{"slug": "rashidun-caliphate", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12490507", "qid": "Q12490507", "description": "first caliphate established after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad (632–661)", "entries": 24, "years": 19, "span": [583, 661], "span_label": ["583 CE", "661 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 11}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 6}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 3}, {"title": "Births", "count": 2}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "constans-ii", "label": "Constans II", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "muhammad", "label": "Muhammad", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "ali", "label": "Ali", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "israel", "label": "Israel", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "anatolia", "label": "Anatolia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "kufa", "label": "Kufa", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "palestine-region", "label": "Palestine (region)", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "caesarea-maritima", "label": "Caesarea Maritima", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "ascalon", "label": "Ascalon", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "syria-region", "label": "Syria (region)", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "medina", "label": "Medina", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 583, "year_label": "583 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Umar, companion of Muhammad (d. 644) and second Caliph of Rashidun Caliphate", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372793107#Births", "title": "583", "revid": 1372793107, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 607, "year_label": "607 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Ali ibn Abi Talib, ruler of the Rashidun Caliphate (d. 661)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340802681#Births", "title": "607", "revid": 1340802681, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 632, "year_label": "632 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 8", "text": "June 8 – Muhammad dies in Medina, at the age of 62, and is succeeded by Abu Bakr who becomes the first caliph (vicegerent of the messenger of God). He establishes the Rashidun Caliphate until 661.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370178497#Religion", "title": "632", "revid": 1370178497, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 633, "year_label": "633 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Ullais: Forces of the Rashidun Caliphate under Khalid defeat an entire Persian army (70,000 men) near the river Euphrates. Khalid besieges the city of Hira.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351044118#Arabia", "title": "633", "revid": 1351044118, "section": "Events › By place › Arabia"}}, {"year": 633, "year_label": "633 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Ridda Wars: Abu Bakr, caliph (khalifa) of the Rashidun Caliphate, launches a military campaign against the Arab tribe of Kinda, which inhabits the region of Najran (Yemen).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351044118#Arabia", "title": "633", "revid": 1351044118, "section": "Events › By place › Arabia"}}, {"year": 634, "year_label": "634 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Rashidun Caliphate starts the Islamic conquest of the Byzantine Empire, when Muslim forces under Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah invade the Levant. Khalid sets out for Syria from Al-Hirah, taking with him half his army, about 8,000 strong.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1299946990#Arabia", "title": "634", "revid": 1299946990, "section": "Events › By place › Arabia"}}, {"year": 634, "year_label": "634 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 30", "text": "July 30 – Battle of Ajnadayn: Byzantine forces (90,000 men according to Muslim sources) under Theodore are defeated by the Rashidun Caliphate near Beit Shemesh (modern-day Israel). Heraclius, who is in Emesa, flees to Antioch upon hearing news of the battle's outcome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1299946990#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "634", "revid": 1299946990, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 636, "year_label": "636 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15–20 – Battle of Yarmouk: In engagements along the Yarmouk River, Muslim forces (25,000 men) of the Rashidun Caliphate, led by Khalid ibn al-Walid, decisively defeat the armies of the Byzantine Empire, effectively completing the Muslim conquest of Syria. It will be regarded as one of the most decisive battles in military history, marking the first great wave of Muslim conquests, after the death of Muhammad.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267068315#Arabia", "title": "636", "revid": 1267068315, "section": "Events › By place › Arabia"}}, {"year": 637, "year_label": "637 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Jalula: Muslim Arabs defeat the Persian forces (20,000 men) under Farrukhzad at the Diyala River. The cities Tikrit and Mosul are captured, completing the conquest of Mesopotamia. The region west of the Zagros Mountains is annexed by the Rashidun Caliphate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1315736944#Persia", "title": "637", "revid": 1315736944, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 638, "year_label": "638 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – The Arabian forces under Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah storm Caesarea Maritima, capital of Byzantine Palestine, and effect their final capture of Ascalon (modern Israel). Caliph Umar I stops the Muslim invasion, and appoints Abu Ubaidah governor of Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557443#Arabian_Empire", "title": "638", "revid": 1369557443, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 639, "year_label": "639 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Hormuzan, Persian satrap of Susiana (vassal of the Rashidun Caliphate), revolts against the Muslims and raids Mesopotamia. Arab forces under Abu Musa al-Asha'ari destroy Susa in the lower Zagros Mountains.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754023#Arabian_Empire", "title": "639", "revid": 1364754023, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 639, "year_label": "639 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Shurahbil ibn Hasana, Rashidun Caliphate general", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754023#Deaths", "title": "639", "revid": 1364754023, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 639, "year_label": "639 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, commander of the Rashidun Caliphate (b. 583)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754023#Deaths", "title": "639", "revid": 1364754023, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 639, "year_label": "639 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan, general of the Rashidun Caliphate", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754023#Deaths", "title": "639", "revid": 1364754023, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 640, "year_label": "640 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 21", "text": "December 21 – Muslim Arabs capture Babylon after a seven-month siege; during a night assault Arab warriors open the city gates. The Thebaid region (Upper Egypt) is annexed by the Rashidun Caliphate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364750340#Africa", "title": "640", "revid": 1364750340, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 644, "year_label": "644 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 3", "text": "November 3 – The second caliph Umar, , dies of wounds inflicted by the Persian slave Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz at Medina. On his death bed he appoints a committee to determine his successor. They select Uthman ibn Affan, who becomes the third caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367635050#Islamic_Empire", "title": "644", "revid": 1367635050, "section": "Events › By place › Islamic Empire"}}, {"year": 650, "year_label": "650 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A Rashidun army under Abd al-Rahman ibn Rabi'a is annihilated by the Khazars, near the city of Balanjar (Northern Caucasus). During the battle, both sides use catapults against the other (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804422#Europe", "title": "650", "revid": 1340804422, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 652, "year_label": "652 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Siege of Dongola: A Rashidun army (5,000 men) under Abdullah ibn Sa'ad besieges Dongola in the Kingdom of Makuria (modern Sudan).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367635695#Arab_Empire", "title": "652", "revid": 1367635695, "section": "Events › By place › Arab Empire"}}, {"year": 654, "year_label": "654 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab invaders cross the Oxus River, in what later will be Uzbekistan. Nomadic Turkic tribes continue to control Central Asia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362652029#Arabian_Caliphate", "title": "654", "revid": 1362652029, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Caliphate"}}, {"year": 655, "year_label": "655 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of the Masts: Emperor Constans II personally commands the Byzantine fleet (500 ships), and sets off to challenge the Arab navy. He sails to the province of Lycia (now in Turkey) in the southern region of Asia Minor. The two forces meet off the coast of Mount Phoenix, near the harbour of Phoenix (modern Finike). The Arabs under Abdullah ibn Sa'ad are victorious in battle, although losses are heavy for both sides. Constans barely escapes to Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367636681#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "655", "revid": 1367636681, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 656, "year_label": "656 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 17", "text": "June 17 – Uthman ibn Affan is murdered at Medina after an 11-year reign. He is succeeded by Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law Ali ibn Abi-Talib, who becomes the fourth caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate. He makes Kufah (Iraq) his capital, but the succession is disputed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367635539#Arabian_Empire", "title": "656", "revid": 1367635539, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 658, "year_label": "658 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Constans II undertakes an expedition to the Balkan Peninsula, and defeats the Avars in Macedonia. He temporarily reasserts Byzantine rule, and resettles some of them in Anatolia to fight against the Rashidun Caliphate (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369710051#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "658", "revid": 1369710051, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 659, "year_label": "659 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor Constans II signs a peace treaty with the Rashidun Caliphate. He uses the pause to strengthen his defences, and consolidates Byzantine control over Armenia. Constans establishes the themata, dividing territorial command in Anatolia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804363#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "659", "revid": 1340804363, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 661, "year_label": "661 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 26", "text": "January 26 – Assassination of Ali: Ali ibn Abi Talib, first Shia imam and fourth caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate, is struck on the head with a poisoned sword by the Khawarij Abd-al-Rahman ibn Muljam, while at prayer at a shrine at Kufa (modern-day), dying two days later. His son, Hasan ibn Ali, is chosen by Muslims to succeed him as the next leader. According to the Umayyads, he is succeeded by Muawiyah I as Caliph, age 59, who moves his seat of government to Damascus, and founds the Umayyad Caliphate, ending the Rashidun Caliphate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804600#Arabian_Empire_(Islamic_Caliphate)", "title": "661", "revid": 1340804600, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire (Islamic Caliphate)"}}]}