{"slug": "republic-of-florence", "label": "Republic of Florence", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Florence", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148540", "qid": "Q148540", "description": "city-state on the Appenine Peninsula between 1115–1532/69", "entries": 32, "years": 30, "span": [1113, 1537], "span_label": ["1113 CE", "1537 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 13}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 8}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 7}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "duchy-of-milan", "label": "Duchy of Milan", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-naples", "label": "Kingdom of Naples", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "republic-of-venice", "label": "Republic of Venice", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "florence", "label": "Florence", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "pope-clement-vii", "label": "Pope Clement VII", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "papal-states", "label": "Papal States", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "gian-galeazzo-visconti", "label": "Gian Galeazzo Visconti", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "republic-of-pisa", "label": "Republic of Pisa", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "pisa", "label": "Pisa", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "rhodes", "label": "Rhodes", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1113, "year_label": "1113 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Republic of Florence conquers the neighboring city of Montecascioli, as part of its effort to extend its domination over the contado (provinces of Italy).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267067505#Europe", "title": "1113", "revid": 1267067505, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1125, "year_label": "1125 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Republic of Venice pillages the islands of Rhodes, ravages Samos and Lesbos, and occupies Chios (controlled by the Byzantine Empire). The Republic of Florence sacks and conquers the neighboring independent republic of Fiesole in Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365270881#Europe", "title": "1125", "revid": 1365270881, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1177, "year_label": "1177 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A civil war breaks out in the Republic of Florence, between the Uberti Family and their consular opponent.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1273054652#Date_unknown", "title": "1177", "revid": 1273054652, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1315, "year_label": "1315 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 29", "text": "August 29 – Battle of Montecatini: The Pisan army (some 20,000 men) led by Uguccione della Faggiuola defeats the allied forces of Florence and Naples. During the battle, Philip I manages to escape, but his son Charles of Taranto", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332018303#July_–_September", "title": "1315", "revid": 1332018303, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1321, "year_label": "1321 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The University of Florence is established by the Republic of Florence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355655788#Education", "title": "1321", "revid": 1355655788, "section": "Events › By topic › Education"}}, {"year": 1364, "year_label": "1364 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 28", "text": "July 28 – Battle of Cascina: Forces of the Republic of Florence, led by Galeotto Malatesta, defeat those of Pisa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339849340#January–December", "title": "1364", "revid": 1339849340, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1375, "year_label": "1375 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 24", "text": "July 24 – Despite an appeal by Pope Gregory XI to cities in Tuscany to remain allied to the Catholic Church in a war with the Republic of Florence, the city of Pisa enters a defensive alliance with the Visconti family of Florence and supplies are sent by Florence for lance-bearing soldiers, as well as archers and infantry as part of a federation of Tuscan communes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370334386#July–September", "title": "1375", "revid": 1370334386, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1376, "year_label": "1376 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 12", "text": "February 12 – English mercenary John Hawkwood, condottiero for Pope Gregory XI in the War of the Eight Saints against the Republic of Florence, arrives at Faenza to suppress a potential revolt against the papal governor. He and his soldiers, who were not paid by the Pope, go on to loot the town instead of protecting it.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371264713#January–March", "title": "1376", "revid": 1371264713, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1378, "year_label": "1378 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 21", "text": "July 21 – The Ciompi Revolt becomes violent in the Republic of Florence as a group of 64 discontented wool carders, led by Salvestro de' Medici, briefly take over the government of Florence and place Michele di Lando in the executive office.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366019926#July–September", "title": "1378", "revid": 1366019926, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1392, "year_label": "1392 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 11", "text": "April 11 – In order to prevent an attack by the Duchy of Milan, led by Lord Gian Galeazzo Visconti, the Republic of Florence forms the League of Bologna, a defensive alliance with other Italian city-states of Bologna, Padua, Ferrara, Imola, Faenza and Ravenna.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360558319#April–June", "title": "1392", "revid": 1360558319, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1392, "year_label": "1392 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 20", "text": "January 20 – A treaty halts the first of the Florentine–Milanese Wars after the Republic of Florence has liberated Padua from control by the Duchy of Milan. The treaty confirms the boundaries of Florence and Milan as they existed before the war, with the exception of Padua's new independence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360558319#January–March", "title": "1392", "revid": 1360558319, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1397, "year_label": "1397 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 18", "text": "March 18 – The Duchy of Milan, led by Gian Galeazzo Visconti, declares war against the Republic of Florence, led by Chancellor Coluccio Salutati, on the Italian peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363907908#January–March", "title": "1397", "revid": 1363907908, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1398, "year_label": "1398 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 11", "text": "May 11 – The Treaty of Pavia is signed between the Republic of Florence and the Duchy of Milan to end the Mantuan War after 14 months.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370372737#April–June", "title": "1398", "revid": 1370372737, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1406, "year_label": "1406 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Pisa is subjugated by Florence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357536622#Date_unknown", "title": "1406", "revid": 1357536622, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1419, "year_label": "1419 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 10", "text": "May 10 – In Italy's Republic of Florence, the republic is elevated to the level of an archdioese by Pope Martin V, who spent 18 months in Florence after being elected by the Council of Constance. In recognition of the hospitality accorded to him, Pope Martin names Bishop Amerigo Corsini to be the first Archbishop of Florence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358545199#April–June", "title": "1419", "revid": 1358545199, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1421, "year_label": "1421 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The first patent is issued by the Republic of Florence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365656442#Date_unknown", "title": "1421", "revid": 1365656442, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1424, "year_label": "1424 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 28", "text": "July 28 – The army of the Duchy of Milan, led by the Duke Filippo Maria Visconti, defeats the Republic of Florence's army, led by Carlo I Malatesta, in the Battle of Zagonara.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365656911#July_–September", "title": "1424", "revid": 1365656911, "section": "Events › July –September"}}, {"year": 1432, "year_label": "1432 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 1", "text": "June 1 – In the battle of San Romano, fought in Italy only 30 mi from the capital at Florence, the Republic of Florence cavalry and infantry, led by General Niccolò da Tolentino defeat the army of the Republic of Siena, led by Francesco Piccinino. The Renaissance painter Paolo Uccello later commemorates the event in a triptych painting.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361998124#April–June", "title": "1432", "revid": 1361998124, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1454, "year_label": "1454 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 9", "text": "April 9 – Treaty of Lodi: Francesco Sforza forms a triple alliance between the Duchy of Milan, the Republic of Florence and Kingdom of Naples.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367365323#April–June", "title": "1454", "revid": 1367365323, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1454, "year_label": "1454 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 30", "text": "August 30 – The Italic League is concluded in Venice as an alliance between the Republic of Venice, the Papal States, the Duchy of Milan, the Republic of Florence, and the Kingdom of Naples.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367365323#July–September", "title": "1454", "revid": 1367365323, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1455, "year_label": "1455 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 2", "text": "March 2 – After an agreement reached in Venice on August 30, the Italic League (Lega Italica) comes into being as a 25-year truce and mutual defense agreement between the Republic of Venice, the Papal States, the Duchy of Milan, the Republic of Florence, and the Kingdom of Naples.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371446040#January–March", "title": "1455", "revid": 1371446040, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1466, "year_label": "1466 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 26", "text": "August 26 – In the Republic of Florence, an attempted coup d'etat against Piero di Cosimo de' Medici fails after his son Lorenzo discovers a roadblock that had been set by the conspirators to capture Medici during his planned trip to the Medici estate at Villa di Careggi.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340205441#July–September", "title": "1466", "revid": 1340205441, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1472, "year_label": "1472 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 16", "text": "June 16 – Volterra, a town in the Republic of Florence in Italy, surrenders after a siege of 25 days by Florentine soldiers under the command of Federico da Montefeltro. Because the town had rebelled against the power of Lorenzo de' Medici, da Montefeltro allows his soldiers on June 18 to pillage Volterra and to commit rape and murder of its citizens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365251690#April–June", "title": "1472", "revid": 1365251690, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1478, "year_label": "1478 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 26", "text": "April 26 – On Easter Sunday, the Pazzi family attacks Lorenzo de' Medici, the ruler of the Republic of Florence, and kills his brother Giuliano, during High Mass in Florence Cathedral. A total of 80 accused conspirators are executed. With the death of his brother and co-ruler Giuliano, Lorenzo becomes the sole ruler of Florence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359855585#April–June", "title": "1478", "revid": 1359855585, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1480, "year_label": "1480 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 17", "text": "March 17 – Lorenzo the Magnificent, Lord of the Republic of Florence, and King Ferrante of Naples agree to an alliance between the two Italian nations, and to end the ongoing war that had started in 1479. Lorenzo had traveled to Naples in December to reach a treaty to end the war.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370179650#January–March", "title": "1480", "revid": 1370179650, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1498, "year_label": "1498 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 20", "text": "June 20 – Niccolò Machiavelli, who will later be the author of the influential political theory guide The Prince, is elected by the Great Council of Florence as the Secretary of the Second Chancellery of the Republic of Florence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363338704#April–June", "title": "1498", "revid": 1363338704, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1500, "year_label": "1500 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 29", "text": "June 29 – A combined force of troops from the Kingdom of France and from the Republic of Florence lay siege to the city of Pisa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371377541#April–June", "title": "1500", "revid": 1371377541, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1524, "year_label": "1524 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "January 17", "text": "January 17 – Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano, on board La Dauphine in the service of Francis I of France, sets out from Madeira for the New World, to seek out a western sea route to the Pacific Ocean.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368819061#January–March", "title": "1524", "revid": 1368819061, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1526, "year_label": "1526 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 22", "text": "May 22 – Francis repudiates the Treaty of Madrid and forms the League of Cognac against Charles, including Pope Clement VII, Milan, Venice, and Florence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369353275#April–June", "title": "1526", "revid": 1369353275, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1527, "year_label": "1527 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 16", "text": "May 16 – In Florence, the Piagnon, a group devoted to the memory of Girolamo Savonarola, drive out the Medici for a second time, re-establishing the Republic of Florence until 1530.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366980186#April–June", "title": "1527", "revid": 1366980186, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1532, "year_label": "1532 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 27", "text": "April 27 – The democratic government of the Republic of Florence in Italy, in existence for more than 400 years since its founding in 1115, is abolished by order of Pope Clement VII in order for a hereditary, and absolute, monarchy to be established. Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence, the illegitimate son of Pope Clement, is given full power and the Republic's parliament (the Signoria) and the rule of the executive officer, the Gonfaloniere, come to an end.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818925#April–June", "title": "1532", "revid": 1368818925, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1537, "year_label": "1537 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 2", "text": "August 2 – The battle of Montemurlo, an attempt by residents of the former Republic of Florence to overthrow Cosimo I de' Medici, Duke of Florence and restore the republican government, ends in failure. The Medici family then takes revenge on the supporters of the Republic, including the Republic commander, General Piero Strozzi.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362632656#July–September", "title": "1537", "revid": 1362632656, "section": "Events › July–September"}}]}