{"slug": "philip-ii-of-spain", "label": "Philip II of Spain", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34417", "qid": "Q34417", "description": "King of Spain, Portugal, Naples and Sicily; King consort of England, lived 1527-1598", "entries": 34, "years": 23, "span": [1545, 1598], "span_label": ["1545 CE", "1598 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 10}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 6}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 5}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 5}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 4}, {"title": "Births", "count": 2}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "charles-v-holy-roman-emperor", "label": "Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "spanish-empire", "label": "Spanish Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "madrid", "label": "Madrid", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "spanish-netherlands", "label": "Spanish Netherlands", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "spain", "label": "Spain", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "republic-of-siena", "label": "Republic of Siena", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-france", "label": "Kingdom of France", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "papal-states", "label": "Papal States", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "portuguese-empire", "label": "Portuguese Empire", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "eighty-years-war", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "protestantism", "label": "Protestantism", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1545, "year_label": "1545 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "April 2", "text": "April 2 – Elisabeth of Valois, queen of Philip II of Spain (d. 1568)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366653612#Births", "title": "1545", "revid": 1366653612, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1545, "year_label": "1545 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "July 8", "text": "July 8 – Don Carlos of Spain, son of Philip II of Spain (d. 1568)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366653612#Births", "title": "1545", "revid": 1366653612, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1548, "year_label": "1548 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 1", "text": "October 1 – Archduke Maximilian and Princess Maria, who married 18 days earlier, become the co-regents of Spain as King Charles V departs for Germany to administer the affairs of the Holy Roman Empire. They serve until Prince Philip, the first regent, returns from battle on July 12, 1551.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366656469#October–December", "title": "1548", "revid": 1366656469, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1551, "year_label": "1551 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "July 12", "text": "July 12 – The regency over the Kingdom of Spain by Archduchess Maria and her husband, Archduke Maximilian of Austria, ends after almost three years when Maria's brother Crown Prince Philip returns to Madrid. Philip resumes his role as regent for King Charles I, the father of both Maria and Philip; Maria and Maximilian had served during the absence of both the King and the Crown Prince starting on October 1, 1548.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352783865#July–September", "title": "1551", "revid": 1352783865, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1553, "year_label": "1553 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 16", "text": "November 16 – A delegation from the English Parliament formally asks the new queen, Mary I, to choose an English husband rather than to marry Spain's Prince Philip, and suggests Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon. Queen Mary's choice to marry Philip, in the interests of protecting England from an invasion, will ultimately lead to Wyatt's rebellion.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362480437#October–December", "title": "1553", "revid": 1362480437, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1554, "year_label": "1554 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 25", "text": "July 25– Queen Mary I of England marries King Prince Philip of Naples, the only son of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and heir to the throne of Spain, at Winchester Cathedral just two days after their first meeting.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366649182#July–September", "title": "1554", "revid": 1366649182, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1556, "year_label": "1556 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 16", "text": "January 16 – Charles V abdicates the thrones of the Spanish Empire (including his colonies in the New World) in favor of his son, Philip II, and retires to a monastery.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1320371006#January–March", "title": "1556", "revid": 1320371006, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1557, "year_label": "1557 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 3", "text": "July 3 – The small Stato dei Presidi, a 300 km2 section of Spanish territory on the Tuscan coast of Italy, is created by a treaty between Cosimo I de' Medici (Duke of the Florentine Republic and the future Grand Duke of Tuscany) and King Felipe II of Spain. In return, Cosimo receives the rest of the former Republic of Siena.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365955110#July–September", "title": "1557", "revid": 1365955110, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1557, "year_label": "1557 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 7", "text": "June 7 – Mary I of England joins her husband Philip II of Spain, in his war against France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365955110#April–June", "title": "1557", "revid": 1365955110, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1559, "year_label": "1559 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Margaret of Parma becomes Governor of the Netherlands, in place of her brother, King Philip II of Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366794840#Date_unknown", "title": "1559", "revid": 1366794840, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1559, "year_label": "1559 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 22", "text": "June 22 – King Philip II of Spain and the 14-year-old Elisabeth of Valois are married in Spain, having married by proxy in January.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366794840#April–June", "title": "1559", "revid": 1366794840, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1561, "year_label": "1561 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 8", "text": "May 8 – Madrid is declared the capital of Spain, by Philip II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358043209#April–June", "title": "1561", "revid": 1358043209, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1565, "year_label": "1565 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 4", "text": "June 4 – The Treaty of Cebu is signed between Miguel López de Legazpi, representing Philip II of Spain, and Rajah Tupas of Cebu. This effectively creates Spanish suzerainty over Cebu.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1323811827#April–June", "title": "1565", "revid": 1323811827, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1566, "year_label": "1566 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 31", "text": "July 31 – King Philip II of Spain sends a final letter to the administrators and Catholic bishops of the Spanish Netherlands, rejecting a request to abolish ordinances treating Protestants as heretics. The decision leads to an uprising against Spain by Calvinists and ultimately to the Eighty Years War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365562466#July–September", "title": "1566", "revid": 1365562466, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1566, "year_label": "1566 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 23", "text": "November 23 – By decree of King Philip II of Spain, the content of gold in the Spanish gold escudo, is raised from 350 maravedis (equivalent to 338 centigrams) of gold to 400 (386 cg) and equivalent to 16 silver reales.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365562466#October–December", "title": "1566", "revid": 1365562466, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1568, "year_label": "1568 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 24", "text": "July 24 – Carlos, Prince of Asturias, son of Philip II of Spain (b. 1545)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362476556#Deaths", "title": "1568", "revid": 1362476556, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1568, "year_label": "1568 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 3", "text": "October 3 – Elisabeth of Valois, Queen of Philip II of Spain (b. 1545)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362476556#Deaths", "title": "1568", "revid": 1362476556, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1570, "year_label": "1570 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 3", "text": "October 3 – Princess Anna of Austria arrives in Spain to become the Queen Consort of Spain as the bride of her uncle King Philip of Spain, whom she had married by proxy on May 4. Having traveled through the Netherlands, she asks King Philip to spare the life of the rebel Floris of Montmorency, but the King arranges the strangulation of Floris on October 14.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362475955#October–December", "title": "1570", "revid": 1362475955, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1575, "year_label": "1575 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Abraham Ortelius becomes a geographer to Philip II of Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362481402#Date_unknown", "title": "1575", "revid": 1362481402, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1575, "year_label": "1575 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 22", "text": "October 22 – The city of Villa de la Asunción (today Aguascalientes) is founded in New Spain, by permission from Philip II of Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362481402#October–December", "title": "1575", "revid": 1362481402, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1577, "year_label": "1577 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 9", "text": "January 9 – The second Union of Brussels is formed, first without the Protestant counties of Holland and Zeeland (which is accepted by King Philip II of Spain), later with the Protestants, which means open rebellion of the whole of the Netherlands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361323001#January–March", "title": "1577", "revid": 1361323001, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1579, "year_label": "1579 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 6", "text": "August 6 – In the Spanish-controlled Netherlands, the representatives of the Union of Utrecht declare that they will no longer respect the authority of King Philip of Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362792771#July–September", "title": "1579", "revid": 1362792771, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1579, "year_label": "1579 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 6", "text": "January 6 – The Union of Arras unites the southern Netherlands under the Duke of Parma, governor in the name of king Philip II of Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362792771#January–March", "title": "1579", "revid": 1362792771, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1580, "year_label": "1580 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 25", "text": "August 25 – Battle of Alcântara: Spanish armies, led by Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, defending the claim of King Philip II of Spain to the Portuguese throne, defeat the armies of Portuguese claimant António, Prior of Crato.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369376205#July–September", "title": "1580", "revid": 1369376205, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1580, "year_label": "1580 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 31", "text": "January 31 – Portuguese succession crisis of 1580: The death of Henry, King of Portugal, with no direct heirs, leads to conflict between his potential successors, including King Philip II of Spain and Infanta Catherine, Duchess of Braganza.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369376205#January–March", "title": "1580", "revid": 1369376205, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1580, "year_label": "1580 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 25", "text": "March 25 – Iberian Union: King Philip II of Spain becomes King of Portugal under the name Philip I, following the death without heirs of King Henry of Portugal, in a personal union of the crowns, thus maintaining Portuguese independence (in Europe and throughout the Portuguese Empire). The Philippine Dynasty rule lasts until 1640.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369376205#January–March", "title": "1580", "revid": 1369376205, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1581, "year_label": "1581 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 22", "text": "July 22 - At a meeting of the States General of the Union of Utrecht at Antwerp, the representatives vote to proclaim their independence from Spain in the Act of Abjuration, abjuring loyalty to Philip II of Spain as their sovereign, and appointing Francis, Duke of Anjou, as the new sovereign of the Netherlands; public practice of Roman Catholicism is forbidden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362478489#July–September", "title": "1581", "revid": 1362478489, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1581, "year_label": "1581 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 25", "text": "March 25 – Iberian Union: Philip II of Spain is crowned Philip I of Portugal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362478489#January–March", "title": "1581", "revid": 1362478489, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1583, "year_label": "1583 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "October 16", "text": "October 16 – King Philip II of Spain orders the transfer of Abada the rhinoceros from the Casa de Campo public park of Madrid, to the menagerie at his residence at El Escorial.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363312090#October–December", "title": "1583", "revid": 1363312090, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1585, "year_label": "1585 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 18", "text": "November 18 – In Mexico City, Álvaro Manrique de Zúñiga becomes Viceroy of New Spain after being appointed by King Philip II of Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365931198#October–December", "title": "1585", "revid": 1365931198, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1590, "year_label": "1590 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 6", "text": "October 6 – Two days before the scheduled papal conclave begins, Enrique de Guzmán, 2nd Count of Olivares, Spain's ambassador to the Papal States, presents the cardinals with the recommendations of King Philip II of Spain, a set of candidates whom the Spanish cardinals will support, and 30 whom they are instructed not to vote for.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369164716#October–December", "title": "1590", "revid": 1369164716, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1594, "year_label": "1594 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 11", "text": "June 11 – Philip II of Spain recognizes the rights and privileges of the local nobles and chieftains in the Philippines, which paves the way for the stabilization of the rule of the Principalía.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1319812312#April–June", "title": "1594", "revid": 1319812312, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1598, "year_label": "1598 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 6", "text": "May 6 – King Philip II of Spain announces that his eldest daughter, Isabella Clara Eugenia, will marry Albert of Austria (at the time a Roman Catholic cardinal and Archbishop of Toledo), and that the two will jointly govern the Habsburg Netherlands (now Belgium).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372769896#April–June", "title": "1598", "revid": 1372769896, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1598, "year_label": "1598 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 13", "text": "September 13 – Philip III becomes the new King of Spain upon the death of his father Philip II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372769896#July–September", "title": "1598", "revid": 1372769896, "section": "Events › July–September"}}]}