{"slug": "portugal", "label": "Portugal", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45", "qid": "Q45", "description": "country in Southwestern Europe", "entries": 87, "years": 82, "span": [358, 2025], "span_label": ["358 CE", "2025 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 34}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 19}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 11}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 5}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 3}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 3}, {"title": "Births", "count": 2}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 2}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 2}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 2}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 2}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "spain", "label": "Spain", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "brazil", "label": "Brazil", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "al-andalus", "label": "Al-Andalus", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "coimbra", "label": "Coimbra", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "lisbon", "label": "Lisbon", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "france", "label": "France", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "almanzor", "label": "Almanzor", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "dutch-republic", "label": "Dutch Republic", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "umayyad-caliphate", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "ferdinand-i-of-leon", "label": "Ferdinand I of León", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "ceuta", "label": "Ceuta", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "europe", "label": "Europe", "shared": 3}], "items": [{"year": 358, "year_label": "358 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Constantius II recalls Pope Liberius to Rome, where he receives a joyous welcome from the Christians. Antipope Felix II prudently retires to his estate near Porto (Portugal).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267077925#Religion", "title": "358", "revid": 1267077925, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 388, "year_label": "388 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Paternus becomes bishop of the Episcopal see of Braga (Portugal).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1321355496#Religion", "title": "388", "revid": 1321355496, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 400, "year_label": "400 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Hydatius, bishop of Aquae Flaviae (modern Chaves, Portugal) (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347571639#Births", "title": "400", "revid": 1347571639, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 428, "year_label": "428 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Hydatius becomes bishop of Aquae Flaviae in Gallaecia (modern Chaves) in Portugal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1321157185#Religion", "title": "428", "revid": 1321157185, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 460, "year_label": "460 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Majorian invades Hispania; his generals Nepotianus and Sunieric lead a Visigoth army into Gallaecia. The Suebi are defeated and Lusitania (modern Portugal) is conquered.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360598361#Roman_Empire", "title": "460", "revid": 1360598361, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 711, "year_label": "711 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 27", "text": "April 27 – Umayyad conquest of Hispania: Muslim troops (7,000 men) led by Tariq ibn Ziyad land at Gibraltar, and begin their invasion of the Iberian Peninsula (now Spain and Portugal). Tariq begins his Islamic conquest of the Visigothic Kingdom, which during the decade he occupies and brings under Umayyad sovereignty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358403455#Arabian_Empire", "title": "AD 711", "revid": 1358403455, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 742, "year_label": "742 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Umayyad conquest of Hispania: Arab forces under Abd al-Malik ibn Katan al-Fihri, governor (wali) of Al-Andalus, suppress the Berber rebellion in the region of Mértola (modern Portugal).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809740#Europe", "title": "742", "revid": 1340809740, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 762, "year_label": "762 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Al-Ala ibn Mugith, supporter of the Abbasid cause, is defeated by the Umayyad emir of al-Andalus, Abd al-Rahman I, at Beja (modern-day Portugal).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340847727#Europe", "title": "762", "revid": 1340847727, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 798, "year_label": "798 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Alfonso II of Asturias campaigns against the Arab Muslims in Al-Andalus. With Frankish military support, he raids into Andalusia and sacks Lisbon (modern Portugal).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848766#Iberia", "title": "798", "revid": 1340848766, "section": "Events › By place › Iberia"}}, {"year": 808, "year_label": "808 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In Gharb al-Andalus (modern Portugal), Hazim ibn Wahb leads a rebellion against the Emirate of Córdoba.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848803#Europe", "title": "AD 808", "revid": 1340848803, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 809, "year_label": "809 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A rebellion in Gharb al-Andalus (modern Portugal) is crushed by the Emirate of Córdoba.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361629793#Europe", "title": "809", "revid": 1361629793, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 878, "year_label": "878 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Reconquista: King Alfonso III of Asturias conquers the city of Coimbra (modern Portugal), which is under the Umayyad Caliphate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353695287#Arabian_Empire", "title": "878", "revid": 1353695287, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 889, "year_label": "889 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "In Portugal, the count of Coimbra, Hermenegildo Gutiérrez, reconquers Coimbra, which was temporarily lost after the first conquest of 878.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129924#Europe", "title": "889", "revid": 1341129924, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 986, "year_label": "986 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer: Al-Mansur, the de facto ruler of Al-Andalus, continues his effort in the north of the Iberian Peninsula and plunders the city of Coimbra (modern Portugal).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272436#Europe", "title": "986", "revid": 1365272436, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 987, "year_label": "987 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Al-Mansur, the de facto ruler of Al-Andalus, occupies the city of Coimbra (modern Portugal).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468366#Europe", "title": "987", "revid": 1364468366, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 990, "year_label": "990 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Al-Mansur, Chancellor and effective ruler of Al-Andalus, conquers the Castle of Montemor-o-Velho (modern Portugal), expanding the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341908655#Europe", "title": "990", "revid": 1341908655, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 997, "year_label": "997 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Al-Mansur, the de facto ruler of Al-Andalus, assaults and partially destroys the city of Santiago de Compostela. He is accompanied in his raid by Christian Portuguese lords, who all receive a share of the booty. On their way, they sack the cities of Zamora and León.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468397#Europe", "title": "997", "revid": 1364468397, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1055, "year_label": "1055 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "King Ferdinand I of León (\"the Great\") begins his campaign against al-Andalus. He conquers Seia from the Christian allies of the Muslim taifas. In a drive to consolidate his southern border in Portugal he re-populates the city of Zamora with some of his Cantabrian (montañeses) subjects.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1301978694#Europe", "title": "1055", "revid": 1301978694, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1057, "year_label": "1057 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Ferdinand I of León (\"the Great\") takes the cities of Lamego and Viseu (modern Portugal) from Christian lords allied to the Muslim Taifa of Silves.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1335991921#Europe", "title": "1057", "revid": 1335991921, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1064, "year_label": "1064 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Summer – King Ferdinand I (the Great) conquers more territory in modern-day Portugal and captures Coimbra. He appoints Sisnando Davides to reorganise the economy and administer the lands encircling the city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369558075#Europe", "title": "1064", "revid": 1369558075, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1117, "year_label": "1117 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Almoravids briefly reconquer Coimbra (modern Portugal).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694426#Europe", "title": "1117", "revid": 1361694426, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1179, "year_label": "1179 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 17", "text": "September 17 – A large offensive, by the Almohad army led by Yusuf I in southern Portugal, aims at the reconquest of the Alentejo. Further north, an Almohad fleet sails to attack Lisbon, but is repelled by the Portuguese, near the Cape Espichel. The Portuguese fleet later manages to enter in the harbour of Ceuta, and destroy a number of Muslim ships. It is the beginning of a four-year naval conflict between the Almohads and Portuguese.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363299926#Africa", "title": "1179", "revid": 1363299926, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1184, "year_label": "1184 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 10", "text": "August 10 – Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur is proclaimed the new caliph of the Almohad Caliphate, after his father Abu Yaqub Yusuf is killed in Portugal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362173180#Africa", "title": "1184", "revid": 1362173180, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1195, "year_label": "1195 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – Anthony of Padua, Portuguese preacher and saint (d. 1231)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326044730#Births", "title": "1195", "revid": 1326044730, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1302, "year_label": "1302 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 23", "text": "January 23 – King Ferdinand IV of the Spanish Kingdom of Castile, having recently reached the age of majority at age 16, marries 12-year-old Princess Constance, the only daughter of King Dinis of Portugal, in a ceremony at Valladolid.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362151248#January–March", "title": "1302", "revid": 1362151248, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1309, "year_label": "1309 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 3", "text": "July 3 – Portugal joins forces with the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon in their attack on Gibraltar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359759809#July_–_September", "title": "1309", "revid": 1359759809, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1382, "year_label": "1382 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 10", "text": "August 10 – The Treaty of Elvas is signed between King Fernando of Portugal and King Juan of Castile to end the Third Fernandine War. Under the agreement, Portugal ends its alliance with England and joins Castile and France in the Hundred Years' War, and recognizes the jurisdiction of the antipope Clement VII over the Portuguese church. Castile returns all Portuguese prisoners of war and ships, and gives Almeida and Miranda back to Portugal. Finally, King Fernando's daughter Beatriz marries King Juan's son Ferdinand.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367364320#July–September", "title": "1382", "revid": 1367364320, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1383, "year_label": "1383 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "September 12", "text": "September 12 – Shortly before his death, King Fernando I of Portugal creates the kingdom's first police force, the Quadrilheiros, initially consisting of 20 of the strongest men in Lisbon, and gives them the authority to arrest criminals. The concept of a city police force is expanded to other communities and becomes the basis for the Polícia de Segurança Pública.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360411139#July–September", "title": "1383", "revid": 1360411139, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1415, "year_label": "1415 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 21", "text": "August 21 – Conquest of Ceuta: Portugal conquers the city of Ceuta from the Moors, initiating the Portuguese Empire, and European expansion and colonialism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371593286#July–September", "title": "1415", "revid": 1371593286, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1419, "year_label": "1419 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 17", "text": "August 17 – Siege of Ceuta: After four days of battle, the Portuguese defenders of the city of Ceuta are able to force a retreat of invaders from Morocco.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358545199#July–September", "title": "1419", "revid": 1358545199, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1419, "year_label": "1419 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "July 1", "text": "July 1 – Portuguese explorers João Gonçalves Zarco, Tristão Vaz Teixeira and Bartolomeu Perestrello, at the service of Prince Henry the Navigator, discover Madeira Island, a year after Zarco and Tristão had discovered Porto Santo Island.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358545199#July–September", "title": "1419", "revid": 1358545199, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1446, "year_label": "1446 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Portuguese navigator Álvaro Fernandes reaches the mouth of the Casamance River in Senegal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360566332#Date_unknown", "title": "1446", "revid": 1360566332, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1462, "year_label": "1462 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Portugal begins to settle the Cape Verde Islands, with slaves from the coast of Guinea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359849875#Date_unknown", "title": "1462", "revid": 1359849875, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1472, "year_label": "1472 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "An extensive slave trade begins in modern Cameroon as the Portuguese sail up the Wouri River and Fernão do Po claims the central-African islands Bioko and Annobón for Portugal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365251690#Undated", "title": "1472", "revid": 1365251690, "section": "Events › Undated"}}, {"year": 1475, "year_label": "1475 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 3", "text": "April 3 – While in Valladolid, capital of the Kingdom of Castile and León, to celebrate a tournament in their honor, the joint rulers of Castile, Queen Isabella and King Fernando II are interrupted by a messenger sent by King Afonso V of Portugal. King Afonso announces a declaration of war against the crown of Castile and León.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369334832#April–June", "title": "1475", "revid": 1369334832, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1481, "year_label": "1481 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 21", "text": "June 21 – The papal bull Aeterni Regis grants Portugal first option to all newly conquered African and Asian lands south of the Canary Islands to Portugal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365936509#April–June", "title": "1481", "revid": 1365936509, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1482, "year_label": "1482 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August 4", "text": "August 4 – Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão and his crew arrive at Loango Bay in West Africa on Saint Dominic's Day, and Cão names the body of water Praia Formosa de São Domingos; from there he and the crew become the first Europeans to enter the Congo River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368493356#July–September", "title": "1482", "revid": 1368493356, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1483, "year_label": "1483 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Isaac Abravanel flees Portugal, after being implicated in a plot against the king.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369188840#Date_unknown", "title": "1483", "revid": 1369188840, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1486, "year_label": "1486 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "October 10", "text": "October 10 – King João II of Portugal appoints Bartolomeu Dias to lead an expedition to sail around what will be called the Cape of Good Hope, the southern tip of Africa, in the hope of finding a trade route to India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369024065#October–December", "title": "1486", "revid": 1369024065, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1491, "year_label": "1491 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 13", "text": "July 13 – Prince Alfonso, the only legitimate son of King João II of Portugal, and heir apparent to the throne, is killed in an accident when the horse he is riding falls and crushes him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360561378#July–September", "title": "1491", "revid": 1360561378, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1494, "year_label": "1494 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 7", "text": "June 7 – Treaty of Tordesillas: Spain and Portugal divide the New World between themselves.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353371082#April–June", "title": "1494", "revid": 1353371082, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1495, "year_label": "1495 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 25", "text": "October 25 – Manuel, Duke of Beja and Visieu takes the throne of Portugal as King Manuel I, following the death of his cousin, King João II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365256979#October–December", "title": "1495", "revid": 1365256979, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1506, "year_label": "1506 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 19", "text": "April 19 – The Lisbon Massacre begins in Portugal with three days of violence, in which thousands of Jews are tortured and killed by Catholics.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368141766#April–June", "title": "1506", "revid": 1368141766, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1515, "year_label": "1515 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "May 20", "text": "May 20 – \"Ulysses\", the first known rhinoceros in Europe, arrives at Lisbon in Portugal after being brought by ship from India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362498078#April–June", "title": "1515", "revid": 1362498078, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1517, "year_label": "1517 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "June 17", "text": "June 17 – A fleet of eight ships of the navy of Portugal, commanded by Fernão Pires de Andrade and dispatched from Goa by Portuguese India's Governor Lopo Soares de Albergaria on orders of King Manuel I, arrives in China at Canton (now Guangzhou) and brings the Ambassador Tomé Pires and his diplomatic corps to start trade and foreign relations.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366649067#April–June", "title": "1517", "revid": 1366649067, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1531, "year_label": "1531 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "January 26", "text": "January 26 – 1531 Lisbon earthquake: More than 30,000 people are killed in Portugal in an earthquake and subsequent tsunami.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359939156#January–March", "title": "1531", "revid": 1359939156, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1532, "year_label": "1532 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "January 22", "text": "January 22 – São Vicente is established as the first permanent Portuguese settlement in Brazil.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818925#January–March", "title": "1532", "revid": 1368818925, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1538, "year_label": "1538 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 5", "text": "November 5 – The siege of the Indian city of Diu ends as the Gujarat and Ottoman forces withdraw from the Portuguese held city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561127#October–December", "title": "1538", "revid": 1369561127, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1548, "year_label": "1548 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 17", "text": "December 17 – King João III of Portugal, creates a colonial government of Brazil, with a capital at Bahia, in order to maintain unity among various Portuguese captaincies (São Vicente, Nova Lusitania, Ilhéus and Porto Seguro) scattered along the coast. The document contains 48 articles governing the installation of the government, the organization of trade, measures for defense, treatment of the indigenous tribes, and policies toward foreigners. The King provides for a Governor-General, and appoints Tomé de Sousa as the first officeholder.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366656469#October–December", "title": "1548", "revid": 1366656469, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1552, "year_label": "1552 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In the Persian Gulf, the Ottoman Empire Red Sea Fleet attacks the Portuguese stronghold of Hormuz, but fails to capture it.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364394581#Date_unknown", "title": "1552", "revid": 1364394581, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1552, "year_label": "1552 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "June 24", "text": "June 24 – The Portuguese ship São João is wrecked off of the coast of South Africa. While 480 people survive initially, all but 25 of them die during the next 165 days while trying to reach the mouth of the Maputo River in what is now Mozambique.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364394581#April–June", "title": "1552", "revid": 1364394581, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1564, "year_label": "1564 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 7", "text": "February 7 (11th waning of Tabodwe 925 ME) – Burmese–Siamese War: Invaders from Burma overcome the seaside defenses of the Siamese capital at Ayutthava, capturing the batteries of cannons and a set of ships sent by Portugal to help defend the kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363117508#January–March", "title": "1564", "revid": 1363117508, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1582, "year_label": "1582 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 26", "text": "July 26 – Battle of Ponta Delgada (War of the Portuguese Succession): Spanish admiral Santa Cruz decisively defeats a larger mercenary fleet from France, England, supporters of the Portuguese claimant António, Prior of Crato, and the Dutch Republic, under Filippo di Piero Strozzi (who is killed) off the Azores, the first engagement between large fleets of galleons, operating at any great distance from the mainland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373325265#July–September", "title": "1582", "revid": 1373325265, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1591, "year_label": "1591 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 15", "text": "July 15 – The Battle of the Berlengas takes place off of the coast of Portugal as the Earl of Cumberland's five English privateers are surprised by five Spanish galleys commanded by General Francisco Coloma, commander of the Armada de Guarda Costa. Cumberland's ship, the Golden Noble, is captured.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358075583#July–September", "title": "1591", "revid": 1358075583, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1597, "year_label": "1597 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August 14", "text": "August 14 – First Dutch Expedition to Indonesia: A Dutch expedition commanded by Cornelis de Houtman returns to Amsterdam, after having successfully reached Java. This achievement opens the Spice trade, which had until then been monopolised by the Portuguese, to the Dutch, who in the next years launch several more expeditions to the Indies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362801855#July–September", "title": "1597", "revid": 1362801855, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1597, "year_label": "1597 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 27", "text": "May 27 – The Kingdom of Kotte, on most of the western side of the island of Sri Lanka, upon the death of King Dharmapala. With no heirs, Dharmapala had made a will bequeathing the entire kingdom to the European nation of Portugal, creating the territory of Portuguese Ceylon (Puruthugisi Lankawa or Porthueka Ilankai).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362801855#April–June", "title": "1597", "revid": 1362801855, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1602, "year_label": "1602 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 3", "text": "June 3 – Anglo-Spanish War (1585) – Battle of Sesimbra Bay off of the coast of Portugal: Five galleons of the English Royal Navy defeat a larger force of Spanish Navy ships.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351972919#April–June", "title": "1602", "revid": 1351972919, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1606, "year_label": "1606 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "January 29", "text": "January 29 – Explorer Pedro Fernandes de Queirós of Portugal, accompanied by a party of 160 men on the ships San Pedro, San Pablo and Los Tres Reyes, leads the first Europeans to discover the Pitcairn Islands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561009#January–March", "title": "1606", "revid": 1369561009, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1613, "year_label": "1613 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "February 24", "text": "February 24 – King Anaukpetlun of Burma blockades the Portuguese port at Syriam with 80 warships and 3,000 men, then sets about to tunnel into the city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366649732#January–March", "title": "1613", "revid": 1366649732, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1624, "year_label": "1624 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 19", "text": "February 19 – King Filipe III of Portugal issues a decree prohibiting the enslavement of Chinese people in Portugal or in its colonies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331350573#January–March", "title": "1624", "revid": 1331350573, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1640, "year_label": "1640 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 17", "text": "January 17 – Action of 12–17 January 1640: A naval battle, part of the Dutch invasions of Brazil, between ships of the Dutch Republic and those of the Kingdom of Portugal, ends after five days of fighting with the Dutch driving the Portuguese away from the port of Recife.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361323300#January–March", "title": "1640", "revid": 1361323300, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1641, "year_label": "1641 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 1", "text": "June 1 – In Paris, representatives of Portugal and France sign a treaty of alliance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343658448#April–June", "title": "1641", "revid": 1343658448, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1653, "year_label": "1653 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 8", "text": "November 8 – The Battle of Arronches takes place near the town of Arronches on the Portuguese side of the border between Portugal and Spain, with the Portuguese Army outflanking and defeating a larger Spanish force.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365981775#October–December", "title": "1653", "revid": 1365981775, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1654, "year_label": "1654 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 26", "text": "January 26 – Portugal recaptures the South American city of Recife from the Netherlands after a siege of more than two years during the Dutch-Portuguese War, bringing an end to Dutch rule of what is now Brazil. The Dutch West India Company has held the city (which they call Mauritsstad) for more than 23 years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365981814#January–March", "title": "1654", "revid": 1365981814, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1659, "year_label": "1659 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 14", "text": "January 14 – In the Battle of the Lines of Elvas, fought near the small city of Elvas in Portugal during the Portuguese Restoration War, the Spanish Army under the command of Luis Méndez de Haro suffers heavy casualties, with over 11,000 of its nearly 16,000 soldiers killed, wounded or taken prisoner; the smaller Portuguese force of 10,500 troops, commanded by André de Albuquerque Ribafria (who is killed in the battle) suffers less than 900 casualties.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986380#January–March", "title": "1659", "revid": 1365986380, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1660, "year_label": "1660 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 27", "text": "May 27 – William Morice takes office as the first Secretary of State for the Northern Department in Great Britain, with responsibility for conducting foreign relations with the Netherlands, Scandinavia, Poland, Russia, and the Holy Roman Empire. Relations with France, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, the Italian states, and the Ottoman Empire are assigned to the Secretary of State for the Southern Department. The position will eventually evolve into the office of the Foreign Secretary.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986539#April–June", "title": "1660", "revid": 1365986539, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1661, "year_label": "1661 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 6", "text": "August 6 – Portugal and the Dutch Republic sign the Treaty of The Hague, whereby the Dutch Republic's South American colony of Nieuw-Holland is sold to Portugal for the equivalent of roughly 63000 kg of gold, and incorporated into Brazil. The territory includes much of what will later become the Brazilian states of Ceará, Maranhão, Paraíba, Pernambuco and Rio Grande do Norte. Among the major Dutch settlements lost are Mauritsstad (Recife), Fort Schoonenborch (Fortaleza), Nieuw-Amsterdam (Natal), and Frederikstadt (João Pessoa).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986603#July–September", "title": "1661", "revid": 1365986603, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1662, "year_label": "1662 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 21", "text": "May 21 – (May 31 N.S.); Princess Catherine of Braganza, daughter of King João IV of Portugal, marries Charles II of England. As part of the dowry, Portugal cedes Bombay in India, and Tangier in Morocco, to England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988036#April–June", "title": "1662", "revid": 1365988036, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1671, "year_label": "1671 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 18", "text": "November 18 – In southwest Africa, troops of the Army of Portugal, under the command of Luís Lopes de Sequeira, win the Battle of Pungo Andongo, capturing the fortress capital of the Kingdom of Ndongo after nine months and deposing King Ngola Hari. The kingdom is annexed into the Portuguese colony of Angola.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365991065#October–December", "title": "1671", "revid": 1365991065, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1680, "year_label": "1680 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The first Portuguese governor is appointed to Macau.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365997201#Date_unknown", "title": "1680", "revid": 1365997201, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1696, "year_label": "1696 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "December 24", "text": "December 24 – The Inquisition in Portugal carries out the sentence of burning at the stake against several Marrano Jews in Évora.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361123555#October–December", "title": "1696", "revid": 1361123555, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1706, "year_label": "1706 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 14", "text": "December 14 – Spanish General Alexandre Maître, Marquis de Bay leads the successful capture of Alcántara from Portugal", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351890964#October–December", "title": "1706", "revid": 1351890964, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1714, "year_label": "1714 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "April 12", "text": "April 12 – Italian Jesuit missionary Niccolò Gianpriamo is dispatched from Portugal on an evangelical trip to Asia starting with the Portuguese Indian colony of Goa, where he arrives after five months.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366497107#April–June", "title": "1714", "revid": 1366497107, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1721, "year_label": "1721 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "April 26", "text": "April 26 – Pirates John Taylor and Olivier Levasseur capture the 700-ton Portuguese galleon Nossa Senhora do Cabo at Réunion. The total value of treasure on board (from Goa) is estimated as between £100,000 and £875,000, one of the largest pirate hauls ever.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367153403#April–June", "title": "1721", "revid": 1367153403, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1726, "year_label": "1726 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 30", "text": "March 30 – After King Haffon of the West African Kingdom of Whydah (in modern-day Benin) allows Portuguese traders to build the Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá in the capital at Savi, mercenaries of the Dutch West India Company make a failed attempt to destroy the fort by \"throwing two flaming spears over the walls\". By 1726, traders from Britain, France, the Netherlands and Portugal are all competing to establish trade with Whydah, which supplies other West Africans to be used as slaves.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372345509#January–March", "title": "1726", "revid": 1372345509, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1737, "year_label": "1737 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 16", "text": "March 16 – In Paris, representatives of Spain and Portugal sign an armistice bringing an end to the Spanish–Portuguese War over the area now occupied by the nation of Uruguay and the area now occupied by the state of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil. The news does not reach the fighting parties until five months later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367176390#January–March", "title": "1737", "revid": 1367176390, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1750, "year_label": "1750 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 13", "text": "January 13 – The Treaty of Madrid between Spain and Portugal authorizes a larger Brazil than had the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494, which originally established the boundaries of the Portuguese and Spanish territories in South America.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349828876#January–March", "title": "1750", "revid": 1349828876, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1822, "year_label": "1822 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 9", "text": "January 9 – The Portuguese prince Pedro I of Brazil decides to stay in Brazil against the orders of the Portugal's King João VI, beginning the Brazilian independence process.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367154222#January–March", "title": "1822", "revid": 1367154222, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1822, "year_label": "1822 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 7", "text": "September 7 – Brazil declares its independence from Portugal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367154222#July–September", "title": "1822", "revid": 1367154222, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1969, "year_label": "1969 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "February 28", "text": "February 28 – The 1969 Portugal earthquake hits Portugal, Spain and Morocco.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373164180#February", "title": "1969", "revid": 1373164180, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1973, "year_label": "1973 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 27", "text": "September 27 – Luís Cabral declares the independence of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau from the Estado Novo regime in Portugal. It is later granted in September 1974.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373239256#September", "title": "1973", "revid": 1373239256, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1975, "year_label": "1975 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 25", "text": "November 25 – A failed military coup d'état by far-left activists occurs in Portugal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369955775#November", "title": "1975", "revid": 1369955775, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1986, "year_label": "1986 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – Spain and Portugal enter the European Community, which becomes the European Union in 1993.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373510075#January", "title": "1986", "revid": 1373510075, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1987, "year_label": "1987 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 27", "text": "May 27 – At the Prater Stadium of Vienna, Porto of Portugal defeats Bayern München of West Germany 2–1 and wins its first European Cup.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372769014#May", "title": "1987", "revid": 1372769014, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2007, "year_label": "2007 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "May 3", "text": "May 3 – British three-year-old Madeleine McCann disappears in Praia da Luz, Lagos, Portugal, described by The Daily Telegraph as \"the most heavily reported missing-person case in modern history\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370930640#May", "title": "2007", "revid": 1370930640, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2025, "year_label": "2025 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "April 28", "text": "April 28 – A widespread power outage affects Spain and Portugal for hours. Andorra is affected for a few seconds while southern France is lightly affected.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372865033#April", "title": "2025", "revid": 1372865033, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 2025, "year_label": "2025 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "September 3", "text": "September 3 – At least 16 people are killed and over 21 are injured after the Glória funicular derailment in the centre of Lisbon, Portugal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372865033#September", "title": "2025", "revid": 1372865033, "section": "Events › September"}}]}