{"slug": "poland", "label": "Poland", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36", "qid": "Q36", "description": "country in Central Europe", "entries": 63, "years": 60, "span": [960, 2025], "span_label": ["960 CE", "2025 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 16}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 15}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 8}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 7}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 6}, {"title": "Births", "count": 3}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 3}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "lithuania", "label": "Lithuania", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "krakow", "label": "Kraków", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "hungary", "label": "Hungary", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "ottoman-empire", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "czech-republic", "label": "Czech Republic", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "henry-iii-of-france", "label": "Henry III of France", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "sigismund-iii-vasa", "label": "Sigismund III Vasa", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "warsaw", "label": "Warsaw", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "torun", "label": "Toruń", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "frederick-the-great", "label": "Frederick the Great", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "holy-roman-empire", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "germany", "label": "Germany", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 960, "year_label": "960 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Siemomysł, duke of the Piast Dynasty (Poland)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272128#Deaths", "title": "960", "revid": 1365272128, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 991, "year_label": "991 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Dagome iudex, a document which enumerates the possessions of Mieszko I, is written and entrusted to Pope John XV, who places the Polish territories under papal protection.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365261005#Unknown_dates", "title": "991", "revid": 1365261005, "section": "Events › Unknown dates"}}, {"year": 1224, "year_label": "1224 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "March 5", "text": "March 5 – Kinga of Poland, high duchess of Poland (d. 1292)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561506#Births", "title": "1224", "revid": 1369561506, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1237, "year_label": "1237 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Elbląg is founded by the Teutonic Order under Grand Master Hermann von Balk. He constructs a fortified stronghold on the banks of the Elbląg River (modern Poland).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300110077#Cities_and_Towns", "title": "1237", "revid": 1300110077, "section": "Events › By topic › Cities and Towns"}}, {"year": 1241, "year_label": "1241 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 9", "text": "April 9 – Battle of Legnica: The Mongols, under the command of Baidar, Kadan and Orda Khan, defeat the feudal Polish nobility, including the Knights Templar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362486166#Events", "title": "1241", "revid": 1362486166, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1252, "year_label": "1252 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Polish land of Lebus is incorporated into the German state of Brandenburg, marking the start of Brandenburg's expansion into previously Polish areas (Neumark).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365269919#Europe", "title": "1252", "revid": 1365269919, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1258, "year_label": "1258 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Henry Probus (Henryk IV Probus or Prawy, \"the Righteous\"), High Duke of Poland (d. 1290)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1318120479#Births", "title": "1258", "revid": 1318120479, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1285, "year_label": "1285 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 6", "text": "January 6 – Archbishop Jakub Świnka organizes a synod in Łęczyca. During the meeting, he orders all priests who are subject to his bishopric to deliver their sermons in Polish rather than German. This further unifies the Catholic Church in Poland and fosters a national identity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359686470#Religion", "title": "1285", "revid": 1359686470, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1290, "year_label": "1290 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 23", "text": "June 23 – Henryk IV Probus (\"the Righteous\"), High Duke of Poland (b. 1258)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343598991#Deaths", "title": "1290", "revid": 1343598991, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1295, "year_label": "1295 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 26", "text": "June 26 – Przemysł II is crowned king of Poland at Gniezno, the first coronation of a Polish ruler in 219 years. Przemysł travels to Pomerelia where he confirms the privileges of the monasteries in Oliwa and Żarnowiec. He also visits other major cities: Gdańsk, Tczew and Świecie. In August, Przemysł returns to Greater Poland but in October he travels again to Gdańsk.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368220335#Europe", "title": "1295", "revid": 1368220335, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1317, "year_label": "1317 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 21", "text": "September 21 – Viola of Teschen, queen consort of Bohemia and Poland", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368785088#Deaths", "title": "1317", "revid": 1368785088, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1320, "year_label": "1320 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 20", "text": "January 20 – Duke Władysław I Łokietek (\"Ladislaus the Short\") becomes king of a reunited Poland, after receiving the approval from Pope John XXII. He is crowned, along with his wife Jadwiga of Kalisz, at the royal cathedral on Wawel Hill at Kraków. Wladysław's kingdom is surrounded by three hostile neighbors: Brandenburg, the Teutonic Order and Bohemia. Looking for allies, he makes an alliance with Charles I, ruler of Hungary.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353685641#January_–_March", "title": "1320", "revid": 1353685641, "section": "Events › January – March"}}, {"year": 1335, "year_label": "1335 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Congress of Visegrád: The monarchs of Bohemia, Hungary, and Poland form an anti-Habsburg alliance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267067892#Date_unknown", "title": "1335", "revid": 1267067892, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1349, "year_label": "1349 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 24", "text": "August 24 – The Black Death breaks out in Elbing (Poland).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373507442#January–December", "title": "1349", "revid": 1373507442, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1370, "year_label": "1370 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 5", "text": "November 5 – Casimir III the Great, king of Poland, dies two months after being injured in an accident while hunting, and is succeeded jointly by his sister, Elizabeth of Kujavia, and her son, Louis I of Hungary, beginning the rule of the country by the Capet-Anjou family.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370872148#October–December", "title": "1370", "revid": 1370872148, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1375, "year_label": "1375 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Johannes Abezier (1375–1424), Roman Catholic religious and political leader of the Teutonic Knights, over Polish territory", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370334386#Births", "title": "1375", "revid": 1370334386, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1384, "year_label": "1384 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 16", "text": "October 16 – At the age of 10, Jadwiga is crowned \"King\" of Poland in Kraków following the 1382 death of her father, King Louis of Hungary.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369176313#October–December", "title": "1384", "revid": 1369176313, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1392, "year_label": "1392 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August 4", "text": "August 4 – King Jogaila of Poland and Lithuania appoints his cousin Vytautas the Great as regent of Lithuania, in return for Vytautas giving up his claim to the Lithuanian throne. Vytautas replaces Jogaila's unpopular brother Skirgaila as regent.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360558319#July–September", "title": "1392", "revid": 1360558319, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1402, "year_label": "1402 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 29", "text": "January 29 – King Jogaila of the Poland–Lithuania Union answers the rumblings against his rule of Poland, by marrying Anna of Celje, a granddaughter of Casimir III of Poland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371594109#January–March", "title": "1402", "revid": 1371594109, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1410, "year_label": "1410 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 26", "text": "July 26 – The Siege of Marienburg (now Malbork in Poland), capital of the State of the Teutonic Order of the Teutonic Knights, begins with an attack by Poland and Lithuania with an army of 26,000 men against less than 5,000 Teutons.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1337551949#July–September", "title": "1410", "revid": 1337551949, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1414, "year_label": "1414 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 19", "text": "December 19 – In Poland, Casimir, Duke of Oświęcim takes full power as he reaches the age of 18.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368828978#October–December", "title": "1414", "revid": 1368828978, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1433, "year_label": "1433 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 13", "text": "May 13 – Bolko V the Hussite, Duke of Opole and ruler of most of Upper Silesia and much of Lower Silesia in Poland, is defeated by Nicholas V, Duke of Krnov at the Battle of Trzebnica.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320602#April–June", "title": "1433", "revid": 1351320602, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1439, "year_label": "1439 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 6", "text": "May 6 – Battle of Grotnik: Wladyslaw III's royal army defeats the Hussite rebels, led by Spytko III of Melsztyn, ending the non-Catholic movement in Poland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373513363#April–June", "title": "1439", "revid": 1373513363, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1443, "year_label": "1443 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 24", "text": "December 24 – In Poland, Wenceslaus I, Duke of Siewierz sells the duchy of Siewierz to Zbigniew Oleśnicki, Bishop of Kraków, for 6,000 silver coins (Prague groschen), equivalent to at least 21 kg or 750 ounces of silver.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349474708#October–December", "title": "1443", "revid": 1349474708, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1443, "year_label": "1443 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "June 5", "text": "June 5 – The strongest earthquake on record in Poland kills at least 30 people and damages buildings in Kraków and Wrocław, and in Timișoara and Oradea in Romania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349474708#April–June", "title": "1443", "revid": 1349474708, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1466, "year_label": "1466 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "September 23", "text": "September 23 – Peace talks begin in the city of Nieszawka in Poland to end the Thirteen Years' War between the Kingdom of Poland and the Teutonic Knights.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340205441#July–September", "title": "1466", "revid": 1340205441, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1473, "year_label": "1473 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Almanach cracoviense ad annum 1474, an astronomical wall calendar, is published in Kraków, the oldest known printing in Poland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361813739#Date_unknown", "title": "1473", "revid": 1361813739, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1496, "year_label": "1496 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 26", "text": "April 26 – King Jan I Olbracht of Poland issues the Piotrków Privilege as a reward to members of nobility who financially supported his invasion of Moldavia. The Privilege prohibits the enslaved serfs from leaving their owners' land without permission, and bans city dwellers from buying land.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371631969#April–June", "title": "1496", "revid": 1371631969, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1505, "year_label": "1505 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 30", "text": "May 30 – Poland's Act of Nihil novi is granted by King Alexander I Jagiellon after being passed by the Sejm, making Poland a Nobles' Democracy rather than an absolute monarchy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360582113#April–June", "title": "1505", "revid": 1360582113, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1518, "year_label": "1518 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 18", "text": "April 18 – The widowed Sigismund I the Old, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, marries Milanese noblewoman Bona Sforza in Wawel Cathedral and she is crowned as Queen consort of Poland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362000593#April–June", "title": "1518", "revid": 1362000593, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1574, "year_label": "1574 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 30", "text": "May 30 – On the death of King Charles IX of France of a tubercular condition at the Château de Vincennes, he is succeeded by his brother King Henry of Poland, who becomes King Henry III of France. His mother, Catherine de' Medici, acts as Regent, until Henry arrives from Poland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368294863#April–June", "title": "1574", "revid": 1368294863, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1584, "year_label": "1584 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 11", "text": "June 11 – Walk (modern-day Valka and Valga, towns in Latvia and Estonia respectively), receives city rights from Polish king Stefan Bathory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561067#April–June", "title": "1584", "revid": 1369561067, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1587, "year_label": "1587 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August 19", "text": "August 19 – Polish and Lithuanian nobles elect Sigismund III Vasa, King of Sweden, as the ruler of the after the death in December of the previous King of Poland and Duke of Lithuania, Stephen Báthory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362478812#July–September", "title": "1587", "revid": 1362478812, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1596, "year_label": "1596 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "King Sigismund III Vasa moves the capital of Poland from Kraków to Warsaw.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369722581#Date_unknown", "title": "1596", "revid": 1369722581, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1605, "year_label": "1605 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 11", "text": "December 11 – King Sigismund III of Poland marries his former sister-in-law, Constance, daughter of Charles II, Archduke of Austria, after Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor refuses to permit the King to marry Anna of Tyrol. King Sigismund, a widow, had previously been married to Constance's older sister, Anne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362477436#October–December", "title": "1605", "revid": 1362477436, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1618, "year_label": "1618 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The margraves of Brandenburg are granted Polish approval to inherit the Duchy of Prussia, creating the state of Brandenburg-Prussia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365216026#Date_unknown", "title": "1618", "revid": 1365216026, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1627, "year_label": "1627 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "The last recorded aurochs die in the Jaktorów Forest of Poland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371072250#Date_unknown", "title": "1627", "revid": 1371072250, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1651, "year_label": "1651 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 12", "text": "May 12 – General Marcin Kalinowski of Poland wins the Battle of Kopychyntsi against Zaporozhian Cossacks forces under the command of Asand Demka during the Khmelnytsky Uprising in what is now Ukraine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365975166#April–June", "title": "1651", "revid": 1365975166, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1658, "year_label": "1658 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 2", "text": "July 2 – The Siege of Toruń begins in Poland as troops of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and of Austria seek to recapture the city of Toruń from a garrison of the Swedish Army. Within six months, the Swedish occupiers surrender.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986033#July–September", "title": "1658", "revid": 1365986033, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1660, "year_label": "1660 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 27", "text": "May 27 – William Morice takes office as the first Secretary of State for the Northern Department in Great Britain, with responsibility for conducting foreign relations with the Netherlands, Scandinavia, Poland, Russia, and the Holy Roman Empire. Relations with France, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, the Italian states, and the Ottoman Empire are assigned to the Secretary of State for the Southern Department. The position will eventually evolve into the office of the Foreign Secretary.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986539#April–June", "title": "1660", "revid": 1365986539, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1666, "year_label": "1666 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 13", "text": "July 13 – The Battle of Matwy, the bloodiest engagement of Lubomirski's rebellion, takes place in Poland at the village of Matwy. Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski, who has led the revolt against Poland's King Jan II Kazimierz, defeats a larger number of troops led by John III Sobieski of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Poland and Lithuania sustain 4,000 deaths compared to 200 rebel casualties.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988943#July–September", "title": "1666", "revid": 1365988943, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1666, "year_label": "1666 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 21", "text": "May 21 – The Holy Roman Empire, ruled by Leopold I, repurchases the territory of the Duchy of Opole and Racibórz (Oppeln und Ratibor), which it had ceded to Poland in 1645, for the sum of 120,000 guldens and consolidates it with Upper Silesia. The territory will be ceded from Germany to Poland in 1945 at the end of World War II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988943#April–June", "title": "1666", "revid": 1365988943, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1673, "year_label": "1673 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 11", "text": "November 11 – Battle of Khotyn: Polish and Lithuanian military units, under the command of soon-to-be-king Jan Sobieski, defeat the Turkish army. In this battle, which takes place one day after the death of Poland and Lithuania's monarch, Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki, the rockets invented by Kazimierz Siemienowicz are successfully used.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365992268#October–December", "title": "1673", "revid": 1365992268, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1683, "year_label": "1683 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 12", "text": "September 12 – Battle of Vienna: The Ottoman siege of the city is broken with the arrival of a force of 70,000 Poles, Austrians and Germans under Polish–Lithuanian king Jan III Sobieski, whose cavalry turns their flank. The victory marks a turning point in the Ottoman Empire's fortunes and the end of the Turkish attempt to expand its control into Western Europe.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366000368#July–September", "title": "1683", "revid": 1366000368, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1724, "year_label": "1724 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "December 7", "text": "December 7 – In the aftermath of an attack against Jesuit Catholics led by the Lutheran mayor of the Prussian city of Thorn (modern-day Toruń, Poland), ten Lutheran officials (including mayor Johann Gottfried Rösner) are executed in the town square. Rösner and seven others are decapitated by an axe, while two others are hanged, drawn and quartered for blasphemy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372325153#October–December", "title": "1724", "revid": 1372325153, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1730, "year_label": "1730 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 5", "text": "August 5 – Prince Frederick of Prussia, the eldest son of King Frederick William and a high-ranking officer, attempts to flee to England after deserting the Prussian Army and is captured along with his fellow officer Hans Hermann von Katte. Katte is executed, and Crown Prince Frederick is imprisoned at Küstrin (modern-day Kostrzyn nad Odrą in Poland) for a year before being forgiven by his father. Prince Frederick later succeeds his father as King and will be remembered as Frederick the Great.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560881#July–September", "title": "1730", "revid": 1369560881, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1731, "year_label": "1731 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – King Frederick William I of Prussia forgives his 19-year-old son, Prince Frederick, who has been confined since November to the town of Küstrin (now Kostrzyn nad Odrą in Poland) for his 1730 attempt to desert from the Prussian Army. Nine years later, having been politically rehabilitated, Prince Frederick succeeds his father as King and is later remembered as \"Frederick the Great\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560841#July–September", "title": "1731", "revid": 1369560841, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1738, "year_label": "1738 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 18", "text": "November 18 – The Treaty of Vienna is ratified, ending the War of the Polish Succession. Under the terms of the treaty, Stanisław Leszczyński receives Lorraine in exchange for renouncing the Polish throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363165384#October–December", "title": "1738", "revid": 1363165384, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1761, "year_label": "1761 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 1", "text": "October 1 – Austrian field marshal Ernst Gideon von Laudon captures the Prussian town of Schweidnitz (now Świdnica in Poland) during the Seven Years' War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369831762#October–December", "title": "1761", "revid": 1369831762, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1768, "year_label": "1768 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 14", "text": "July 14 – The massacre of Polish people (most likely by the Russians) at the village of Balta, now a part of Ukraine but at the time an Ottoman Empire town on the frontier with Poland, leads to the Russo-Turkish War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369390957#July–September", "title": "1768", "revid": 1369390957, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1768, "year_label": "1768 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 27", "text": "March 27 – Catherine the Great of Russia dispatches troops under General Pyotr Krechetnikov to intervene in a civil war in Poland, at the request of Poland's King Stanisław August Poniatowski, a move that will ultimately lead to the Partitions of Poland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369390957#January–March", "title": "1768", "revid": 1369390957, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1931, "year_label": "1931 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "July 20", "text": "July 20 – A violent tornado strikes the city of Lublin, Poland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371310518#July", "title": "1931", "revid": 1371310518, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1946, "year_label": "1946 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 4", "text": "July 4 – The Kielce Pogrom takes place in Poland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372058859#July", "title": "1946", "revid": 1372058859, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1951, "year_label": "1951 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 8", "text": "September 8 – Treaty of San Francisco: In San Francisco, 48 representatives out of 51 attending sign a peace treaty with Japan, formally ending the Pacific War; the delegations of the Soviet Union, Poland and Czechoslovakia do not sign the treaty, instead favoring separate treaties.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368856437#September", "title": "1951", "revid": 1368856437, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1989, "year_label": "1989 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "March", "text": "March – Poland begins to liberalise its currency exchange in a move towards capitalism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557705#March", "title": "1989", "revid": 1369557705, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1990, "year_label": "1990 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – Poland becomes the first country in Eastern Europe to begin abolishing its state socialist controls.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366571855#January", "title": "1990", "revid": 1366571855, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1991, "year_label": "1991 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 15", "text": "February 15 – The Visegrád Group, establishing cooperation to move toward free-market systems, is established by the leaders of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371487470#February", "title": "1991", "revid": 1371487470, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1993, "year_label": "1993 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 1", "text": "June 1 – In an effort to minimize political chaos in post-Communist Poland, Lech Walesa signs a reform bill requiring political parties to receive at least 5% of the vote to qualify for seats in the Sejm.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366430372#June", "title": "1993", "revid": 1366430372, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1997, "year_label": "1997 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 8", "text": "July 8 – NATO invites the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland to join the alliance in 1999.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367978156#July", "title": "1997", "revid": 1367978156, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1999, "year_label": "1999 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 12", "text": "March 12 – Former Warsaw Pact members Hungary, Poland, and the Czech Republic join NATO.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369767946#March", "title": "1999", "revid": 1369767946, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 2003, "year_label": "2003 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 16", "text": "April 16 – The Treaty of Accession is signed in Athens between the European Union and ten countries (Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovenia and Slovakia), concerning these countries' accession into the EU, leading to the 2004 enlargement of the European Union.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371470479#April", "title": "2003", "revid": 1371470479, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 2012, "year_label": "2012 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 8", "text": "June 8 – UEFA Euro 2012, hosted by Poland and Ukraine, begins in Warsaw, with a match between Poland and Greece, which ends 1-1.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373434549#June", "title": "2012", "revid": 1373434549, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 2025, "year_label": "2025 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 21", "text": "October 21 – American Eric Lu wins the quinquennial XIX International Chopin Piano Competition at the National Philharmonic in Warsaw, Poland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372865033#October", "title": "2025", "revid": 1372865033, "section": "Events › October"}}]}