{"slug": "ravenna", "label": "Ravenna", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13364", "qid": "Q13364", "description": "city in northern Italy", "entries": 70, "years": 69, "span": [307, 1512], "span_label": ["307 CE", "1512 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 34}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 10}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 8}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 6}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 5}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 4}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 2}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "ostrogoths", "label": "Ostrogoths", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "theodoric-the-great", "label": "Theodoric the Great", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "rome", "label": "Rome", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "lombards", "label": "Lombards", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "western-roman-empire", "label": "Western Roman Empire", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "odoacer", "label": "Odoacer", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "visigoths", "label": "Visigoths", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "huns", "label": "Huns", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "verona", "label": "Verona", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "northern-italy", "label": "Northern Italy", "shared": 3}], "items": [{"year": 307, "year_label": "307 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Galerius sends Valerius Severus with the army of northern Italy, to suppress the rebellion in Rome. However, faced with their former emperor Maximian, the soldiers desert him, and Severus flees to Ravenna. Maximian besieges Severus in Ravenna, who then surrenders. Maxentius makes Severus a hostage, in an attempt to keep Galerius at bay.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1335486111#Roman_Empire", "title": "307", "revid": 1335486111, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 401, "year_label": "401 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Honorius begins to use the city of Ravenna as a temporary center for certain administrative and military functions. The city is chosen because of its proximity to the bulk of the Western Roman army and due to the fact that its relative poverty makes it a less tempting target for barbarian invaders than cities such as Rome or Milan. This event is often misinterpreted as the establishment of Ravenna as a capital. In reality, the capital of the Western Roman Empire was not truly established at Ravenna until 408.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1334186664#Roman_Empire", "title": "401", "revid": 1334186664, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 408, "year_label": "408 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "August 22", "text": "August 22 – Stilicho is accused of treason against Honorius and is decapitated at Ravenna. His Hun bodyguard is killed; mass murders of Vandal soldiers follow.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367644906#Roman_Empire", "title": "408", "revid": 1367644906, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 409, "year_label": "409 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Visigothic king Alaric I lays siege to Rome a second time, bringing the inhabitants close to starvation. Emperor Honorius, safe in inaccessible Ravenna, refuses to negotiate for peace, despite repeated offers from Alaric, who then comes to terms with the Senate and sets up a rival emperor, Priscus Attalus, prefect (praefectus urbi) of the city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367641120#Roman_Empire", "title": "409", "revid": 1367641120, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 410, "year_label": "410 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Eastern Roman Empire sends six legions (6,000 men) to aid Honorius at Ravenna. He negotiates with King Alaric I, who ceremonially deposes Priscus Attalus as co-emperor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367642022#Roman_Empire", "title": "410", "revid": 1367642022, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 411, "year_label": "411 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle or siege of Arles: Emperor Honorius sends two Roman generals to deal with the usurper Constantine III in Gaul. They take over the army of Gerontius, Constantine's rebellious general (magister militum) who flees to Spain, then defeat Edobichus near Arles and defeat Constantine III. He is taken prisoner and put to death at Ravenna.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367645014#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 411", "revid": 1367645014, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 412, "year_label": "412 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Heraclianus, governor (Comes Africae), revolts against Honorius and proclaims himself Augustus. He interrupts the grain supply to Rome. Honorius condemns him and his supporters to death with an edict at Ravenna.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346865702#Roman_Empire", "title": "412", "revid": 1346865702, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 413, "year_label": "413 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Visigoths, led by King Ataulf, conquer the towns of Toulouse and Bordeaux by force of arms. After a successful siege of Valence, he captures the usurper Jovinus and his brother Sebastianus. In Narbonne they are executed and their heads are sent to Honorius' court at Ravenna.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366415001#Roman_Empire", "title": "413", "revid": 1366415001, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 414, "year_label": "414 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Priscus Attalus is proclaimed rival emperor by the Visigoths for a second time at Bordeaux, in order to impose their terms on Honorius, who has his residence in Ravenna.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346865369#Roman_Empire", "title": "414", "revid": 1346865369, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 415, "year_label": "415 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Constantius, Roman general (magister militum), drives the Visigoths out of Gaul. He captures the usurper Priscus Attalus, and sends him under military escort to Ravenna.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367501934#Roman_Empire", "title": "415", "revid": 1367501934, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 423, "year_label": "423 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – Emperor Honorius, age 38, dies at Ravenna of dropsy, perhaps pulmonary edema. With no children to claim the throne, Joannes, primicerius notariorum (\"chief notary\", head of the civil service), seizes the throne of the Western Roman Empire, and is declared emperor. Among his supporters are Flavius Aetius, Roman general (magister militum). Joannes' rule is accepted in the dioceses of Gaul, Hispania and Italia, but not in Africa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364741573#Roman_Empire", "title": "423", "revid": 1364741573, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 425, "year_label": "425 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Roman civil war: Summer – Joannes, Roman usurper, is defeated at the fortified city of Ravenna and brought to Aquileia. After a humiliating parade on a donkey and the insults of the populace, he is executed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367645280#Roman_Empire", "title": "425", "revid": 1367645280, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 430, "year_label": "430 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "May", "text": "May - Flavius Felix, his wife and a deacon are accused of plotting against Aetius. They are arrested in Ravenna and executed. Aetius is granted the title of patricius (Roman nobility).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370135052#Roman_Empire", "title": "430", "revid": 1370135052, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 434, "year_label": "434 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Justa Grata Honoria, older sister of Valentinian, becomes pregnant from an officer in her household. Circles in the court at Ravenna assume inevitably that Honoria is planning to raise her paramour to imperial rank and challenge her brother. Valentinian then has him executed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364747706#Roman_Empire", "title": "434", "revid": 1364747706, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 435, "year_label": "435 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Huneric, eldest son of Genseric, is sent as a child hostage to the court at Ravenna to secure the alliance with the Western Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339038049#Africa", "title": "435", "revid": 1339038049, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 446, "year_label": "446 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Bishop Germanus of Auxerre visits Ravenna, seeking to soften imperial hostility towards the Bagaudae. On his arrival at the capital, empress-mother Galla Placidia sends him a silver dish with a choice selection of prepared dainties—all vegetarian, out of respect for the bishop's strict diet. Germanus petitions the Senate for leniency for the citizens of Armorica (Brittany).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739578#Europe", "title": "446", "revid": 1364739578, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 450, "year_label": "450 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Remodelling of the Dome of Baptistry of Neon, Ravenna (Italy) begins (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1334307596#Europe", "title": "450", "revid": 1334307596, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 451, "year_label": "451 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Eudocia, daughter of Emperor Valentinian III, marries Huneric in Ravenna. The engagement serves to strengthen the alliance between the Western Roman Empire and the Vandal Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361438720#Europe", "title": "451", "revid": 1361438720, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 452, "year_label": "452 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Huns under Attila invade Northern Italy. Emperor Valentinian III flees from Ravenna to Rome, and sends Pope Leo I to persuade Attila to return to the Hungarian Plain. The cities of Aquileia, Padua and Verona are destroyed by the Huns. Milan is saved because Attila is offered a huge amount of gold. Flavius Aetius (magister militum) is unable to raise a new army against him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342662685#Europe", "title": "452", "revid": 1342662685, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 454, "year_label": "454 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 21", "text": "September 21 – Emperor Valentinian III stabs his commander-in-chief Flavius Aetius to death, during a meeting of the imperial council at Ravenna. He has accused Aetius of plotting against him to seize power. After his assassination, the Western Roman Empire has no effective defender against its hostile barbarian neighbors (Alans, Franks, Ostrogoths, Vandals and Visigoths).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364747737#Roman_Empire", "title": "454", "revid": 1364747737, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 455, "year_label": "455 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 21", "text": "September 21 – Avitus enters Rome with a Gallic army. He restores the imperial authority in Noricum (modern Austria) and leaves a Gothic force under Remistus, Visigoth general (magister militum), at Ravenna.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739434#Roman_Empire", "title": "455", "revid": 1364739434, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 456, "year_label": "456 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "September 17", "text": "September 17 – Remistus, Roman general (magister militum), is besieged with a Gothic force at Ravenna and later executed in the Palace in Classis, outside the city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364752999#Roman_Empire", "title": "456", "revid": 1364752999, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 458, "year_label": "458 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Majorian builds a Roman fleet at Miseno and Ravenna. He strengthens the army, by recruiting a large number of barbarian mercenaries (Bastarnae, Burgundians, Huns, Ostrogoths, Rugii, Scythians and Suebi).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364748114#Roman_Empire", "title": "458", "revid": 1364748114, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 460, "year_label": "460 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The remodeling of the dome of Baptistry of Neon at Ravenna (Italy) is finished.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360598361#Art", "title": "460", "revid": 1360598361, "section": "Events › By topic › Art"}}, {"year": 474, "year_label": "474 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 24", "text": "June 24 – Julius Nepos arrives at Portus, and marches on Ravenna. He forces Glycerius to abdicate the throne, and proclaims himself emperor of the Western Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360137662#Roman_Empire", "title": "474", "revid": 1360137662, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 475, "year_label": "475 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 28", "text": "August 28 – Magister Militum Orestes takes control of the government in Ravenna, and forces Julius Nepos to flee to Dalmatia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360137651#Roman_Empire", "title": "475", "revid": 1360137651, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 476, "year_label": "476 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Odoacer, chieftain of the Germanic tribes (Herulic/Scirian foederati), visits the imperial palace at Ravenna. He petitions Orestes (magister militum) to reward his mercenaries for their services and their support of his rebellion a year earlier, by making good on his promise to grant them lands to settle permanently in Italy. Orestes refuses this proposal and Odoacer leads his tribesmen in a revolt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355222972#Roman_Empire", "title": "476", "revid": 1355222972, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 489, "year_label": "489 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 30", "text": "September 30 – Battle of Verona: Odoacer is defeated again by Theodoric for a second time. He retreats to the impregnable capital of Ravenna.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364747647#Europe", "title": "489", "revid": 1364747647, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 490, "year_label": "490 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Odoacer receives reinforcements from the south and leaves Ravenna. He defeats the Ostrogoths near Faenza.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364755224#Europe", "title": "490", "revid": 1364755224, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 490, "year_label": "490 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Theodoric and his Ostrogoths lay siege to Ravenna. The cities of Cesena and Rimini retain their allegiance to Odoacer.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364755224#Europe", "title": "490", "revid": 1364755224, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 491, "year_label": "491 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 9", "text": "July 9 – Odoacer makes a night assault with his Heruli guardsmen, engaging Theodoric the Great in Ad Pinetam. Both sides suffer heavy losses, but in the end Theodoric repulses the attack, forcing Odoacer back into Ravenna.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368214657#Europe", "title": "491", "revid": 1368214657, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 492, "year_label": "492 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Theoderic the Great conquers Rimini, and brings his Ostrogoth fleet to blockade the harbours 6 miles from the capital of Ravenna. Important provisions, food and supplies are cut off, and the inhabitants are starved to death.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340790258#Europe", "title": "492", "revid": 1340790258, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 493, "year_label": "493 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 25", "text": "February 25 – Odoacer surrenders Ravenna after a 3-year siege, and agrees to a mediated peace with Theodoric the Great, who steadily consolidates his rule and provides security for the local population. His achievement is to manage the transformation of Italy from being the center of a fractured Roman Empire to a successful and independent Ostrogothic Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340790263#Europe", "title": "493", "revid": 1340790263, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 497, "year_label": "497 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Anastasius I gives formal recognition to the Ostrogoth king Theodoric the Great, as his representative (viceroy) in Italy. He sends the imperial standard to Ravenna. Theodoric respects the agreement and allows Roman citizens within the Ostrogothic Kingdom to be subject to Roman law.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364907664#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "497", "revid": 1364907664, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 500, "year_label": "500 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Arian Baptistry is erected by Theodoric the Great, at the same time as the Basilica of Sant' Apollinare Nuovo (Ravenna).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361340160#Religion", "title": "AD 500", "revid": 1361340160, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 519, "year_label": "519 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": null, "text": "The synagogues of Ravenna are burnt down in a riot; Theodoric the Great orders them to be rebuilt at Ravenna's expense.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340792103#Europe", "title": "519", "revid": 1340792103, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 520, "year_label": "520 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Ostrogothic ruler Theodoric the Great builds the Mausoleum of Theodoric as his future tomb in Ravenna (Italy).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364908909#Europe", "title": "520", "revid": 1364908909, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 526, "year_label": "526 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 30", "text": "August 30 – King Theodoric the Great dies of dysentery at Ravenna; his daughter Amalasuintha takes power as regent for her 10-year-old son Athalaric.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754141#Europe", "title": "526", "revid": 1364754141, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 532, "year_label": "532 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Ecclesius, bishop of Ravenna (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340793755#Deaths", "title": "532", "revid": 1340793755, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 535, "year_label": "535 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "April 30", "text": "April 30 – King Theodahad revenges himself upon Queen Amalasuintha. He has her taken from the capital of Ravenna to a small island on Lake Bolsena, where she is strangled in her bath.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342880383#Europe", "title": "535", "revid": 1342880383, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 536, "year_label": "536 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December", "text": "December – Vitiges deposes his rival Theodahad at Ravenna, and marries Mataswintha (daughter of queen Amalasuintha). He becomes king of the Ostrogoths and assembles an army to fight against Belisarius.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362906459#Europe", "title": "536", "revid": 1362906459, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 539, "year_label": "539 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Belisarius, still besieging Ravenna, negotiates a treaty with Theodebert I (whose forces are suffering from dysentery), and the Franks retreat to Gaul. The Byzantine fleet controls the Adriatic Sea and blockades the port of the capital from supplies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754969#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "539", "revid": 1364754969, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 540, "year_label": "540 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – Gothic War: Belisarius conquers Mediolanum (modern-day Milan) and the Gothic capital Ravenna. Vitiges and his wife Matasuntha are taken as captives to Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367291057#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "540", "revid": 1367291057, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 546, "year_label": "546 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Basilica of San Vitale (Ravenna) is completed by bishop Maximianus, during the Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364747564#Religion", "title": "546", "revid": 1364747564, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 547, "year_label": "547 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The mosaic panels of Justinian I and Theodora I with attendants, in the Basilica of San Vitale (Ravenna), are made (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364909272#Europe", "title": "547", "revid": 1364909272, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 551, "year_label": "551 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Gothic War: Narses arrives in Venetia and discovers that a powerful Gothic-Frank army (50,000 men), under joint command of the kings Totila and Theudebald, has blocked the principal route to the Po Valley. Not wishing to engage such a formidable force and confident that the Franks would avoid a direct confrontation, Narses skirts the lagoons along the Adriatic shore, by using vessels to leapfrog his army from point to point along the coast. In this way he arrives at the capital Ravenna without encountering any opposition. He attacks and crushes a small Gothic force at Ariminum (modern Rimini).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362066549#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "551", "revid": 1362066549, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 568, "year_label": "568 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – The Lombards, led by King Alboin, cross the Julian Alps. Their invasion of Northern Italy is almost unopposed; withered Byzantine forces, that remain in the Po Valley and are based at Ravenna, are no match for the overwhelming Lombard incursion. Residents of the Italian countryside flee at the Lombards' approach. Some retreat to the barrier islands along the shore of the Northern Adriatic Sea, where they establish permanent settlements: the nascent city of Venice.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751316#Europe", "title": "568", "revid": 1364751316, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 572, "year_label": "572 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "June 28", "text": "June 28 – Alboin, king of the Lombards, is murdered at Verona in his palace, at the instigation of his wife Rosamund (daughter of the Gepid king Cunimund), and her henchman, Helmechis (the king's squire); both flee to seek Byzantine protection in Ravenna. Alboin is succeeded as king by Cleph, who is not related by blood.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340801019#Europe", "title": "572", "revid": 1340801019, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 573, "year_label": "573 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "King Cleph completes the Lombard conquest of Tuscany (Central Italy) and extends his dominion to the gates of Ravenna.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332331069#Europe", "title": "573", "revid": 1332331069, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 584, "year_label": "584 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Exarchate of Ravenna is founded, and organised into a group of duchies, mainly coastal cities on the Italian Peninsula. The civil and military head of these Byzantine territories is the exarch (governor) in Ravenna.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754048#Europe", "title": "584", "revid": 1364754048, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 599, "year_label": "599 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Callinicus, governor (exarch) of Ravenna, repulses attacks of the South Slavs in Istria (Croatia). The region is pillaged, but the Byzantines drive them all out.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364752063#Europe", "title": "599", "revid": 1364752063, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 620, "year_label": "620 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Eleutherius, Byzantine exarch of Ravenna", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749611#Deaths", "title": "620", "revid": 1364749611, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 639, "year_label": "639 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The First Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta is founded by the exarch Isaac of Ravenna on Torcello, confirming the island's importance as a centre of population in Venice at this date.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754023#Religion", "title": "639", "revid": 1364754023, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 663, "year_label": "663 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 8", "text": "May 8 – Battle of Forino: The Byzantine army, led by Constans II, is defeated by the Lombards under Romuald I. He seizes Taranto and Brindisi, receiving military aid from the Bulgar Alcek horde, who are settled in the area of Ravenna.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367635360#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "663", "revid": 1367635360, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 709, "year_label": "709 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June", "text": "June – Emperor Justinian II sends a punitive expedition to Italy under the patrikios Theodore, to intervene in the dispute between Pope Constantine I and Archbishop Felix of Ravenna, who claims to be independent of the pope's authority. Theodore captures Ravenna, and arrests Felix and other Italian leaders. He deports them to Constantinople, from whence they are exiled to Cherson (Crimea).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807109#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "709", "revid": 1340807109, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 727, "year_label": "727 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Liutprand takes advantage of the anti-imperial turmoil. He conquers Bologna and other cities beyond the Po River (Northern Italy). The Lombards take \"Classis\", the strategic seaport of Ravenna, and overrun the Pentapolis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372352645#Europe", "title": "AD 727", "revid": 1372352645, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 751, "year_label": "751 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King Aistulf of the Lombards captures Ravenna and the Romagna, ending the Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna. The last exarch Eutychius is killed by the Lombards. Aistulf threatens Rome, claiming a capitation tax. Pope Zachary, alarmed, appeals for aid from the Byzantine Empire, but his request is declined.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809785#Europe", "title": "751", "revid": 1340809785, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 756, "year_label": "756 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King Aistulf of the Lombards again threatens Rome with a view to making it his capital, but the Franks under Pepin III (\"the Short\") arrives with his sons Charles and Carloman, defeats Aistulf, and confers the Donation of Pepin, which establishes the Papal States (including the lands of Ravenna and the Pentapolis). Pepin has taken territory that legally belongs to the Byzantine Empire; he gives it to Pope Stephen II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366654675#Europe", "title": "756", "revid": 1366654675, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 781, "year_label": "781 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Charlemagne defines the Papal territory (see Papal States). He codifies the regions over which the pope would be temporal sovereign: the Duchy of Rome is expanded by Ravenna, the Duchy of the Pentapolis, parts of the Duchy of Benevento, Tuscany, Corsica and Lombardy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848254#Religion", "title": "781", "revid": 1340848254, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 898, "year_label": "898 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "John IX holds councils at Rome and Ravenna to rehabilitate the late Pope Formosus. He condemns the Cadaver Synod of the late Pope Stephen VI, and restores the clergymen who were deposed by Stephen's faction.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346095520#Religion", "title": "898", "revid": 1346095520, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 914, "year_label": "914 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March", "text": "March or April – Pope Lando dies at Rome after a reign of less than a year. He is succeeded by John X, archbishop of Ravenna, as the 122nd pope of the Catholic Church.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355643516#Religion", "title": "914", "revid": 1355643516, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 968, "year_label": "968 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Emperor Otto I (the Great) travels to Capua to meet there with ambassadors of Nikephoros II, who again reiterate their friendship, but refuse to consent to his dowry demands (see 967). Otto invades the Byzantine Theme of Langobardia with a Lombard expeditionary force. With the assistance of Benevento-Capua and naval support from Pisa, Otto attempts to take Bari by assault, but Byzantine resistance is stiff, and Otto withdraws back to Ravenna.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364919231#Europe", "title": "968", "revid": 1364919231, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 980, "year_label": "980 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Winter – Otto II celebrates Christmas with his family at Ravenna. He receives the Iron Crown of Lombardy as the King of Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364109392#Europe", "title": "980", "revid": 1364109392, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 996, "year_label": "996 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 1", "text": "April 1 – Pope John XV dies of fever after an 11-year reign. Meeting a Roman embassy at Ravenna, Otto appoints his cousin Bruno of Carinthia (a grandson of the late Emperor Otto I), who duly ascends as Gregory V. He becomes the 138th pope – and the first German pope of the Catholic Church.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365261051#Religion", "title": "996", "revid": 1365261051, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1021, "year_label": "1021 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November", "text": "November – Emperor Henry II conducts his fourth Italian military campaign. He crosses the Brenner Pass with a 60,000-strong army, and reaches Verona, where he receives Lombard levies. Henry proceeds to Mantua and then into Ravenna, to spend Christmas there.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342212958#Europe", "title": "1021", "revid": 1342212958, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1026, "year_label": "1026 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Conrad II leaves the bulk of his army at the siege of Pavia, and marches to Ravenna. The Ravennan militias close the town gates and assault the imperial train. Conrad rallies his troops and takes Ravenna, taking bloody revenge.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365590752#Europe", "title": "1026", "revid": 1365590752, "section": "Events › Asia › Europe"}}, {"year": 1321, "year_label": "1321 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 14", "text": "September 14 – Italian author Dante Alighieri, known for The Inferno, dies of malaria at Ravenna after having undertaken a diplomatic mission in the Republic of Venice.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355655788#July_–_September", "title": "1321", "revid": 1355655788, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1347, "year_label": "1347 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Lamberto II and Pandolfo da Polenta, brothers and lords of Ravenna and Cervia", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1289406739#Deaths", "title": "1347", "revid": 1289406739, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1441, "year_label": "1441 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 24", "text": "February 24 – The Republic of Venice annexes the seigniory of Ravenna, ending the da Polenta Dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361382363#January–March", "title": "1441", "revid": 1361382363, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1512, "year_label": "1512 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 11", "text": "April 11 – War of the League of Cambrai – Battle of Ravenna: French troops under Gaston of Foix, Duke of Nemours, assisted by the Duchy of Ferrara, defeat the Spanish and Papal States troops led by Ramón de Cardona. Gaston is killed in the pursuit as the Spanish retreat, and at least 3,000 of his troops are killed. More than 9,000 Spanish and Papal troops are killed, and 17,000 civilians in and around the city of Ravenna are massacred.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1323795843#April–June", "title": "1512", "revid": 1323795843, "section": "Events › April–June"}}]}