{"slug": "pyrenees", "label": "Pyrenees", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrenees", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12431", "qid": "Q12431", "description": "range of mountains in southwest Europe", "entries": 26, "years": 26, "span": [-207, 1948], "span_label": ["208 BCE", "1948 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 17}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 3}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 3}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 2}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "spain", "label": "Spain", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "ebro", "label": "Ebro", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "septimania", "label": "Septimania", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "franks", "label": "Franks", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "al-andalus", "label": "Al-Andalus", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "narbonne", "label": "Narbonne", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "moors", "label": "Moors", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-pamplona", "label": "Kingdom of Pamplona", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "hispania-baetica", "label": "Hispania Baetica", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "principality-of-catalonia", "label": "Principality of Catalonia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "visigoths", "label": "Visigoths", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "umayyad-caliphate", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": -207, "year_label": "208 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Romans under Publius Cornelius Scipio defeat the Carthaginians under their commander Hasdrubal Barca at Baecula (Bailen) in Baetica. As a result, Hasdrubal Barca decides to cross the Pyrenees with his remaining troops into Transalpine Gaul, with the intention of joining his brother Hannibal in Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364334903#Roman_Republic", "title": "208 BC", "revid": 1364334903, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -76, "year_label": "77 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Pompeius marches along the Via Domitia through Gallia Narbonensis crossing the Pyrenees to Spain. He joins with Quintus Metellus Pius to suppress the revolt of Quintus Sertorius, but is at first unsuccessful.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364740529#Roman_Republic", "title": "77 BC", "revid": 1364740529, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -48, "year_label": "49 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Caesar arrives in Spain; seizes the Pyrenees passes against the Pompeians L. Afranius and Marcus Petreius.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347951543#Roman_Republic", "title": "49 BC", "revid": 1347951543, "section": "Events › By place and Date › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 409, "year_label": "409 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 13", "text": "October 13 – The Vandals, led by King Gunderic, cross the Pyrenees into the Iberian Peninsula. They receive land from the Romans, as foederati, in Baetica (Southern Spain). The Alans occupy lands in Lusitania and the Suebi control parts of Gallaecia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367641120#Roman_Empire", "title": "409", "revid": 1367641120, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 436, "year_label": "436 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In the Gothic War (436-439) besieges king Theodoric I the city of Narbonne; the Visigoths obtain access to the Mediterranean Sea and the roads to the Pyrenees.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1303045181#Europe", "title": "436", "revid": 1303045181, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 585, "year_label": "585 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Childebert II, age 15, takes up his sole rule of Austrasia. A Frankish army under King Guntram marches to Comminges (Pyrenees), and besieges the citadel of Saint-Bertrand.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365938601#Europe", "title": "585", "revid": 1365938601, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 717, "year_label": "717 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "A Muslim expedition under Al-Hurr ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Thaqafi cross the Pyrenees into Aquitanian territory, leading a small raiding party into Septimania (Southern France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808622#Arabian_Empire", "title": "717", "revid": 1340808622, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 725, "year_label": "725 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Duke Eudes of Aquitaine seeks an alliance with Munuza, governor of Cerdagne (eastern Pyrenees), currently in rebellion against the central Umayyad government at Córdoba in Andalusia (probably not cemented until 729).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808658#Europe", "title": "725", "revid": 1340808658, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 731, "year_label": "731 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Umayyad conquest of Gaul: Munuza, Moorish governor of Cerdagne (eastern Pyrenees), rebels against Umayyad authority. He is defeated and executed by Muslim forces under Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi at Urgell (Catalonia). Muslim garrisons in Septimania raid the cities Millau and Arles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358697487#Europe", "title": "731", "revid": 1358697487, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 732, "year_label": "732 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of the River Garonne: A Umayyad Muslim army (40,000 men) under Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi, governor of Al-Andalus, crosses the Pyrenees through the Roncesvalles Pass and raids widely, ravaging the cities of Oloron, Lescar and Bayonne, and burning the abbey of Saint-Sever. Umayyad forces destroy the monastery of Saint-Émilion, and defeat the 'Count of Libourne'. Abdul Rahman sacks and captures Bordeaux, and nearly wipes out the army of Duke Eudes of Aquitaine, at the Garonne River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808703#Europe", "title": "732", "revid": 1340808703, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 733, "year_label": "733 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Umayyad conquest of Hispania: Muslim forces under Abd al-Malik ibn Katan al-Fihri, governor (wali) of Al-Andalus, cross the Pyrenees and ravage both sides of the mountains. He establishes colonies along the Ebro Valley, and within Basque territory. The Moorish main military efforts are in Catalonia, Aragon, Navarre and Septimania (Southern France), strengthening the towns already in their hands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809659#Europe", "title": "733", "revid": 1340809659, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 738, "year_label": "738 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Moors under Uqba ibn Al-Hajjaj cross the Pyrenees into France. Uqba fortifies Narbonne and reconquers Avignon, Arles, Nimes. He then advances into Provence, and penetrates as far as Piedmont; he then heads North, and conquers Dauphiné, destroying the city of Saint-Paul, taking Valence, Vienne and Lyon, which he uses as a base to attack Bourgogne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809691#Europe", "title": "738", "revid": 1340809691, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 759, "year_label": "759 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Siege of Narbonne: The Franks under King Pepin III (\"the Short\") retake Narbonne from the Muslims, after a 7-year siege. He pushes them back across the Pyrenees, and the Muslims retreat to the Andalusian heartland after 40 years of occupation. The government of the city is assigned to the Visigothic count Miló.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340847712#Europe", "title": "759", "revid": 1340847712, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 778, "year_label": "778 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – Battle of Roncevaux Pass (Pyrenees): Charlemagne is defeated by the Basques. Among those killed is Roland, governor of the Breton March, who will be immortalized in the 11th century epic The Song of Roland. This marks the beginning of medieval French literature.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267081416#Europe", "title": "778", "revid": 1267081416, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 816, "year_label": "816 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Winter – The Basques, supported by the Moors, cross the Garonne River and revolt against the Franks in Gascony (north of the Pyrenees).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941190#Europe", "title": "816", "revid": 1340941190, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 824, "year_label": "824 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Roncevaux Pass: The Basques and Banu Qasi defeat a Frankish expedition, led by Counts Aznar and Ebles, in the Pyrenees.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361215157#Europe", "title": "824", "revid": 1361215157, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 833, "year_label": "833 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Galindo Aznárez I, Frankish count, usurps the Catalan counties (pagi) of Pallars and Ribagorza, in the Spanish March (modern Spain), a buffer zone between the Pyrenees and the Ebro River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941699#Europe", "title": "833", "revid": 1340941699, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 859, "year_label": "859 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Viking raiders invade the Kingdom of Pamplona (Western Pyrenees), and capture King García Íñiguez I, somewhere in the Andalusian heartland. They extort a ransom, rising to around 70,000 gold dinars.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348997263#Europe", "title": "859", "revid": 1348997263, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 860, "year_label": "860 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Muhammad I, Umayyad emir of Córdoba, invades Pamplona (Pyrenees), and captures Crown Prince Fortún Garcés in Milagro, along with his daughter Onneca Fortúnez, and takes them as hostages to Córdoba.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367666755#Iberian_Peninsula", "title": "860", "revid": 1367666755, "section": "Events › By place › Iberian Peninsula"}}, {"year": 924, "year_label": "924 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 12", "text": "February 12 – (1 Dhu al-Qi'dah 311 A.H.) Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh is removed from office as the Abbasid Governor of Egypt by the Caliph al-Muqtadir after less than six months in office and is replaced by Takin al-Khazari. who, following his death, sack and burn the city of Pavia. They Hungarian forces penetrate as far as the Pyrenees.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360748864#January—March", "title": "924", "revid": 1360748864, "section": "Events › January—March"}}, {"year": 931, "year_label": "931 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Ramiro II expands the border eastwards (nearly to the Pyrenees) and captures Burgos and the surrounding land. This land would soon be known as the County of Castile (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364917472#Europe", "title": "931", "revid": 1364917472, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1083, "year_label": "1083 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Sancho Ramírez of Pamplona and Aragon, conquers Graus (located in the Pyrenees).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267070185#Europe", "title": "1083", "revid": 1267070185, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1117, "year_label": "1117 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Ramon Berenguer III (\"the Great\"), count of Barcelona, inherits Cerdanya (located between the Pyrenees and the Ebro River) which becomes part of the Principality of Catalonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694426#Europe", "title": "1117", "revid": 1361694426, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1137, "year_label": "1137 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 25", "text": "July 25 – Louis VI sends his 16-year-old son Louis Capet with an escort of 500 knights to Bordeaux, along with Abbot Suger in charge of the wedding arrangements. Louis and Eleanor are married in the Cathedral of Saint-André. France unites Aquitaine and its territories to the Pyrenees.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362157430#Europe", "title": "1137", "revid": 1362157430, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1374, "year_label": "1374 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 20", "text": "March 20 – In a meeting at Dax in what is now the département of Landes, Gaston III of Foix, overlord in France of multiple territories in the Pyrenees as Count of Foix and Viscount of Béarn forms an alliance with England's John of Gaunt", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369753981#January–March", "title": "1374", "revid": 1369753981, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1948, "year_label": "1948 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The Vielha Tunnel is opened, giving access to the Val d'Aran in the Spanish Pyrenees; at this time it is the longest road tunnel in the world.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371784888#Date_unknown", "title": "1948", "revid": 1371784888, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}]}