "26 BC", "revid": 1369286058, "section": "Events › By topic › Astronomy"}}, {"year": 100, "year_label": "100 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Moche culture emerges, and starts building a society in present-day Peru.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188492#Americas", "title": "AD 100", "revid": 1371188492, "section": "Events › By place › Americas"}}, {"year": 700, "year_label": "700 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Wariʼ people invade and occupy the Cuzco Valley (modern Peru) in the southern highlands (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806781#South_America", "title": "700", "revid": 1340806781, "section": "Events › By place › South America"}}, {"year": 700, "year_label": "700 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "The Moche culture in the northern part of modern day Peru collapses, largely due to environmental problems and/or political and social unrest (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806781#South_America", "title": "700", "revid": 1340806781, "section": "Events › By place › South America"}}, {"year": 900, "year_label": "900 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "In Peru the Lambayeque people establish themselves over areas previously developed by the Moche (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364042634#Mesoamerica", "title": "900", "revid": 1364042634, "section": "Events › By place › Mesoamerica"}}, {"year": 1100, "year_label": "1100 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The city of Cusco (modern Peru) is founded (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365265768#Americas", "title": "1100", "revid": 1365265768, "section": "Events › By place › Americas"}}, {"year": 1450, "year_label": "1450 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "A religious sacrifice of over a hundred children is performed around this time, outside of the ancient city of Chan Chan (near modern Trujillo), on the north coast of Peru.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358834049#Date_unknown", "title": "1450", "revid": 1358834049, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1519, "year_label": "1519 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "A large pandemic spreads from the Greater Antilles into Central America, and perhaps as far as Peru in South America. This widespread epidemic kills off much of the indigenous populations in these areas (the first widely documented epidemic in the New World).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365433723#Date_unknown", "title": "1519", "revid": 1365433723, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1524, "year_label": "1524 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "September 13", "text": "September 13 – Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro, Hernando de Luque and Diego de Almagro all set off on the first of three expeditions to conquer Peru, taking along 80 men and 40 horses, but the venture is halted in Colombia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368819061#July–September", "title": "1524", "revid": 1368819061, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1532, "year_label": "1532 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April", "text": "April – Battle of Quipaipan in Peru: Atahualpa wins the civil war in the Inca Empire, defeating his brother Huáscar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818925#April–June", "title": "1532", "revid": 1368818925, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1532, "year_label": "1532 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May 13", "text": "May 13 – Francisco Pizarro lands on the northern coast of Peru.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818925#April–June", "title": "1532", "revid": 1368818925, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1533, "year_label": "1533 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "November 15", "text": "November 15 – Francisco Pizarro arrives in Cusco, Peru.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359627731#October–December", "title": "1533", "revid": 1359627731, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1534, "year_label": "1534 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Manco Inca Yupanqui is crowned as Sapa Inca in Cusco, Peru by Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro, in succession to his brother Túpac Huallpa (d. October 1533).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369558671#Date_unknown", "title": "1534", "revid": 1369558671, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1535, "year_label": "1535 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 18", "text": "January 18 – Lima, now the capital of Peru, is founded by Francisco Pizarro, as Ciudad de los Reyes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561145#January–March", "title": "1535", "revid": 1369561145, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1535, "year_label": "1535 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 10", "text": "March 10 – Fray Tomás de Berlanga discovers the Galápagos Islands, when blown off course en route to Peru.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561145#January–March", "title": "1535", "revid": 1369561145, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1537, "year_label": "1537 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Spanish counquistadors in what are now Peru and Colombia become the first Europeans to discover the potato, one of the staple foods for the indigenous residents, while exploring the houses of who have fled from their homes. Pedro Cieza de León, part of the expedition to Colombia, mentions the potato in a book that he publishes 16 years later while Don Juan Castellanos refers to the edible plant as part of a military report on raiding an Inca village in Peru. The potato is introduced to Europe more than 30 years later, in 1570.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362632656#Date_unknown", "title": "1537", "revid": 1362632656, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1538, "year_label": "1538 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 26", "text": "April 26 – Battle of Las Salinas: In Peru, Almagro is defeated by Francisco Pizarro, who then seizes Cusco.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561127#April–June", "title": "1538", "revid": 1369561127, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1540, "year_label": "1540 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – In Peru, Spanish captain Garcí Manuel de Carbajal founds the Villa Hermosa de Arequipa; one year later, Charles V of Germany and I of Spain will give the valley a status of 'city' by royal decree.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366494590#July–September", "title": "1540", "revid": 1366494590, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1573, "year_label": "1573 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The first Spanish galleon, laden with silver for the porcelain and silk trade with the Ming Dynasty of China, lands at Manila in the Philippines. This occasion marks the beginning of the Spanish silver trade to China, that will trump that of the Portuguese, the latter of whom acted as an intermediary between the silver mines of Japan, and the luxury items in China to be purchased with that silver. Most of the silver entering China comes from what is now Mexico, Bolivia, and Peru in the New World.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366656331#Date_unknown", "title": "1573", "revid": 1366656331, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1592, "year_label": "1592 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 30", "text": "July 30 – Alonso de Sotomayor petitions the viceroy of Peru for more troops to help resist attacks by Indians and English pirates.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362477183#July–September", "title": "1592", "revid": 1362477183, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1600, "year_label": "1600 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "February 19", "text": "February 19 – The Huaynaputina volcano in Peru erupts, in what is still the worst recorded volcanic eruption in South America.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360196741#January–March", "title": "1600", "revid": 1360196741, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1623, "year_label": "1623 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "April 29", "text": "April 29 – A fleet of 11 Dutch ships depart for the coast of Peru, seeking to seize Spanish treasure.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366655899#April–June", "title": "1623", "revid": 1366655899, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1639, "year_label": "1639 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 23", "text": "January 23 – Francisco Maldonado da Silva, Peruvian Jewish poet (b. 1592)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360051116#Deaths", "title": "1639", "revid": 1360051116, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1687, "year_label": "1687 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "October 20", "text": "October 20 – An estimated 8.7 magnitude earthquake strikes 50 km off of the coast of Peru and kills at least 5,000 people, primarily from a tsunami that washes away the city of Pisco and causes severe damage to the Spanish colonial cities of Lima, Callao and Ica.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363302904#October–December", "title": "1687", "revid": 1363302904, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1742, "year_label": "1742 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – In Peru, Juan Santos takes the name Atahualpa II, and begins an ill-fated rebellion against Spanish rule. Father Domingo Garcia sends the first report of the rebellion to his superiors on June 2.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360184270#April_–June", "title": "1742", "revid": 1360184270, "section": "Events › April –June"}}, {"year": 1744, "year_label": "1744 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "October 25", "text": "October 25 – Spanish explorers Antonio de Ulloa and Jorge Juan y Santacilla complete their mission of exploration and depart from the Peruvian seaport of Callao for a return to Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370823870#October–December", "title": "1744", "revid": 1370823870, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1786, "year_label": "1786 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "September 25", "text": "September 25 – The mine of Huancavelica in the Peruvian Andes collapses killing more than a hundred people. The event is a major setback for quicksilver production in the Spanish Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370552329#July–September", "title": "1786", "revid": 1370552329, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1817, "year_label": "1817 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 19", "text": "January 19 – An army of 5,423 soldiers, led by General José de San Martín, starts crossing the Andes from Argentina, to liberate Chile and then Peru.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360260504#January–March", "title": "1817", "revid": 1360260504, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1821, "year_label": "1821 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 28", "text": "July 28 – Argentine general José de San Martín declares the independence of Peru from the Spanish Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366198623#July–September", "title": "1821", "revid": 1366198623, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1823, "year_label": "1823 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 10", "text": "September 10 – Simón Bolívar is named dictator of Peru.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361959841#July–September", "title": "1823", "revid": 1361959841, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1824, "year_label": "1824 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 10", "text": "February 10 – Simón Bolívar is proclaimed dictator of Peru.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359333471#January–March", "title": "1824", "revid": 1359333471, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1828, "year_label": "1828 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 18", "text": "March 18 – Simón Bolívar, President of Colombia (and former President of Venezuela, Peru and Bolivia), departs from the capital at Bogotá in order to help his ally, General José Antonio Páez, suppress an uprising near the Venezuelan border, but is sidetracked by another rebellion in Cartagena.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371323922#January–March", "title": "1828", "revid": 1371323922, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1829, "year_label": "1829 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 27", "text": "February 27 – Battle of Tarqui: Troops of Gran Colombia and Peru battle to a draw.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371400114#January–March", "title": "1829", "revid": 1371400114, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1839, "year_label": "1839 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 20", "text": "January 20 – Battle of Yungay: Chile defeats the Peru–Bolivian Confederation, leading to the restoration of an independent Peru.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360384794#January–March", "title": "1839", "revid": 1360384794, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1845, "year_label": "1845 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 20", "text": "April 20 – Ramón Castilla becomes president of Peru.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364939346#April–June", "title": "1845", "revid": 1364939346, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1851, "year_label": "1851 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 20", "text": "April 20 – Ramón Castilla loses power in Peru.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358777790#April–June", "title": "1851", "revid": 1358777790, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1860, "year_label": "1860 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 24", "text": "September 24 – Battle of Guayaquil: Ecuadorian forces, led by Juan José Flores and Gabriel García Moreno, take the port of Guayaquil from Supreme Chief Guillermo Franco, who is backed by Peruvian forces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371066131#September", "title": "1860", "revid": 1371066131, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1862, "year_label": "1862 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 24", "text": "October 24 – Ramón Castilla loses the Presidency of Peru for a second time.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358615004#October", "title": "1862", "revid": 1358615004, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1865, "year_label": "1865 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 26", "text": "November 26 – Chincha Islands War: Battle of Papudo – The Spanish ship Covadonga is captured by the Chileans and the Peruvians, north of Valparaíso, Chile.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361545898#November", "title": "1865", "revid": 1361545898, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1866, "year_label": "1866 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 7", "text": "February 7 – Battle of Abtao: A Spanish naval squadron fights a combined Peruvian-Chilean fleet, at the island of Abtao, in the Chiloé Archipelago of southern Chile.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368829327#February", "title": "1866", "revid": 1368829327, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1866, "year_label": "1866 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 2", "text": "May 2 – Battle of Callao: Peruvian defenders fight the Spanish fleet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368829327#May", "title": "1866", "revid": 1368829327, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1868, "year_label": "1868 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "August 13", "text": "August 13 – The 8.5–9.0 Arica earthquake strikes southern Peru, with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme), causing 25,000+ deaths and a destructive basin-wide tsunami, that affects Hawaii and New Zealand.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363668193#August", "title": "1868", "revid": 1363668193, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1883, "year_label": "1883 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 20", "text": "October 20 – Peru and Chile sign the Treaty of Ancón, by which the Tarapacá province is ceded to Chile, ending Peru's involvement in the War of the Pacific.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366127181#October", "title": "1883", "revid": 1366127181, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1899, "year_label": "1899 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "February 27", "text": "February 27 – Japanese immigration to South America, primarily Peru, begins as the ship Sakura Maru departs from Yokohama with 790 men employed by the Morioka-shokai Sugar Company. The group arrives in Callao on April 3.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371393177#February", "title": "1899", "revid": 1371393177, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1911, "year_label": "1911 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "July 24", "text": "July 24 – Hiram Bingham rediscovers Machu Picchu in Peru.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373497014#July", "title": "1911", "revid": 1373497014, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1916, "year_label": "1916 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 21", "text": "August 21 – WWI: Peru declares neutrality.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373519106#August", "title": "1916", "revid": 1373519106, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1929, "year_label": "1929 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 3", "text": "June 3 – The Treaty of Lima settles a border dispute between Peru and Chile.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372436446#June", "title": "1929", "revid": 1372436446, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1930, "year_label": "1930 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 27", "text": "August 27 – A military junta takes over in Peru.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373315156#August", "title": "1930", "revid": 1373315156, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1931, "year_label": "1931 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 21", "text": "February 21 – Peruvian revolutionaries hijack a Ford Trimotor aeroplane, and demand that the pilot drop propaganda leaflets over Lima.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371310518#February", "title": "1931", "revid": 1371310518, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1939, "year_label": "1939 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "May 14", "text": "May 14 – Lina Medina, a 5-year-old Peruvian girl, gives birth to a baby boy, becoming the youngest confirmed mother in medical history.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372426050#May", "title": "1939", "revid": 1372426050, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1946, "year_label": "1946 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "November 10", "text": "November 10 – At least 1,400 people are killed when the 6.8–7.0 Ancash earthquake affects the Quiches District of Peru with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372058859#November", "title": "1946", "revid": 1372058859, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1958, "year_label": "1958 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "June 20", "text": "June 20 – The iron barque Omega of Callao, Peru (built in Liverpool, 1887), the world's last full-rigged ship trading under sail alone, sinks on passage carrying guano from the Pachacamac Islands for Huacho.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371827125#June", "title": "1958", "revid": 1371827125, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1959, "year_label": "1959 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 12", "text": "October 12 – At the national Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana Congress in Peru, a group of leftist radicals is expelled from the party; they later form APRA Rebelde.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370221732#October", "title": "1959", "revid": 1370221732, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1964, "year_label": "1964 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 24", "text": "May 24–25 – The crowd at a football match in Lima, Peru, riots over a referee's decision in the Peru-Argentina game; 319 are killed, 500 injured.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371069587#May", "title": "1964", "revid": 1371069587, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1968, "year_label": "1968 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 3", "text": "October 3 – In Peru, Juan Velasco Alvarado takes power in a revolution.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371310387#September–October", "title": "1968", "revid": 1371310387, "section": "Events › September–October"}}, {"year": 1970, "year_label": "1970 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "May 31", "text": "May 31 – The 7.9 Ancash earthquake shakes Peru with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe) and a landslide buries the town of Yungay, Peru. Between 66,794 and 70,000 are killed and 50,000 injured.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370420699#May", "title": "1970", "revid": 1370420699, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1971, "year_label": "1971 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "March 18", "text": "March 18 – A landslide in Chungar, Peru crashes into Yanawayin Lake, killing 200.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369905382#March", "title": "1971", "revid": 1369905382, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1985, "year_label": "1985 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 14", "text": "August 14 – The Accomarca massacre takes place in Ayacucho, Peru.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369963057#August", "title": "1985", "revid": 1369963057, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1987, "year_label": "1987 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "December 8", "text": "December 8 – Alianza Lima air disaster: A Peruvian Navy Fokker F27 crashes near Ventanilla, Peru, killing 43.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372769014#December", "title": "1987", "revid": 1372769014, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1992, "year_label": "1992 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – Boutros Boutros-Ghali of Egypt replaces Javier Pérez de Cuéllar of Peru as United Nations Secretary-General.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368521010#January", "title": "1992", "revid": 1368521010, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1992, "year_label": "1992 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "September 12", "text": "September 12 – In Peru, police arrest Abimael Guzmán, the leader of the Shining Path guerilla movement, who has evaded capture for 12 years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368521010#September", "title": "1992", "revid": 1368521010, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1996, "year_label": "1996 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "August 14", "text": "August 14 – A rocket ignited during a fireworks display in Arequipa, Peru knocks down a high-tension power cable into a dense crowd, electrocuting 35 people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371596794#August", "title": "1996", "revid": 1371596794, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1996, "year_label": "1996 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 17", "text": "December 17 – The Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement takes 72 hostages in the Japanese Embassy in Lima, Peru.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371596794#December", "title": "1996", "revid": 1371596794, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1997, "year_label": "1997 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 22", "text": "April 22 – A 126-day hostage crisis at the residence of the Japanese ambassador in Lima, Peru.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367978156#April", "title": "1997", "revid": 1367978156, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 2007, "year_label": "2007 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – An 8.0 earthquake strikes Peru, killing at least 519 people, injuring more than 1,300, and causing tsunami warnings in the Pacific Ocean.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370930640#August", "title": "2007", "revid": 1370930640, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 2019, "year_label": "2019 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "July 26", "text": "July 26–August 11 – The 2019 Pan American Games are held in Lima, Peru.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373255188#July", "title": "2019", "revid": 1373255188, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 2021, "year_label": "2021 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 11", "text": "April 11 – Peru holds a general election, with Pedro Castillo and the left-wing Free Peru party winning.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372689859#April", "title": "2021", "revid": 1372689859, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 2022, "year_label": "2022 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 7", "text": "December 7 – The Congress of Peru removes President Pedro Castillo from office and arrests him after he tries to dissolve Congress in a self-coup attempt. Vice President Dina Boluarte becomes the first female President of Peru.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371998228#December", "title": "2022", "revid": 1371998228, "section": "Events › December"}}]}