{"slug": "provence", "label": "Provence", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provence", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101081", "qid": "Q101081", "description": "region and historical province of southeastern France", "entries": 48, "years": 47, "span": [471, 1545], "span_label": ["471 CE", "1545 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 16}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 11}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 9}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 4}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 4}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 2}, {"title": "Births", "count": 2}], "related": [{"slug": "arles", "label": "Arles", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "marseille", "label": "Marseille", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "france", "label": "France", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "gaul", "label": "Gaul", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "septimania", "label": "Septimania", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "lower-burgundy", "label": "Lower Burgundy", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "francia", "label": "Francia", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "louis-the-blind", "label": "Louis the Blind", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "alps", "label": "Alps", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "franks", "label": "Franks", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "visigoths", "label": "Visigoths", "shared": 3}], "items": [{"year": 471, "year_label": "471 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Revolt of Euric: The Aquitanian Goths under Euric defeat a Roman army that was sent by Emperor Anthemius near Arles and conquer a large part of the Provence (Southern Gaul). The city of Clermont-Ferrand in Auvergne is besieged.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365043260#Europe", "title": "471", "revid": 1365043260, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 475, "year_label": "475 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Emperor Julius Nepos grants the Visigoth King Euric legal tenure of his conquests, which include Provence (region of Gaul), in exchange for full independence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360137651#Roman_Empire", "title": "475", "revid": 1360137651, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 476, "year_label": "476 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Odoacer crosses the Maritime Alps with a Gothic army and invades Provence (Southern Gaul). He conquers the cities of Arles and Marseille, after a victorious battle against the Burgundians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355222972#Roman_Empire", "title": "476", "revid": 1355222972, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 508, "year_label": "508 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Theodoric the Great sends an Ostrogoth army, led by his sword-bearer Theudis, drives the Franks out of Provence, and recovers Septimania (Languedoc) from the Visigoths.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364907761#Europe", "title": "508", "revid": 1364907761, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 510, "year_label": "510 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Theodoric the Great raises the Frankish siege at Arles; the city is heroically defended by its inhabitants, assisted by the Ostrogothic general Theudis. The Ostrogoths overrun Provence (Southern Gaul), and consolidate their gains in the region.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739939#Europe", "title": "510", "revid": 1364739939, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 524, "year_label": "524 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Date unknown – Queen Guntheuc, widow of Chlodomer, is forced into marrying his brother, Chlothar I. Her two children are murdered by him, but the eldest son Clodoald survives by escaping to Provence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340792013#Europe", "title": "524", "revid": 1340792013, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 536, "year_label": "536 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March", "text": "March – Ostrogothic King Theodahad cedes Provence and upper Alamannia to the Franks, gaining their support in the war. He sends a large Gothic army into Dalmatia. They defeat the Byzantines, Mundus is killed during the fighting at Salona, and the Byzantine army withdraws.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362906459#Europe", "title": "536", "revid": 1362906459, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 568, "year_label": "568 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Mummolus, Gallo-Roman prefect, defeats the Lombards at Embrun and expels them from Provence (Southern Gaul).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751316#Europe", "title": "568", "revid": 1364751316, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 591, "year_label": "591 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Pope Gregory I criticizes the bishops of Arles and Marseille for allowing the forced baptism of Jews in Provence (France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751608#Religion", "title": "591", "revid": 1364751608, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 721, "year_label": "721 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Charles Martel restores the authority of the Austrasian palace throughout the Frankish Kingdom, including against Frankish-claimed Aquitaine and Provence (Southern France). He exiles Rigobert, bishop of Reims, to Gascony.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808636#Europe", "title": "721", "revid": 1340808636, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 734, "year_label": "734 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Umayyad conquest of Gaul: Muslim forces under Abd al-Malik ibn Qatn al-Fihri, governor (wali) of Al-Andalus (modern Spain), enter Provence and raid the Rhône Valley. The cities of Avignon, Arles, and probably Marseille are handed over by Count Maurontus, who is in rebellion against Charles Martel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809669#Europe", "title": "734", "revid": 1340809669, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 736, "year_label": "736 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Charles Martel, Merovingian mayor of the palace, forms local alliances with the Burgundians, and imposes Frankish domination on Provence. He defeats Muslim forces at Sernhac and Beaucaire in Septimania (Southern France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809679#Europe", "title": "736", "revid": 1340809679, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 737, "year_label": "737 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Narbonne: Frankish forces under Charles Martel besiege Narbonne, occupied by a Umayyad garrison, but are unable to retake the fortress city. A Lombard army under King Liutprand crosses the Alps, to aid Charles in expelling the Muslims from Septimania. Meanwhile Maurontus, duke or count of Provence, raises a revolt from his unconquered city of Marseille, and threatens the rear of the Franks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809689#Europe", "title": "AD 737", "revid": 1340809689, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 738, "year_label": "738 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Moors under Uqba ibn Al-Hajjaj cross the Pyrenees into France. Uqba fortifies Narbonne and reconquers Avignon, Arles, Nimes. He then advances into Provence, and penetrates as far as Piedmont; he then heads North, and conquers Dauphiné, destroying the city of Saint-Paul, taking Valence, Vienne and Lyon, which he uses as a base to attack Bourgogne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809691#Europe", "title": "738", "revid": 1340809691, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 739, "year_label": "739 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Umayyad conquest of Gaul: Charles Martel attacks Duke Maurontus of Provence and his Muslim allies. His brother Childebrand captures Marseille, one of the largest cities still in Umayyad hands. Maurontus is forced to go into hiding in the Alps.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809724#Europe", "title": "739", "revid": 1340809724, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 740, "year_label": "740 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Sicily, Sardinia, Provence, and Greece are raided by a fleet of Arab Muslim ships sent by the governor of Ifriqya, the ones raiding South Western Europe are led by Habīb Ibn Abi ‘Ubayda Al-Fihrī, while the fleet raiding Greece is led by Mu’awiya ibn Hishām. All of them are successful, submitting the Islands and returning with much wealth from the spoils of war.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352534655#Europe", "title": "740", "revid": 1352534655, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 794, "year_label": "794 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Council of Frankfurt: King Charlemagne calls for a church meeting of the Frankish realm. Bishops and priests from Francia, Aquitaine, Italy, and Provence are gathered in Franconofurd (modern-day Frankfurt am Main).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848638#Religion", "title": "794", "revid": 1340848638, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 863, "year_label": "863 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 25", "text": "January 25 – Emperor Louis II claims Provence, after the death of his brother Charles. King Lothair II receives Lower Burgundy and a part of the Jura Mountains.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1322668706#Europe", "title": "863", "revid": 1322668706, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 890, "year_label": "890 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "The Frankish nobles, who have ruled Provence in anarchy (since 887), declare Louis the Blind (a son of the late usurper King Boso) ruler of Lower Burgundy, at an assembly at Valence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373061013#Europe", "title": "890", "revid": 1373061013, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 897, "year_label": "897 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Ermengard of Italy, queen and regent of Provence", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130275#Deaths", "title": "897", "revid": 1341130275, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 902, "year_label": "902 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Adalbert II, margrave of Tuscany, revolts against Emperor Louis III (\"the Blind\"). He helps the deposed King Berengar I to recover the Kingdom of Italy. Louis III is forced to abdicate the Lombard throne and flees to Provence, compelled to promise never to return to Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130244#Europe", "title": "902", "revid": 1341130244, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 905, "year_label": "905 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Louis III returns to Provence. Unable to govern properly, he relinquishes the government of Lower Burgundy to his cousin Hugh, Count of Arles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350019271#Europe", "title": "905", "revid": 1350019271, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 924, "year_label": "924 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 24", "text": "March 24 – Hungarian Magyar forces led by General Szalárd, capture Pavia, capital of the Kingdom of Italy within the Holy Roman Empire, at the request of the Holy Roman Emperor Berengar. Later, after crossing the Alps via the St. Bernard Pass, the Magyars pillage Provence, Septimania and Nismes in southern France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360748864#January—March", "title": "924", "revid": 1360748864, "section": "Events › January—March"}}, {"year": 928, "year_label": "928 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 5", "text": "June 5 – Louis III (the Blind), former king of Provence (Lower Burgundy), dies at Arles after a 27-year reign (of which 23 are sightless). He is succeeded by his brother-in-law Hugh I who is King of Italy. With the approval of his kinsman Rudolph I, Hugh strips Louis's son and heir, Charles Constantine, of his inheritance and proclaims himself as ruler of Provence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364916804#Europe", "title": "928", "revid": 1364916804, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 935, "year_label": "935 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Fatimid caliph al-Qa'im dispatches a naval expedition under Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Tamimi to raid the coast of Provence and Liguria, sacking Genoa on 16 August and attacking Pisa. Ya'qub also raids Corsica and Sardinia before returning to Mahdia with some 8,000 prisoners.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468168#Europe", "title": "935", "revid": 1364468168, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 945, "year_label": "945 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Hugh of Provence lays siege to Vignola to put an end to Berengar's advance. But to no avail, as Berengar of Ivrea is hailed throughout northern Italy as a liberator, and Hugh flees to Provence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365595392#Europe", "title": "945", "revid": 1365595392, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 954, "year_label": "954 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – The Hungarians plunder the surroundings of Laon, Reims, Chalon, Metz, and Gorze. After that, they return to Burgundy. In Provence, the Hungarians battle with the Moors from the Muslim enclave of Fraxinet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360671354#Europe", "title": "954", "revid": 1360671354, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1051, "year_label": "1051 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 27", "text": "April 27 – Fulk Bertrand I, count of Provence", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365260254#Deaths", "title": "1051", "revid": 1365260254, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1094, "year_label": "1094 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 28", "text": "July 28 – William Bertrand, margrave of Provence", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365267917#Deaths", "title": "1094", "revid": 1365267917, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1094, "year_label": "1094 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 28", "text": "July 28 – William Bertrand dies, and his margravial title of Provence is inherited by Raymond IV (\"Saint-Gilles\"), who becomes count of Toulouse (until 1105).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365267917#Europe", "title": "1094", "revid": 1365267917, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1096, "year_label": "1096 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October", "text": "October – Raymond IV (\"Saint-Gilles\"), count of Toulouse, sets off to join the First Crusade. He travels with his army, accompanied by his wife Elvira and Bishop Adhemar of Le Puy, via Provence through the Balkan route (along the coast of Croatia). He arrives at Dyrrachium to march to Thessaloniki.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365266324#First_Crusade", "title": "1096", "revid": 1365266324, "section": "Events › By place › First Crusade"}}, {"year": 1125, "year_label": "1125 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Saracen pirates raid the city of Antibes in Provence and the Benedictine monastery of Saint Honorat on the Lérins Islands (French Riviera).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365270881#Europe", "title": "1125", "revid": 1365270881, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1131, "year_label": "1131 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Ramon Berenguer III (the Great), count of Barcelona, dies after a 34-year reign. He leaves most of his Catalonian territories to his elder son Ramon Berenguer IV, who continues the fight against the Almoravid Muslims. His younger son Berenguer Ramon inherits Provence (Southern France) and will reign as Ramon I (until 1144).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372289644#Europe", "title": "1131", "revid": 1372289644, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1172, "year_label": "1172 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Douce II, countess of Provence (b. 1162)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184481#Deaths", "title": "1172", "revid": 1369184481, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1180, "year_label": "1180 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Alfonso II (Berenguer), count of Provence (d. 1209)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368649234#Births", "title": "1180", "revid": 1368649234, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1181, "year_label": "1181 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 5", "text": "April 5 – Ramon Berenguer III, count of Provence", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360570363#Deaths", "title": "1181", "revid": 1360570363, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1196, "year_label": "1196 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 25", "text": "April 25 – King Alfonso II of Aragon (\"the Chaste\") dies after a 32-year reign at Perpignan. He leaves a will that divides his realm (Aragon loses Provence) and is succeeded by his 21-year-old son Peter II (the Catholic).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362484493#Europe", "title": "1196", "revid": 1362484493, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1197, "year_label": "1197 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Saracen pirates, from the Balearic Islands, raid the city of Toulon in Provence, and the Benedictine monastery of Saint Honorat, on the Lérins Islands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371224721#Europe", "title": "1197", "revid": 1371224721, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1198, "year_label": "1198 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Beatrice of Savoy, countess of Provence (d. 1266)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365584676#Births", "title": "1198", "revid": 1365584676, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1226, "year_label": "1226 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 7", "text": "June 7 – King Louis VIII of France begins the Crusade against the Cathars (Albigensians) in southern France and against Raymond VII, count of Count of Toulouse. Over the next three months, the Crusaders capture the cities of Béziers, Carcassonne, Beaucaire and Marseille and by Avignon's surrender on September 9, Louis forces the region of Languedoc into submission, and reasserts his authority upon the autonomous municipalities of his estates. Most cities have to accept the authority of Ramon Berenguer IV, count of Provence, but Marseille and Nice rebel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372695704#April_–_June", "title": "1226", "revid": 1372695704, "section": "Events › April – June"}}, {"year": 1236, "year_label": "1236 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 14", "text": "January 14 – King Henry III marries the 14-year-old Eleanor of Provence, one of the four daughters of Raimond Berenguer, count of Provence. The ceremony takes place at Canterbury Cathedral, with Simon de Montfort, as Lord High Steward, takes care of the banquet and kitchen arrangements. Eleanor is crowned queen at Westminster Abbey shortly afterward.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361428601#England", "title": "1236", "revid": 1361428601, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1254, "year_label": "1254 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "April 24", "text": "April 24 – Louis IX and his family sail from Acre to France. His boat is nearly wrecked off the coast of Cyprus and later nearly destroyed by fire. In July, the royal party arrives at Hyères in Provence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1296887805#Levant", "title": "1254", "revid": 1296887805, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1281, "year_label": "1281 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "October 18", "text": "October 18 – Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos is excommunicated by Pope Martin IV without any warning or provocation. Martin authorizes Charles I, king of Sicily, to make a Crusade against Michael, who has re-established his rule in Constantinople. Charles prepares an expedition in Sicily and assembles a fleet of 100 ships, and 300 more in Naples, Provence, and the Greek territories, which carry some 8,000 cavalrymen.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320525#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1281", "revid": 1351320525, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1314, "year_label": "1314 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 1", "text": "May 1 – The 1314–1316 papal conclave to elect a successor to Pope Clement V begins at Carpentras Cathedral in Provence with 23 cardinals in attendance, of whom the votes of 16 are necessary to elect a new Pontiff. The cardinals are divided into three factions, none of which have more than eight people, with a group from Italy (led by Guillaume de Mandagot), who want to move the papacy back to Rome; nine from Gascony, most of whom are relatives of Pope Clement (led by Arnaud de Pellegrue); and five from Provence (led by Berengar Fredol).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373434387#April_–_June", "title": "1314", "revid": 1373434387, "section": "Events › April – June"}}, {"year": 1367, "year_label": "1367 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 26", "text": "July 26 – At Avignon, Pope Urban V learns of a possible invasion of France by John of Gaunt and his intention to capture Provence, and writes to England's King Edward III to take steps to prevent it.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373413377#July–September", "title": "1367", "revid": 1373413377, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1481, "year_label": "1481 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 10", "text": "December 10 – With the death of Duke Charles IV of Anjou, Anjou reverts to the French crown under Louis XI, as does the Provence, which until then was part of the Holy Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365936509#October–December", "title": "1481", "revid": 1365936509, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1486, "year_label": "1486 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Provence was legally incorporated into the French royal domain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369024065#Date_unknown", "title": "1486", "revid": 1369024065, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1545, "year_label": "1545 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – King Francis I of France issues the \"Arrêt de Mérindol\", to destroy the Protestant Waldensians of Provence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366653612#January–March", "title": "1545", "revid": 1366653612, "section": "Events › January–March"}}]}