{"slug": "polishlithuanian-commonwealth", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172107", "qid": "Q172107", "description": "historical multinational monarchist state in Eastern Europe (Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania)", "entries": 64, "years": 53, "span": [1561, 1795], "span_label": ["1561 CE", "1795 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 27}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 27}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 6}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 2}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "russian-empire", "label": "Russian Empire", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "tsardom-of-russia", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "ottoman-empire", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "sweden", "label": "Sweden", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "ukraine", "label": "Ukraine", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-prussia", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "holy-roman-empire", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "estonia", "label": "Estonia", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "great-northern-war", "label": "Great Northern War", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "swedish-empire", "label": "Swedish Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "moscow", "label": "Moscow", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "moldavia", "label": "Moldavia", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 1561, "year_label": "1561 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 28", "text": "November 28 – The Treaty of Vilnius is concluded during the Livonian War, between the Livonian Confederation and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. With the treaty, the non-Danish and non-Swedish part of Livonia, with the exception of the Free imperial city of Riga, subjects itself to Polish king and Grand Duke of Lithuania, Sigismund II Augustus with the Pacta subiectionis (Provisio ducalis). In turn, Sigismund grants protection from the Tsardom of Russia, and confirms the Livonian estates' traditional privileges, laid out in the Privilegium Sigismundi Augusti.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358043209#October–December", "title": "1561", "revid": 1358043209, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1569, "year_label": "1569 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 1", "text": "July 1 – The Union of Lublin unites the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania into a single state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, following votes in the Assemblies of three Lithuanian provinces (Volhynia, Ukraine and Podlasie) in favour of the incorporation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366794933#July–September", "title": "1569", "revid": 1366794933, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1573, "year_label": "1573 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 16", "text": "May 16– The Henry, Duke of Anjou, son of the late King Henry II of France is elected to the throne of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth by the Polish nobility, after being nominated on May 11.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366656331#April–June", "title": "1573", "revid": 1366656331, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1577, "year_label": "1577 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 17", "text": "April 17 – Battle of Lubieszów: General Jan Zborowski leads the army of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the catastrophic defeat of most of Jan Winkelbruch's 12,000 rebels and mercenaries from the Commonwealth's richest city, Danzig, killing 4,420 of the men and capturing another 5,000 as prisoners. Only 88 of Zborowski's 2,500 troops are killed. The Danzig Rebellion ends at the end of the year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361323001#April–June", "title": "1577", "revid": 1361323001, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1580, "year_label": "1580 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The first session of the Jewish Vaad (Council of Four Lands) is held in Lublin, Poland; 70 delegates of Jewish local qahals meet to discuss taxation, and other issues important to Jewish communities.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369376205#Date_unknown", "title": "1580", "revid": 1369376205, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1580, "year_label": "1580 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 12", "text": "July 12 – The Ostrog Bible, the first complete printed Bible translation into a Slavic language (Old Church Slavonic), is first printed at Ostroh in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (modern-day Ukraine) by Ivan Fyodorov.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369376205#July–September", "title": "1580", "revid": 1369376205, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1582, "year_label": "1582 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 15", "text": "January 15 – Russia cedes its conquered areas in Livonia (Northern Latvia and Southern Estonia), to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373325265#January–March", "title": "1582", "revid": 1373325265, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1587, "year_label": "1587 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August 22", "text": "August 22 – A small group of nobles who oppose Sigismund Vasa as King vote to proclaim Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria, as ruler of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, a decision supported by the Primate of Poland, Stanisław Karnkowski. The divide begins the War of the Polish Succession.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362478812#July–September", "title": "1587", "revid": 1362478812, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1589, "year_label": "1589 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 9", "text": "March 9 – The Treaty of Bytom and Będzin is signed between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Austria, ending the War of the Polish Succession. Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria, renounces his claims to the thrones of Poland and Lithuania and acknowledges Sigismund III Vasa of Sweden as the heir to the throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359971295#January–March", "title": "1589", "revid": 1359971295, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1602, "year_label": "1602 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 30", "text": "September 30 – The siege of Weissenstein, a Swedish town that is now Paide in Estonia, ends after four months with a victory of 2,000 Polish and Lithuanian troops commanded by Jan Zamoyski, the Great Crown Hetman of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351972919#July–September", "title": "1602", "revid": 1351972919, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1605, "year_label": "1605 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 20", "text": "June 20 – Pretender Dmitriy and his supporters, including troops of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, march to Moscow.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362477436#April–June", "title": "1605", "revid": 1362477436, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1605, "year_label": "1605 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 27", "text": "September 27 – Swedish armies are decisively defeated by Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth cavalry in the Battle of Kircholm.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362477436#July–September", "title": "1605", "revid": 1362477436, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1607, "year_label": "1607 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 5", "text": "July 5 – Zebrzydowski Rebellion: The Battle of Guzów is fought in Poland near Guzów against rebels by the combined armies of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, led by Poland's Hetman, General Stanisław Żółkiewski, and the Hetman of Lithuania, Jan Karol Chodkiewicz. The rebels, led by Mikołaj Zebrzydowski and Janusz Radziwiłł, are forced to retreat.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358831090#July–September", "title": "1607", "revid": 1358831090, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1608, "year_label": "1608 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 23", "text": "September 23 – The siege of the Troitsky monastery by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth begins in Russia north of Moscow, but fails after 16 months.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352783723#July–September", "title": "1608", "revid": 1352783723, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1609, "year_label": "1609 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Warsaw becomes the capital of Poland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365588617#Date_unknown", "title": "1609", "revid": 1365588617, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1610, "year_label": "1610 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 4", "text": "July 4 – (June 24 O.S.); Polish–Russian War – Battle of Klushino: The outnumbered forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth defeat the combined Russian and Swedish armies; Polish troops go on to occupy Moscow.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361322431#July–September", "title": "1610", "revid": 1361322431, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1612, "year_label": "1612 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 20", "text": "January 20 – An uprising led by Dmitry Pozharsky begins in Moscow against occupying Polish troops.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366306597#January–March", "title": "1612", "revid": 1366306597, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1617, "year_label": "1617 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 23", "text": "September 23 – The Peace of Busza is signed, between the Ottoman Empire and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367152520#July–September", "title": "1617", "revid": 1367152520, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1618, "year_label": "1618 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 11", "text": "December 11 – Russia and Poland sign the Truce of Deulino.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365216026#October–December", "title": "1618", "revid": 1365216026, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1620, "year_label": "1620 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 17", "text": "September 17–October 7 – Battle of Cecora: The Ottoman Empire defeats Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth–Moldavian troops.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363705489#July–September", "title": "1620", "revid": 1363705489, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1621, "year_label": "1621 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 9", "text": "October 9 – The Treaty of Khotyn is signed between the Ottoman Empire and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, ending the First Polish-Ottoman War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358440931#October–December", "title": "1621", "revid": 1358440931, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1627, "year_label": "1627 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 28", "text": "November 28 – Polish-Swedish War: Battle of Oliwa – A Polish-Lithuanian fleet defeats a Swedish fleet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371072250#October–December", "title": "1627", "revid": 1371072250, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1629, "year_label": "1629 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 25", "text": "September 25 – Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629): Sweden and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth sign the Truce of Altmark, ending the war in highly favourable terms for Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365103352#July–September", "title": "1629", "revid": 1365103352, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1630, "year_label": "1630 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March", "text": "March – Fedorovych Uprising: Zaporozhian Cossacks rebel against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and occupy a large part of modern-day Ukraine. After a number of indecisive skirmishes with a Polish army sent to pacify the region, the Treaty of Pereyaslav is signed, ending the uprising.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351974391#January–March", "title": "1630", "revid": 1351974391, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1632, "year_label": "1632 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "November 8", "text": "November 8 – Wladyslaw IV Waza is elected king of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, after Sigismund III Vasa's death.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358528035#October–December", "title": "1632", "revid": 1358528035, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1634, "year_label": "1634 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 14", "text": "June 14 – The Treaty of Polyanovka is signed between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia, concluding the Smolensk War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353730997#April–June", "title": "1634", "revid": 1353730997, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1635, "year_label": "1635 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 12", "text": "September 12 – The Treaty of Sztumska Wieś is signed between Sweden and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360049087#July–September", "title": "1635", "revid": 1360049087, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1644, "year_label": "1644 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 30", "text": "January 30 – Battle of Ochmatów: Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth forces under hetman Stanisław Koniecpolski secure a substantial victory over the army of the Crimean Khanate under Tugay Bey.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560996#January–March", "title": "1644", "revid": 1369560996, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1648, "year_label": "1648 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 26", "text": "January 26 – The Khmelnytsky Uprising in Ukraine, at the time part of the Republic of Both Nations (Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth), begins as Bohdan Khmelnytsky becomes Hetman of the Cossacks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346163846#January–March", "title": "1648", "revid": 1346163846, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1651, "year_label": "1651 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 30", "text": "June 30 – After three days of fighting in the Battle of Berestechko in Ukraine, one of the biggest land battles of the 17th century, with some 205,000 troops in the field, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Army defeats the Zaporozhian Cossacks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365975166#April–June", "title": "1651", "revid": 1365975166, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1656, "year_label": "1656 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 1", "text": "December 1 – A treaty of alliance is signed between the Holy Roman Empire and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372048661#October–December", "title": "1656", "revid": 1372048661, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1656, "year_label": "1656 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 6", "text": "December 6 – The Treaty of Radnot is signed between Sweden, the Electorate of Brandenburg, Transylvania (now Romania), and two rebels groups within Poland on how to divide the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the event of a victory in the Second Northern War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372048661#October–December", "title": "1656", "revid": 1372048661, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1656, "year_label": "1656 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 18", "text": "February 18 (February 8 O.S.) – Battle of Golab: Swedish Empire troops led by King Carl X Gustav defeat troops of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth commanded by General Stefan Czarniecki in the first major engagement of the Swedish Deluge.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372048661#January–March", "title": "1656", "revid": 1372048661, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1656, "year_label": "1656 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 30", "text": "July 30 – After a battle of three days, Swedish and Brandenburger troops led by King Charles X Gustav of Sweden, defeat the forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, near Warsaw and recapture the recently liberated capital.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372048661#July–September", "title": "1656", "revid": 1372048661, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1656, "year_label": "1656 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 3", "text": "November 3 – The Truce of Vilna is signed between Russia and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In addition to agreeing to a temporary ceasefire in their ongoing war, Tsar Alexis of Russia agrees to help defend the commonwealth against Sweden's invasion in return for Tsar Alexis being named heir to the thrones of Poland and Lithuania by King John II Casimir Vasa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372048661#October–December", "title": "1656", "revid": 1372048661, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1657, "year_label": "1657 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 19", "text": "September 19 – Brandenburg and Poland sign the Treaty of Wehlau.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366656979#July–September", "title": "1657", "revid": 1366656979, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1658, "year_label": "1658 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 2", "text": "July 2 – The Siege of Toruń begins in Poland as troops of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and of Austria seek to recapture the city of Toruń from a garrison of the Swedish Army. Within six months, the Swedish occupiers surrender.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986033#July–September", "title": "1658", "revid": 1365986033, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1660, "year_label": "1660 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 3", "text": "May 3 – In the Treaty of Oliva, peace is made between the Swedish Empire, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Habsburgs and Brandenburg-Prussia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986539#April–June", "title": "1660", "revid": 1365986539, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1660, "year_label": "1660 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 14", "text": "September 14 – The 13-day long Battle of Lyubar begins at Liubar (now in Ukraine) during the Russo-Polish War between soldiers of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth against Russia and ends with a victory by Poland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986539#July–September", "title": "1660", "revid": 1365986539, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1672, "year_label": "1672 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 18", "text": "October 18 – The Treaty of Buchach, between the Ottoman Empire and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, is signed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365992116#October–December", "title": "1672", "revid": 1365992116, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1674, "year_label": "1674 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 21", "text": "May 21 – John III Sobieski is elected by the nobility, as King of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (to 1696).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365128656#April–June", "title": "1674", "revid": 1365128656, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1676, "year_label": "1676 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 17", "text": "October 17 – The Treaty of Żurawno is signed, between the Ottoman (Turkish) Empire and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365992596#October–December", "title": "1676", "revid": 1365992596, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1686, "year_label": "1686 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 6", "text": "May 6 – The Treaty of Perpetual Peace (1686) is signed between the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, recognizing the former's possession of Left-bank Ukraine and the city of Kiev, as agreed upon in the earlier Treaty of Andrusovo in 1667. The treaty also brings the Tsardom of Russia into the Great Turkish War, on the side of the Holy League of 1684.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368502958#April–June", "title": "1686", "revid": 1368502958, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1696, "year_label": "1696 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 17", "text": "June 17 – The throne of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth becomes vacant with the death of Jan Sobieski, prompting a competition between Friedrich Augustus, Elector of Saxony and Prince François Louis of France to compete under the commonwealth's \"Golden Liberty\" system for an elective monarchy of the new king by the nobility. Jerzy Albrecht Denhoff, the Grand Chancellor, remains the head of the Polish-Lithuanian government during the vacancy of the ceremonial throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361123555#April–June", "title": "1696", "revid": 1361123555, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1698, "year_label": "1698 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 8", "text": "September 8 – The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth defeats the Tatars in the Battle of Podhajce, the last battle between the Ottoman Empire and the Polish and Lithuanians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370144847#July–September", "title": "1698", "revid": 1370144847, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1699, "year_label": "1699 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 26", "text": "January 26 – The Republic of Venice, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Holy Roman Empire sign the Treaty of Karlowitz with the Ottoman Empire, marking an end to the major phase of the Ottoman–Habsburg wars. The treaty marks a major geopolitical shift, as the Ottoman Empire subsequently abandons its expansionism and adopts a defensive posture while the Habsburg monarchy expands its influence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560904#January–March", "title": "1699", "revid": 1369560904, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1700, "year_label": "1700 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 22", "text": "February 22 (Gregorian), February 12 (Julian) – The Great Northern War begins with a joint invasion of Swedish territory in Germany and Latvia, by Denmark and Poland/Saxony. Sweden has control of the Baltic Sea and holds territory that includes Finland, Estonia, Latvia and parts of northern Germany. To challenge its power, an alliance is formed between Tsar Peter I of Russia, King Frederick IV of Denmark and Augustus II the Strong, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony. Sweden's ruler is the militaristic Charles XII, known as the \"Swedish Meteor\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366570351#January–March", "title": "1700", "revid": 1366570351, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1702, "year_label": "1702 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 19", "text": "July 19 (July 8 O.S.; July 9 Swedish calendar) – Great Northern War: Battle of Klissow – Charles XII of Sweden decisively defeats the Polish–Lithuanian-Saxon army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362986314#July–September", "title": "1702", "revid": 1362986314, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1705, "year_label": "1705 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 28", "text": "November 28 – The Treaty of Warsaw is concluded between the Swedish Empire and the faction of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth loyal to Stanisław Leszczyński during the Great Northern War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355353320#October–December", "title": "1705", "revid": 1355353320, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1711, "year_label": "1711 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 13", "text": "April 13 – The Treaty of the Lutsk, a secret agreement between the Tsardom of Russia and the Ottoman Protectorate of Moldavia is signed in Lutsk, Poland-Lithuania (modern-day Ukraine).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364260988#April–June", "title": "1711", "revid": 1364260988, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1717, "year_label": "1717 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 1", "text": "February 1 – The Silent Sejm, in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, marks the beginning of the Russian Empire's increasing influence and control over the Commonwealth.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366802832#January–March", "title": "1717", "revid": 1366802832, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1764, "year_label": "1764 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 31", "text": "March 31 – A mutual defense treaty between the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia is signed in Saint Petersburg between representatives of Russia's Empress Catherine the Great and Prussia's King Frederick the Great. By agreement, each nation agrees (for an eight-year period) to commit 10,000 soldiers and 2,000 horses to the defense of the other in case of an attack, and secretly agree to maintain security within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363539304#January–June", "title": "1764", "revid": 1363539304, "section": "Events › January–June"}}, {"year": 1764, "year_label": "1764 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 7", "text": "September 7 – Stanisław August Poniatowski is elected as the King of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363539304#July–September", "title": "1764", "revid": 1363539304, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1765, "year_label": "1765 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "September 25", "text": "September 25 – Michał Kleofas Ogiński, Polish-Lithuanian, and later Russian imperial statesman and composer", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373039097#Births", "title": "1765", "revid": 1373039097, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1768, "year_label": "1768 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 24", "text": "February 24 – With Russian troops occupying the nation, opposition legislators of the national legislature having been deported, the government of Poland signs a treaty virtually turning the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth into a protectorate of the Russian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369390957#January–March", "title": "1768", "revid": 1369390957, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1768, "year_label": "1768 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 29", "text": "February 29 – Five days after the signing of the treaty, a group of the szlachta, Polish nobles, establishes the Bar Confederation, to defend the internal and external independence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth against Russian influence, and against King Stanisław August Poniatowski.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369390957#January–March", "title": "1768", "revid": 1369390957, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1771, "year_label": "1771 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 23", "text": "May 23 – Battle of Lanckorona: A force of 4,000 Russians under Alexander Suvorov defeat a Polish formation of 1,300 men.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363214109#April–June", "title": "1771", "revid": 1363214109, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1773, "year_label": "1773 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 14", "text": "October 14 – The Komisja Edukacji Narodowej (Polish for National Education Committee), formed in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, is considered to be the world's first ministry of education.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365114710#October–December", "title": "1773", "revid": 1365114710, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1792, "year_label": "1792 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 18", "text": "July 18 – Polish–Russian War: Battle of Dubienka – Soldiers of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, led by Tadeusz Kościuszko, resist an attack from Imperial Russian Army forces five times their size.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359853540#July–September", "title": "1792", "revid": 1359853540, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1792, "year_label": "1792 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 29", "text": "May 29 – The Great Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth is disbanded following the Russian invasion of Poland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359853540#April–June", "title": "1792", "revid": 1359853540, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1793, "year_label": "1793 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 23", "text": "January 23 – Second Partition of Poland: The Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia partition the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358426983#January–June", "title": "1793", "revid": 1358426983, "section": "Events › January–June"}}, {"year": 1794, "year_label": "1794 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 12", "text": "March 12 – General Antoni Madaliński, a commander of the National Cavalry in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, disobeys an order from the ruling Russian Empire and Kingdom of Prussia imposing demobilization, advancing his troops from Ostrołęka to Kraków.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362801189#January–March", "title": "1794", "revid": 1362801189, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1794, "year_label": "1794 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 24", "text": "March 24 – Tadeusz Kościuszko makes his proclamation starting the Kościuszko Uprising against the Russian Empire and Kingdom of Prussia in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Prussian Partition.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362801189#January–March", "title": "1794", "revid": 1362801189, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1795, "year_label": "1795 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 24", "text": "October 24 – The Third Partition of Poland is made, dividing the territory of the Commonwealth of Poland between the Habsburg monarchy, Prussia and the Russian Empire. On November 25, Stanisław August Poniatowski formally abdicates as last King of Poland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352627752#July–December", "title": "1795", "revid": 1352627752, "section": "Events › July–December"}}]}