{"slug": "republic-of-pisa", "label": "Republic of Pisa", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1365493", "qid": "Q1365493", "description": "de facto independent state centered on the Tuscan city of Pisa from the late 10th to 15th centuries", "entries": 36, "years": 35, "span": [1005, 1406], "span_label": ["1005 CE", "1406 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 19}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 4}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 4}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 4}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 2}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "republic-of-genoa", "label": "Republic of Genoa", "shared": 18}, {"slug": "republic-of-venice", "label": "Republic of Venice", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-sicily", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "catalonia", "label": "Catalonia", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "mediterranean-sea", "label": "Mediterranean Sea", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "sardinia", "label": "Sardinia", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "balearic-islands", "label": "Balearic Islands", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "corsica", "label": "Corsica", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "al-andalus", "label": "Al-Andalus", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "almoravid-dynasty", "label": "Almoravid dynasty", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "almeria", "label": "Almería", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 1005, "year_label": "1005 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – The Republic of Pisa conducts a military offensive against the Saracen strongholds in Southern Italy. The Pisan fleet sacks the city of Reggio Calabria. Pisa becomes one of the four commercial Maritime Republics (the other three are Genoa, Venice and Amalfi), which fight each other for control of the Mediterranean Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341910116#Europe", "title": "1005", "revid": 1341910116, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1016, "year_label": "1016 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Pisan and the Genoese republics launch a naval offensive against the Muslim strongholds of Sardinia, in particular Porto Torres, and defeat the fleet of the taifa king of Dénia, Mujāhid al-ʿĀmirī.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365261531#Europe", "title": "1016", "revid": 1365261531, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1034, "year_label": "1034 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A Pisan and Genovese fleet attack Bona (modern Annaba) on the Maghribi coast (modern Algeria). The city is occupied for one year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342215274#Africa", "title": "1034", "revid": 1342215274, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1035, "year_label": "1035 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Pisa launches a naval assault against Saracen pirate strongholds in the Lipari Islands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362167727#Europe", "title": "1035", "revid": 1362167727, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1049, "year_label": "1049 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Republic of Pisa successfully completes the conquest of Sardinia, from the Andalusian occupiers. [Dubious claim; since Sardinia was already governed by the Giudici by this time]", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129777#Europe", "title": "1049", "revid": 1350129777, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1063, "year_label": "1063 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – The Pisan fleet assaults and sacks Palermo (controlled by the Saracens) – this in support of the Norman forces of Roger I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370137387#Europe", "title": "1063", "revid": 1370137387, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1066, "year_label": "1066 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Republic of Genoa, jealous of the recent successes of its former allies, launches a naval assault on the Republic of Pisa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370249569#Europe", "title": "1066", "revid": 1370249569, "section": "Events › Europe"}}, {"year": 1087, "year_label": "1087 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Mahdia campaign: The navies of Genoa and Pisa take the capital of the Zirids, and occupy Mahdia for a year. Subsequently, both republics obtain trading privileges.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365262622#Africa", "title": "1087", "revid": 1365262622, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1104, "year_label": "1104 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 26", "text": "May 26 – King Baldwin I captures Acre, the port is besieged from April, and blockaded by the Genoese and Pisan fleet. Baldwin promises a free passage to those who want to move to Ascalon, but the Italian sailors plunder the wealthy Muslim emigrants and kill many of them.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365271015#Levant", "title": "1104", "revid": 1365271015, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1110, "year_label": "1110 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February", "text": "February–May – Crusaders under Baldwin I besiege Beirut. Genoese and Pisan ships blockade the harbour; Fatimid ships from Tyre and Sidon try in vain to break the blockade. The Fatimid governor flees by night through the Italian fleet to Cyprus. On May 13, Baldwin captures the city by assault and the Italians carry out a massacre among the inhabitants.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368871350#Levant", "title": "1110", "revid": 1368871350, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1113, "year_label": "1113 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 7", "text": "September 7 – The Republic of Pisa signs a treaty with Ramon Berenguer III ('the Great'), count of Barcelona. The Pisan fleet embarks on a campaign against the Moors in the Balearic Islands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267067505#Europe", "title": "1113", "revid": 1267067505, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1114, "year_label": "1114 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Count Ramon Berenguer III (the Great) of Barcelona, joins the expedition to the Balearic Islands. A Pisan and Catalan fleet (some 450 ships), supported by a large army, conquer Ibiza and Mallorca. They destroy the bases on the islands used by Moorish pirates to prey on Mediterranean shipping.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184492#Europe", "title": "1114", "revid": 1369184492, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1116, "year_label": "1116 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Almoravid troops conquer the Balearic Islands, whose Moorish rulers have been severely weakened by Pisan and Catalan raiders.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362168627#Europe", "title": "1116", "revid": 1362168627, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1133, "year_label": "1133 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Antipope Anacletus II forces Innocent II out of Rome following the departure of Lothair III. Innocent flees and takes a ship to Pisa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362156605#Religion", "title": "1133", "revid": 1362156605, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1135, "year_label": "1135 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Pisans in the service of the Holy See (Diocese of Rome) sack the city of Amalfi.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184463#Europe", "title": "1135", "revid": 1369184463, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1146, "year_label": "1146 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Republic of Genoa raids the Muslim-held Balearic Islands. The Republic of Pisa protests officially – seeing the islands as rightfully theirs. The Genoese then proceed to lay siege to Almería, in vain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184470#Europe", "title": "1146", "revid": 1369184470, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1147, "year_label": "1147 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 17", "text": "July 17 – King Alfonso VII of León and Castile, leads a campaign at the head of mixed armies of Catalonia, Genoa, Pisa and France. He besieges Almería in southern Al-Andalus (modern Spain); a Genoese fleet of 63 galleys and 163 other vessels, blockade the Almoravid-held port, which is captured after a 2-month siege on October 17.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362163362#Europe", "title": "1147", "revid": 1362163362, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1149, "year_label": "1149 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Italian 'naval republics' of Genoa, Pisa and Venice finance their expanding trade within and outside Europe – trade which includes an arms industry for manufactures and merchants alike (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184526#Europe", "title": "1149", "revid": 1369184526, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1160, "year_label": "1160 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Approximate date – A commercial treaty between the Almohad Caliphate and the Republic of Pisa opens the North African ports to Tuscan merchants.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371224699#Africa", "title": "1160", "revid": 1371224699, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1166, "year_label": "1166 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos asks Venice to help pay the costs of defending Sicily, whose Norman rulers have had good relations with Venice. Doge Vitale II Michiel refuses to pay the requested subsidy. Manuel begins to cultivate relationships with the main commercial rivals of Venice: Genoa and Pisa. He grants them their own trade quarters in Constantinople, very near the Venetian settlements.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1303964516#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1166", "revid": 1303964516, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1187, "year_label": "1187 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Genoa takes Bonifacio (in Corsica) from Pisa. Pope Gregory VIII reconciles the differences between the states so that both may be used to expedite shipments to the Holy Land.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369187098#Europe", "title": "1187", "revid": 1369187098, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1194, "year_label": "1194 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 20", "text": "November 20 – Emperor Henry VI enforces the inheritance claims by his wife, Constance I, against her illegitimate nephew, King Tancred of Lecce (who died on February 20). He takes Palermo (supported by the navy of Pisa and Genoa) and gains control of all of Sicily – ending Norman rule in Italy after 90 years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292975381#Europe", "title": "1194", "revid": 1292975381, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1216, "year_label": "1216 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May", "text": "May – Pope Innocent III travels to Perugia to try to settle the long feud between Genoa and Pisa, that both states might contribute to the transport of the Fifth Crusade. There, after a short illness, Innocent dies on July 16. Two days after his death the aged Cardinal Cencio Savelli (later Honorius III) is elected as the 177th pope of the Catholic Church.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371079230#Religion", "title": "1216", "revid": 1371079230, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1217, "year_label": "1217 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Various groups of French knights reach the Italian ports. King Andrew II of Hungary arrives with his army in Split, in Dalmatia. He is joined by German forces, led by Duke Leopold VI (the Glorious). At the end of July, Pope Honorius III orders the crusaders assembled in Italy and Sicily to proceed to Cyprus, but there is no transport provided by the Italian city-states, Venice, Genoa and Pisa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367488093#Fifth_Crusade", "title": "1217", "revid": 1367488093, "section": "Events › Fifth Crusade"}}, {"year": 1236, "year_label": "1236 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": null, "text": "Spring – A fleet consisting of ships from the republics of Venice, Genoa and Pisa arrive at Constantinople. It is headed by Geoffrey II of Villehardouin, ruler of Achaea, who brings 100 of his own knights, 300 cross-bowman, and 500 archers. Geoffrey, formally a vassal of Emperor John I of Constantinople, breaks the blockade of the city, sinks 15 Byzantine ships and enters the Golden Horn. A treaty is signed for two years after the intervention of Angelo Sanudo, duke of Archipelago.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361428601#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1236", "revid": 1361428601, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1240, "year_label": "1240 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August", "text": "August – Siege of Faenza: Frederick II lays siege to the town of Faenza during the war of the Guelphs and Ghibellines. Meanwhile, Frederick makes an alliance with Pisa to support his campaign against the Papal States.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361428406#Europe", "title": "1240", "revid": 1361428406, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1256, "year_label": "1256 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "War of Saint Sabas: A dispute between Venice and Genoa arises about concerning land in Acre owned by Mar Saba but claimed by both Venice and Genoa – which leads to a Genoese attack of the monastery in the Venetian quarter. The Venetians are supported by Pisa and the Knights Templar, while the Genoese are joined by the Knights Hospitaller.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350995211#Levant", "title": "1256", "revid": 1350995211, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1284, "year_label": "1284 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 5", "text": "August 5–6 – Battle of Meloria: A Genoese fleet (some 90 galleys) led by Admiral Oberto Doria defeats the Pisan ships in the Ligurian Sea. This marks the decline of the maritime power of Pisa in the Mediterranean.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370723758#Europe", "title": "1284", "revid": 1370723758, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1289, "year_label": "1289 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 11", "text": "June 11 – Battle of Campaldino: Pro-papal Guelph forces of Florence and their allies, Lucca, Pistoia, Prato and Siena under Viscount Aimery IV defeat the Ghibelline army (some 10,000 men) in Tuscany. Florence becomes the dominant power in Central Italy; powerful merchant guilds take on a more political role in the communal government against their rivals of Genoa, Pisa and Venice.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332007955#Europe", "title": "1289", "revid": 1332007955, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1297, "year_label": "1297 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Boniface VIII attempts to end the rivalry between Genoa and Pisa over the Tyrrhenian islands of Sardinia and Corsica, naming King James II of Aragon (\"the Just\") as regent of the islands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359692211#Religion", "title": "1297", "revid": 1359692211, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1299, "year_label": "1299 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 31", "text": "July 31 – Pisa and Genoa agree to a thirty-year truce. Part of the treaty includes the end of the Pisan military support to Genoa's enemies in Corsica.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349939019#Europe", "title": "1299", "revid": 1349939019, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1315, "year_label": "1315 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 12", "text": "February 12 – Italian sculptor Tino di Camaino is commissioned by the Republic of Pisa to create a statue of the late Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor (Enrico VII di Lussemburgo, King of Italy), to be finished in less than six months for the August 24 dedication of Henry's tomb. Camaino delivers the work by July 26.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332018303#January_–_March", "title": "1315", "revid": 1332018303, "section": "Events › January – March"}}, {"year": 1323, "year_label": "1323 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "April 11", "text": "April 11 – Hugh II, the self-styled King of Arborea", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332018212#April_–_June", "title": "1323", "revid": 1332018212, "section": "Events › April – June"}}, {"year": 1323, "year_label": "1323 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 28", "text": "June 28 – Siege of Villa di Chiesa: Aragonese forces under Prince Alfonso IV the Kind begin the siege at Villa di Chiesa. The fortified town is founded by Count Ugolino della Gherardesca, but is now under the control of the Republic of Pisa. Alfonso attacks the town with some 1,000 men and several siege engines, while the citizens are starved to death.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332018212#April_–_June", "title": "1323", "revid": 1332018212, "section": "Events › April – June"}}, {"year": 1364, "year_label": "1364 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 28", "text": "July 28 – Battle of Cascina: Forces of the Republic of Florence, led by Galeotto Malatesta, defeat those of Pisa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339849340#January–December", "title": "1364", "revid": 1339849340, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1406, "year_label": "1406 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Pisa is subjugated by Florence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357536622#Date_unknown", "title": "1406", "revid": 1357536622, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}]}