{"slug": "pisa", "label": "Pisa", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13375", "qid": "Q13375", "description": "city in Tuscany, Central Italy", "entries": 16, "years": 16, "span": [-182, 1511], "span_label": ["183 BCE", "1511 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 9}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 2}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 2}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "tuscany", "label": "Tuscany", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "saracens", "label": "Saracens", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "genoa", "label": "Genoa", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "republic-of-florence", "label": "Republic of Florence", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "balearic-islands", "label": "Balearic Islands", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "modena", "label": "Modena", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "parma", "label": "Parma", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "roman-republic", "label": "Roman Republic", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "julius-caesar", "label": "Julius Caesar", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "pompey", "label": "Pompey", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "lucca", "label": "Lucca", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -182, "year_label": "183 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Roman colonies are established at Mutina (later Modena), Pisa and Parma in northern and central Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698344#Roman_Republic", "title": "183 BC", "revid": 1352698344, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -55, "year_label": "56 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The three Roman politician-generals of the First Triumvirate — Caesar, Pompey and Crassus — meet at the Luca Conference at the town of Luca (modern Lucca, in Tuscany), near Pisa, where they renewed their fraying political alliance, and further cemented the three men's increasing consolidation of power in the Roman Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325862293#Roman_Republic", "title": "56 BC", "revid": 1325862293, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 860, "year_label": "860 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – The Viking chieftains Hastein and Björn Ironside ravage upstream and move to Italy, sacking Luna (believing it to be Rome). They sail up the River Arno to sack the cities of Pisa and Fiesole (Tuscany).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367666755#Europe", "title": "860", "revid": 1367666755, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 935, "year_label": "935 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Fatimid caliph al-Qa'im dispatches a naval expedition under Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Tamimi to raid the coast of Provence and Liguria, sacking Genoa on 16 August and attacking Pisa. Ya'qub also raids Corsica and Sardinia before returning to Mahdia with some 8,000 prisoners.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468168#Europe", "title": "935", "revid": 1364468168, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 968, "year_label": "968 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Emperor Otto I (the Great) travels to Capua to meet there with ambassadors of Nikephoros II, who again reiterate their friendship, but refuse to consent to his dowry demands (see 967). Otto invades the Byzantine Theme of Langobardia with a Lombard expeditionary force. With the assistance of Benevento-Capua and naval support from Pisa, Otto attempts to take Bari by assault, but Byzantine resistance is stiff, and Otto withdraws back to Ravenna.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364919231#Europe", "title": "968", "revid": 1364919231, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 981, "year_label": "981 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Fall – Otto II departs with an expeditionary force from Rome, and invades Apulia (Southern Italy) to punish the Saracens. He demands a fleet from Pisa, and imposes a trade embargo against Venice.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366191661#Europe", "title": "981", "revid": 1366191661, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1004, "year_label": "1004 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Saracen pirates under the Balearic emir Mugahid sack Pisa, destroying nearly one-quarter of the city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369529611#Europe", "title": "1004", "revid": 1369529611, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1006, "year_label": "1006 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – An Arab Saracen fleet appears before Pisa, but departs again. The Pisans take their fleet to sea and chase the Arabs down to Southern Italy where, in the Battle of Reggio Calabria, the Pisan fleet defeats the Arabs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1344800605#Europe", "title": "1006", "revid": 1344800605, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1064, "year_label": "1064 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Construction of the Piazza dei Miracoli (known as Piazza del Duomo) at Pisa in Tuscany begins.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369558075#Religion", "title": "1064", "revid": 1369558075, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1100, "year_label": "1100 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Genoa, Venice and Pisa gain trading privileges from the Crusader states, in return for their service during the conquest of the coastal cities.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365265768#Levant", "title": "1100", "revid": 1365265768, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1375, "year_label": "1375 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 24", "text": "July 24 – Despite an appeal by Pope Gregory XI to cities in Tuscany to remain allied to the Catholic Church in a war with the Republic of Florence, the city of Pisa enters a defensive alliance with the Visconti family of Florence and supplies are sent by Florence for lance-bearing soldiers, as well as archers and infantry as part of a federation of Tuscan communes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370334386#July–September", "title": "1375", "revid": 1370334386, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1399, "year_label": "1399 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 19", "text": "February 19 – The Principality of Piombino is formed after Prince Gherardo Appiani sells the city of Pisa to the Duchy of Milan for 200,000 florins and possession of five cities and three islands (including Elba).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362188981#January–March", "title": "1399", "revid": 1362188981, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1494, "year_label": "1494 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 8", "text": "November 8 – Facing little opposition in his march across Italy, King Charles VIII of France captures Pisa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353371082#October–December", "title": "1494", "revid": 1353371082, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1500, "year_label": "1500 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 29", "text": "June 29 – A combined force of troops from the Kingdom of France and from the Republic of Florence lay siege to the city of Pisa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371377541#April–June", "title": "1500", "revid": 1371377541, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1504, "year_label": "1504 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In Florence, Leonardo da Vinci and Niccolò Machiavelli become involved in a scheme to divert the Arno River, cutting the water supply to Pisa to force its surrender: Colombino, the project foreman, fails to follow da Vinci's design, and the project is a major failure.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365936803#Date_unknown", "title": "1504", "revid": 1365936803, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1511, "year_label": "1511 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 16", "text": "May 16 – Five Roman Catholic cardinals, including Federico di Sanseverino, sign a document calling upon Pope Julius II to convene a council in Pisa to discuss reform of the Roman Catholic Church, to take place on September 1. After the Pope threatens him with excommunication, Sanseverino elects not to attend.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367291242#April–June", "title": "1511", "revid": 1367291242, "section": "Events › April–June"}}]}