{"slug": "qalawun", "label": "Qalawun", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalawun", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249121", "qid": "Q249121", "description": "Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria (r. 1279–1290)", "entries": 9, "years": 7, "span": [1279, 1290], "span_label": ["1279 CE", "1290 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 7}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "syria", "label": "Syria", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "egypt-in-the-middle-ages", "label": "Egypt in the Middle Ages", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "damascus", "label": "Damascus", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "cairo", "label": "Cairo", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "armenian-kingdom-of-cilicia", "label": "Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "crusader-states", "label": "Crusader states", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "baibars", "label": "Baibars", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "aleppo", "label": "Aleppo", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "euphrates", "label": "Euphrates", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "orontes-river", "label": "Orontes River", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "jordan", "label": "Jordan", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "sinai-peninsula", "label": "Sinai Peninsula", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1279, "year_label": "1279 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Mamluk forces led by the 19-year-old Sultan Al-Said Barakah and Qalawun (\"the Thousander\") invade Cilician Armenia; a revolt in Egypt while they are away force Barakah to abdicate. In August, Qalawun takes over the government in Cairo and proclaims himself sultan. He sends Solamish, youngest son of former Sultan Baibars, into exile. Meanwhile, Sunqur al-Ashqar, Mamluk viceroy of Damascus, refuses to accept Qalawun's authority and begins a rebellion in Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362487704#Levant", "title": "1279", "revid": 1362487704, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1281, "year_label": "1281 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – Two Mongol armies (some 50,000 men) advance into Syria. One is commanded by Abaqa Khan, who attacks the Mamluk fortresses along the Euphrates frontier. The second, led by his brother Möngke Temür makes contact with Leo III, king of Cilician Armenia, and then marches down through Aintab and Aleppo into the Orontes valley, where he is joined by Knights Hospitallerr and some French mercenaries. Meanwhile, Sultan Qalawun assembles his Mamluk forces at Damascus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320525#Middle_East", "title": "1281", "revid": 1351320525, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": 1283, "year_label": "1283 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June", "text": "June – Qalawun (\"the Victorious\"), Mamluk ruler of Egypt, signs a peace treaty for 10 years with the Crusader States at Caesarea. It guarantees the Crusaders the possession of the territory from the Ladder of Tyre, north of Acre, to Mount Carmel and Atlit. But Tyre and Beirut are excluded. The right of free pilgrimage to Nazareth is permitted for the Christians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347549431#Levant", "title": "1283", "revid": 1347549431, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1285, "year_label": "1285 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 17", "text": "April 17 – Mamluk forces under Sultan Qalawun (the Victorious) appear with specially built war engines before the Crusader fortress of Margat and begin a siege. For a month, the Mamluks can make no progress and the assaults on the stronghold are repelled. Qalawun then invites a delegation of Knights Hospitaller to come and see the damage his engineers have done to the 'impregnable' fortifications. They understood they have no real choice and are forced to surrender on May 25. The Hospitallers are allowed to retire with all their possessions, on horseback and fully armed. The rest of the garrison is promised a safe-conduct to Tortosa – while Qalawun establishes a Mamluk garrison which he uses as a basis for further campaigns against the Crusader States.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359686470#Levant", "title": "1285", "revid": 1359686470, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1287, "year_label": "1287 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March", "text": "March – Mamluk forces under Sultan Qalawun (the Victorious) capture Latakia, last remnant of the Principality of Antioch. The city port falls easily into his hands, but the defenders retire to the citadel at the mouth of the harbour. Finally, Qalawun forces the Crusader garrison to surrender on April 20.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694581#Middle_East", "title": "1287", "revid": 1361694581, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": 1287, "year_label": "1287 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Egyptian Mamluk forces under Sultan Qalawun (the Victorious) captures Dongola after defeating the Kingdom of Makuria under the leadership of Egyptian general Izz al-Din al-Kawrani.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694581#Middle_East", "title": "1287", "revid": 1361694581, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": 1289, "year_label": "1289 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 9", "text": "February 9 – Sultan Qalawun (the Victorious) marches the Mamluk army out of Cairo, leaving his son Al-Ashraf Khalil commanding Cairo's Citadel, supported by Viceroy Baydara al-Mansuri. The army moves via Salihiya, across Sinai and through Jordan to Damascus. He orders the regional governors of Syria to mobilize in Damascus, where many infantry volunteers have assembled.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332007955#Levant", "title": "1289", "revid": 1332007955, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1290, "year_label": "1290 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 30", "text": "August 30 – Survivors and relatives of the massacre at Acre take bloodstained clothing to Sultan Qalawun (\"the Victorious\") in Cairo, who demands that the leaders of the riot be handed over for trial, but the nobles refuse to send them and Qalawun now obtains legal clearance from the religious authorities in Cairo to break the truce with Crusader states.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343598991#Levant", "title": "1290", "revid": 1343598991, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1290, "year_label": "1290 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 10", "text": "November 10 – Qalawun (\"the Victorious\"), Mamluk ruler of Egypt (b. 1222)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343598991#Deaths", "title": "1290", "revid": 1343598991, "section": "Deaths"}}]}