{"slug": "rhine", "label": "Rhine", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q584", "qid": "Q584", "description": "river in Western Europe to the North Sea", "entries": 87, "years": 85, "span": [-54, 1945], "span_label": ["55 BCE", "1945 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 48}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 12}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 8}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 6}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 5}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 3}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 3}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "franks", "label": "Franks", "shared": 10}, {"slug": "gaul", "label": "Gaul", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "alamanni", "label": "Alamanni", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "alemanni", "label": "Alemanni", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "germania", "label": "Germania", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "cologne", "label": "Cologne", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "germanic-peoples", "label": "Germanic peoples", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "netherlands", "label": "Netherlands", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "saxons", "label": "Saxons", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "roman-empire", "label": "Roman Empire", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "valentinian-i", "label": "Valentinian I", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "danube", "label": "Danube", "shared": 4}], "items": [{"year": -54, "year_label": "55 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Julius Caesar defeats the Usipetes and the Tencteri, two Germanic tribes who have been driven across the Rhine River by the Suebi. He spreads Roman law and order, and makes the whole country as far as the Channel accessible to trade.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364737843#Roman_Republic", "title": "55 BC", "revid": 1364737843, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -37, "year_label": "38 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Octavian appoints Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa governor of Transalpine Gaul, where he puts down an uprising of the Aquitanians. He also fights successfully against the Germanic tribes, and becomes the next Roman general to cross the Rhine after Julius Caesar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1327611270#Roman_Republic", "title": "38 BC", "revid": 1327611270, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -12, "year_label": "13 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Drusus is granted governor of Gaul and mobilises a Roman army to beat the Germans back across the Rhine. He travels to the North Sea and pays tribute to the Frisii.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372852969#Roman_Empire", "title": "13 BC", "revid": 1372852969, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": -11, "year_label": "12 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Roman armies based at Xanten, Cologne and Mainz campaign beyond the Rhine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372852966#Roman_Empire", "title": "12 BC", "revid": 1372852966, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": -10, "year_label": "11 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May", "text": "May – Drusus secures the Rhine frontier and builds Roman fortresses near Bonn, Dorsten, Haltern, and Oberaden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372852967#Roman_Empire", "title": "11 BC", "revid": 1372852967, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": -9, "year_label": "10 BCE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The Romans build a bridge across the Rhine near Bonn (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372852683#Roman_Empire", "title": "10 BC", "revid": 1372852683, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 7, "year_label": "7 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "AD 7 – Publius Quinctilius Varus is appointed governor of Germania, charged with organizing Germania between the Rhine and Elbe rivers. He carries out a census, devises tributes and recruits soldiers, all of which creates dissension among the Germanic tribes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365712040#Roman_Empire", "title": "0s", "revid": 1365712040, "section": "Events › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 11, "year_label": "11 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Germania Inferior and the Rhine are secured by Germanicus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371078816#Roman_Empire", "title": "10s", "revid": 1371078816, "section": "Events › 11 AD › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 12, "year_label": "12 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Augustus orders a major invasion of Germany beyond the Rhine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371078816#Roman_Empire", "title": "10s", "revid": 1371078816, "section": "Events › 12 AD › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 14, "year_label": "14 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Legions on the Rhine mutiny after the death of Augustus; Germanicus restores discipline amongst the legions.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371078816#Roman_Empire", "title": "10s", "revid": 1371078816, "section": "Events › 14 AD › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 16, "year_label": "16 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Germanicus employs the North Sea fleet to avoid dangerous rivers, embarking an army in the Rhine Delta, aboard circa 1,000 ships. He defeats the Germans at the Amisius river estuary and the Weser, but during its return, the Roman fleet is partially destroyed by storms.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371078816#Roman_Empire", "title": "10s", "revid": 1371078816, "section": "Events › 16 AD › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 28, "year_label": "28 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Roman legions in Germania are transported by fleet to the fortress of Flevum on the Rhine, to operate against the rebellious Frisians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369984933#Germania", "title": "20s", "revid": 1369984933, "section": "Events › 28 AD › Germania"}}, {"year": 41, "year_label": "41 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "An attack across the Rhine by the Germans is stopped by the Romans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373289291#AD_41", "title": "40s", "revid": 1373289291, "section": "Timeline › AD 41"}}, {"year": 47, "year_label": "47 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Corbulo orders the construction of the canal Fossa Corbulonis, between the Rhine and Meuse in the Netherlands, which connects the city Forum Hadriani (Voorburg).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373289291#AD_47", "title": "40s", "revid": 1373289291, "section": "Timeline › AD 47"}}, {"year": 47, "year_label": "47 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Romans build the Traiectum fortification near the mouth of the Rhine, which will later grow to be the city of Utrecht.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373289291#AD_47", "title": "40s", "revid": 1373289291, "section": "Timeline › AD 47"}}, {"year": 69, "year_label": "69 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Batavians attack Roman forts on the Rhine frontier; Fectio and Traiectum (modern Utrecht) are destroyed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367882081#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 69", "revid": 1367882081, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 70, "year_label": "70 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Naval clashes on the Rhine during the Batavian Revolt; the crew of a captured Roman flagship is imprisoned at Augusta Treverorum (modern Trier).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359120161#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 70", "revid": 1359120161, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 73, "year_label": "73 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Vespasian begins conquest of territory east of the upper Rhine and south of the Main. In addition, he reorganizes the defenses of the upper and lower Danube.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371506584#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 73", "revid": 1371506584, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 83, "year_label": "83 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Domitian fights the Chatti, a Germanic tribe. His victory allows the construction of fortifications (Limes) along the Rhine-frontier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371506430#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 83", "revid": 1371506430, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 84, "year_label": "84 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The construction of the limes, a line of Roman fortifications from the Rhine to the Danube, has begun.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371506467#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 84", "revid": 1371506467, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 213, "year_label": "213 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Caracalla leaves Rome and expels some Germanic marauders from Gaul, while his mother, Julia Domna, rules the Empire. He defends the northern Rhine frontier against the Alamanni and the Chatti. Caracalla wins over the Germanic tribes on the banks of the River Main, and gives himself the title \"Germanicus\". It is probably while campaigning in Germania that he takes a liking to the caracalla, a Celtic or Germanic tunic from which he acquires the name by which he is known.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267077872#Roman_Empire", "title": "213", "revid": 1267077872, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 233, "year_label": "233 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Alexander Severus celebrates a triumph in Rome to observe his \"victory\" the previous year over the Persians (in reality, Severus Alexander advanced towards Ctesiphon in 233, but as corroborated by Herodian, his armies suffered a humiliating defeat against Ardashir I). He is soon summoned to the Rhine frontier, where the Alamanni invade what is now modern-day Swabia. German tribes destroy Roman forts, and plunder the countryside at the Limes Germanicus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371186513#Roman_Empire", "title": "233", "revid": 1371186513, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 234, "year_label": "234 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Alexander Severus and his mother Julia Mamaea move to Moguntiacum (modern Mainz), the capital of Germania Superior. His generals have planned a military offensive and built a bridge across the Rhine. Alexander prefers to negotiate for peace by buying off the Alemanni. This policy outrages the Roman legions and he loses the trust of the troops.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188139#Roman_Empire", "title": "234", "revid": 1371188139, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 237, "year_label": "237 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Maximinus Thrax campaigns on the rivers Danube and Rhine in Germania, defeating the Alemanni, and never visits Rome. He is accepted by the Roman Senate, but taxes the rich aristocracy heavily, and engenders such hostility among them, that they plot against him. He had a road rebuilt in what is now the Golan Heights, between 236 and 237.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1310907306#Roman_Empire", "title": "237", "revid": 1310907306, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 240, "year_label": "240 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Roman Empire is threatened on several fronts at the same time. Africa revolts and tribes in northwest Germania, under the name of the Franks, are raiding the Rhine frontier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371189859#Roman_Empire", "title": "240", "revid": 1371189859, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 253, "year_label": "253 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Aemilianus is murdered at Spoletium and Publius Valerianus, age 60, is recognised as the new emperor by the Rhine legions. He gives his son Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus the title Augustus. Valerianus I dispatches him to the Danube where the Goths have violated the treaty signed with Rome and invaded Moesia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188254#Roman_Empire", "title": "253", "revid": 1371188254, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 256, "year_label": "256 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Franks cross the Rhine; the Alemanni reach Mediolanum (Milan) (disputed date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188385#Roman_Empire", "title": "256", "revid": 1371188385, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 260, "year_label": "260 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Gallienus establishes himself at Mediolanum (modern Milan); he reorganizes the army, supported by elite cavalry, and dispatches troops to the Rhine frontier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371187251#Roman_Empire", "title": "260", "revid": 1371187251, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 274, "year_label": "274 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Châlons: The Emperor Aurelian invades Gaul to campaign against the Gallic Empire (Gaul and Britain). In the Catalaunian Plains, the Romano-Gallic Emperor Tetricus I surrenders to Aurelian and leaves his army without an emperor. The Gallic army is then crushed by Aurelian in a major battle. With the conquests of the Palmyrene Empire and the Gallic Empire, the Roman Empire is united again. However, the heavy losses incurred by the Gallic forces compromises the Rhine frontier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1271086341#Roman_Empire", "title": "274", "revid": 1271086341, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 278, "year_label": "278 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Probus defeats the Alamanni, advancing through the Neckar Valley. He expels the Franks from Gaul, and reorganizes the Roman defenses on the Rhine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267075888#Roman_Empire", "title": "278", "revid": 1267075888, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 280, "year_label": "280 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Germans destroy the Roman fleet on the Rhine; Bonosus is proclaimed emperor at Colonia Agrippina (Cologne).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367495474#Roman_Empire", "title": "280", "revid": 1367495474, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 308, "year_label": "308 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Constantine raids the territory of the Bructeri and builds a bridge across the Rhine at Cologne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330171358#Roman_Empire", "title": "308", "revid": 1330171358, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 320, "year_label": "320 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Crispus, eldest son of Constantine I, leads a victorious campaign against the Franks, assuring twenty years of peace along the Rhine frontier. He establishes his residence in Augusta Treverorum (modern Trier), capital of Germania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330750501#Roman_Empire", "title": "320", "revid": 1330750501, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 350, "year_label": "350 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 18", "text": "January 18 – Western Roman Emperor Constans I makes himself extremely unpopular; one of his generals, Magnentius, is proclaimed emperor at Augustodunum in the Diocese of Galliae, with the support of the army on the Rhine frontier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367501252#Roman_Empire", "title": "350", "revid": 1367501252, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 352, "year_label": "352 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Alamanni and the Franks cross the Rhine and defeat the depleted Roman units left at the frontier. The Germans take control of around 40 towns and cities between the Moselle and the Rhine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1279672452#Roman_Empire", "title": "352", "revid": 1279672452, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 354, "year_label": "354 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "As a result of the armies of the West having been largely withdrawn by the usurper Magnus Magnentius, to fight Constantius II, hordes of barbarians (Franks and Alemanni) cross the upper Rhine into Gaul and invade the lands of the Helvetians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267529595#Europe", "title": "354", "revid": 1267529595, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 357, "year_label": "357 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Battle of Strasbourg: Julian, Caesar (deputy emperor) and supreme commander of the Roman army in Gaul, wins an important victory against the Alemanni at Strasbourg (Argentoratum), driving the barbarians back behind the Rhine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331328193#Roman_Empire", "title": "357", "revid": 1331328193, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 358, "year_label": "358 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Salian Franks capitulate to Julian the Apostate in Gaul. He allows them to form a Roman foederati in Toxandria. Frankish settlers are established in areas in the north and the east to help with the defense of the Rhine frontier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267077925#Roman_Empire", "title": "358", "revid": 1267077925, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 359, "year_label": "359 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "Famine in Upper Rhineland: A fleet of 800 river boats, built for the Rhine, cross to the British east coast, and carry back enough corn to raise the famine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332409759#Roman_Empire", "title": "359", "revid": 1332409759, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 360, "year_label": "360 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Alamanni raid Raetia (Switzerland), but are pushed back behind the Rhine by Julian, into the Black Forest.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332419195#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 360", "revid": 1332419195, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 364, "year_label": "364 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 26", "text": "February 26 – Valentinian I is proclaimed Emperor by officers of the Roman army at Nicaea in Bithynia. He addresses the soldiers (who threaten to riot) in a speech. He founds the Valentinianic dynasty and rules the Western portion of the Roman Empire, from Caledonia (Scotland) to the Rhine frontier, ensuring it a few years of relative security. He settles in Lutetia (Paris) and establishes a militia to defend the region.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332420284#Roman_Empire", "title": "364", "revid": 1332420284, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 365, "year_label": "365 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 1", "text": "November 1 – The Alamanni cross the Rhine and invade Gaul. Emperor Valentinian I moves to Paris to command the army and defend the Gallic cities.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1286254673#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 365", "revid": 1286254673, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 366, "year_label": "366 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 2", "text": "January 2 – The Alamanni cross the frozen Rhine in large numbers, and invade the Gallic provinces. They capture Alsace and a large part of the Swiss Plateau.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370006797#Roman_Empire", "title": "366", "revid": 1370006797, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 367, "year_label": "367 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Solicinium: Emperor Valentinian I launches a punitive expedition against the Alamanni, due to the crises in Britannia and Gaul. The Alamanni re-cross the Rhine and plunder Moguntiacum (modern Mainz).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326556842#Roman_Empire", "title": "367", "revid": 1326556842, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 368, "year_label": "368 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Emperor Valentinian I and his 8-year-old son, Gratian, cross the Rhine with an army into Alamannic territory. He defeats the Alemanni and burns food stores along the border. A temporary peace is signed with Macrian, king of the Bucinobantes, and Valentinian returns to his capital Augusta Treverorum (modern Trier).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332421371#Roman_Empire", "title": "368", "revid": 1332421371, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 371, "year_label": "371 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Roman poet Ausonius writes of a voyage on the Rhine and the Moselle in his work 'Mosella'.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1283531136#Art_and_Science", "title": "371", "revid": 1283531136, "section": "Events › By topic › Art and Science"}}, {"year": 378, "year_label": "378 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February", "text": "February – The Lentienses (part of the Alemanni) cross the frozen Rhine and raid the countryside. They are driven back by Roman auxilia palatina (Celtae and Petulantes), who defend the western frontier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1309998773#Roman_Empire", "title": "378", "revid": 1309998773, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 396, "year_label": "396 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Stilicho, Roman general (magister militum), controls the young emperor Honorius as his regent, and becomes the de facto ruler of the Western Roman Empire. He enlists the Alemanni and the Franks, to defend the Rhine frontier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1276670607#Roman_Empire", "title": "396", "revid": 1276670607, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 402, "year_label": "402 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 6", "text": "April 6 – Battle of Pollentia: Stilicho recalls troops from Britain and the Rhine frontier to defend Italy. He decides to attack the Goths on Easter Sunday, and manages to capture Alaric's wife and children.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326555519#Roman_Empire", "title": "402", "revid": 1326555519, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 405, "year_label": "405 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Stilicho crushes a coalition of Asding Vandals, Ostrogoths and Quadi with an army raised from forces of the Rhine frontier, leaving this sector dangerously weakened.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367640804#Roman_Empire", "title": "405", "revid": 1367640804, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 430, "year_label": "430 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "The Huns led by Octar attack the Burgundians, who occupied territory on the Rhine near the city of Worms (Germany). During the fighting Octar dies, and his army is destroyed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370135052#Roman_Empire", "title": "430", "revid": 1370135052, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 451, "year_label": "451 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Attila gathers his vassals—Bastarnae, Gepids, Heruls, Ostrogoths, Rugians, Scirians and Thuringians (among others), and smashes through Germany, causing widespread panic and destruction. He arrives in Belgica with an army (50,000 men) and crosses the Rhine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361438720#Europe", "title": "451", "revid": 1361438720, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 573, "year_label": "573 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Sigibert I goes to war against his half brother Chilperic I of Neustria at the urging of his wife, Brunhilda. He appeals to the Germans on the right bank of the Rhine for help, and they obligingly attack the environs of Paris and Chartres.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332331069#Europe", "title": "573", "revid": 1332331069, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 600, "year_label": "600 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Dorestad, lying in a fork between two branches of the Rhine, is established by the Franks as a trade center.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751689#Europe", "title": "600", "revid": 1364751689, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 689, "year_label": "689 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Dorestad: The Frisians under King Radbod are defeated by the Frankish mayor of the palace, Pippin of Herstal. The Rhine delta and Dorestad (modern Netherlands) become Frankish again, as well as the castles of Utrecht and Fechten (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350231931#Europe", "title": "689", "revid": 1350231931, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 717, "year_label": "717 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Charles Martel consolidates his power, proclaims Clotaire IV king of Austrasia in opposition to Chilperic, and deposes Rigobert, bishop of Reims, replacing him with Milo. He marches against Radbod, king (or duke) of the Frisians, and pushes him back into his territory (later part of the Netherlands). Charles sends the Saxons back over the Weser River, and secures the Rhine border—in the name of Clotaire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808622#Western_Europe", "title": "717", "revid": 1340808622, "section": "Events › By place › Western Europe"}}, {"year": 719, "year_label": "719 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Frisian–Frankish War: Charles Martel defeats Redbad, King of the Frisians. He easily invades Frisia (modern Netherlands) and subjugates the territory. Charles also crosses the Rhine and annexes \"farther\" Frisia, to the banks of the River Vlie.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367050525#Europe", "title": "719", "revid": 1367050525, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 730, "year_label": "730 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Charles Martel defeats the last independent dukedom of Alamannia, and incorporates it into the Frankish Empire. He also launches raids on the Saxons beyond the Rhine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808684#Europe", "title": "730", "revid": 1340808684, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 778, "year_label": "778 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Saxon Wars: Widukind and his close followers return to Saxony from Denmark. He probably makes alliances with the Danes and the northwestern Slav tribes. Saxon rebels destroy the fortress of Karlsburg and sack Deutz (near Cologne), but are unable to cross the Rhine. They are driven back by the garrison of Koblenz, but then ambush and defeat the Frankish pursuers. Counter-attacking Frankish forces pursue the Saxons up the Lahn Valley, and defeat them near Leisa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267081416#Europe", "title": "778", "revid": 1267081416, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 779, "year_label": "779 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Saxon Wars: King Charlemagne assembles a Frankish army at Düren, crosses the Rhine at the modern town of Wesel, and defeats the Saxons in battle near Bocholt (North Rhine-Westphalia). All the main Westphalian leaders are captured, except Widukind. Charlemagne crosses the Weser, Oker and Ohre rivers into Eastphalian territory, where local leaders submit to Frankish rule and hand over hostages. Widukind remains in northern Saxony, and relies on guerrilla warfare.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848243#Europe", "title": "779", "revid": 1340848243, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 783, "year_label": "783 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October", "text": "October – Charlemagne marries Fastrada, the 18-year-old daughter of a Frankish count named Rudolph, and makes her his queen at Worms. The probable reason behind the marriage is to solidify a Frankish alliance east of the Rhine, against the Saxons in Lower Saxony (modern Germany).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351342197#Europe", "title": "783", "revid": 1351342197, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 793, "year_label": "793 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "King Charlemagne orders a 3 kilometre long channel dug from Treuchtlingen to Weißenburg (the Rhine and Danube river basins), to improve the transportation of goods between the Rhineland and Bavaria. Charlemagne's son, Pepin of Italy, campaigns against the Lombards in Benevento (Southern Italy).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364906953#Europe", "title": "793", "revid": 1364906953, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 794, "year_label": "794 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Charlemagne abandons his channel project (see 793), and attacks the Saxon rebels from the north, supported by a second Frankish army under his son Charles the Younger, which crosses the Rhine at Cologne from the west; threatened from two directions, the Saxons surrender near Paderborn (Westphalia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848638#Europe", "title": "794", "revid": 1340848638, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 840, "year_label": "840 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 20", "text": "June 20 – Louis the Pious, Emperor of the Romans and King of the Franks, falls ill and dies at his hunting lodge, on an island in the Rhine, near the Ingelheim Imperial Palace in Francia, while suppressing a revolt. He proclaims his eldest son Lothair I as his successor as Emperor. Lothair tries to seize all the territories of his late grandfather Charlemagne. Louis' son by his second wife, Charles, 17, becomes King of the Franks, and joins with his half-brother Louis the German in resisting Lothair.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367666598#Europe", "title": "840", "revid": 1367666598, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 857, "year_label": "857 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "The first recorded major outbreak of ergotism kills thousands of people in the Rhine Valley. They have eaten bread made from rye infected with the ergot fungus parasite Claviceps purpurea (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267075868#Medicine", "title": "857", "revid": 1267075868, "section": "Events › By topic › Medicine"}}, {"year": 863, "year_label": "863 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Viking raiders again plunder Dorestad (modern Netherlands), a Frankish port on the mouth of the river Rhine. It thereafter disappears from the chronicles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1322668706#Europe", "title": "863", "revid": 1322668706, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 882, "year_label": "882 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Siege of Asselt: Charles the Fat besieges a Viking camp, who have plundered along the Meuse, the Rhine and the Moselle. He defeats their leader Godfrid, and grants him West Frisia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1345951089#Europe", "title": "882", "revid": 1345951089, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 883, "year_label": "883 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Viking raiders ravage Flanders, and sack the abbey at Saint-Quentin. King Carloman II blocks their passage at Laviers, which had been on the banks of the Somme. Meanwhile, Vikings enter the Rhine, but are turned back by Henry of Franconia (possibly a margrave of Saxony). They over-winter at Duisburg.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129939#Europe", "title": "883", "revid": 1341129939, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 911, "year_label": "911 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Hungarians cross Bavaria, and invade Swabia and Franconia. They plunder the territories from Minfeld to Aargau. After that, they cross the Rhine, and attack Burgundy for the first time.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372066182#Europe", "title": "AD 911", "revid": 1372066182, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 921, "year_label": "921 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 7", "text": "November 7 – Treaty of Bonn: King Charles III (the Simple) and Henry I sign a peace treaty or 'pact of friendship' (amicitia) at a ceremony aboard a ship in the middle of the Rhine, recognising the border between their two Frankish kingdoms.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341509617#Europe", "title": "921", "revid": 1341509617, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 939, "year_label": "939 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 2", "text": "October 2 – Battle of Andernach: Otto I crushes a rebellion against his rule, by a coalition of Eberhard III, duke of Franconia, and other Frankish dukes, in Andernach on the Rhine River. Otto prevails, with support from Odo of Wetterau. Eberhard is killed while Gilbert, duke of Lotharingia (or Lorraine) drowns when trying to escape.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366656722#Europe", "title": "939", "revid": 1366656722, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 954, "year_label": "954 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – A Hungarian army led by Bulcsú crosses the Rhine. He camps at Worms in the capital of his ally Conrad the Red, duke of Lorraine. Bulcsú heads west, attacking the domains of King Otto I, by crossing the rivers Moselle and Maas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360671354#Europe", "title": "954", "revid": 1360671354, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 991, "year_label": "991 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Stavoren is sacked in Viking raids on the ports of Frisia and the mouths of the Rhine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365261005#Unknown_dates", "title": "991", "revid": 1365261005, "section": "Events › Unknown dates"}}, {"year": 1096, "year_label": "1096 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – The Rhineland massacres: Members of the People's Crusade led by Count Emicho destroy most of the Jewish communities along the Rhine in a series of large pogroms in France and Germany. Thousands of Jews are massacred, driven to suicide, or forced to convert to Christianity. Estimates of the number of Jewish men, women and children murdered are 2,000 to 12,000.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365266324#First_Crusade", "title": "1096", "revid": 1365266324, "section": "Events › By place › First Crusade"}}, {"year": 1146, "year_label": "1146 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 31", "text": "March 31 – Bernard of Clairvaux, commissioned by Pope Eugene III, preaches the Second Crusade at Vézelay, in Burgundy. King Louis VII of France and his wife, Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine, take up the cross. In a repeat of the events of 1096, Crusaders attack and massacre Jewish communities along the Rhine. Encouraged by his success, Bernard undertakes a tour in Burgundy, Lorraine and Flanders – preaching the Crusade as he goes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184470#Europe", "title": "1146", "revid": 1369184470, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1148, "year_label": "1148 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Hildegard of Bingen founds a new monastery at Rupertsberg in the Rhine Valley near Bingen am Rhein.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362156256#Religion", "title": "1148", "revid": 1362156256, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1374, "year_label": "1374 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "February 11", "text": "February 11 – In Germany, the Rhine river rises high enough in the Mosel River Valley during a flood that horses reportedly drown in the streets at Koln", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369753981#January–March", "title": "1374", "revid": 1369753981, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1540, "year_label": "1540 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "Europe is hit by a heat wave and drought lasting for about seven months. Rivers such as the Rhine and Seine dry up, and many people die from dysentery and other illnesses, caused by lack of safe drinking water.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366494590#Date_unknown", "title": "1540", "revid": 1366494590, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1658, "year_label": "1658 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 14", "text": "August 14 – The League of the Rhine (Rheinische Allianz) is formed by 50 German princes whose cities are on the Rhine river.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986033#July–September", "title": "1658", "revid": 1365986033, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1672, "year_label": "1672 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 12", "text": "June 12 – Battle of Tolhuis: French forces under King Louis XIV cross the Rhine into the Netherlands; the city of Utrecht is occupied by the French Army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365992116#April–June", "title": "1672", "revid": 1365992116, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1678, "year_label": "1678 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 23", "text": "July 23 – The Battle of Ortenbach, one of the last major engagements of the Franco-Dutch War, takes place near Offenburg at the Rhine river in southwestern Germany, as French forces under the command of François de Créquy overwhelm a larger force of Holy Roman Empire troops commanded by the Duke of Lorraine, Karl V Leopold.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368552109#July–September", "title": "1678", "revid": 1368552109, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1703, "year_label": "1703 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 20", "text": "February 20–March 10 – War of the Spanish Succession: Siege of Kehl – French forces under the command of the Duc de Villars capture the fortress of the Holy Roman Empire at Kehl, opposite Strasbourg on the Rhine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369923832#January–March", "title": "1703", "revid": 1369923832, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1760, "year_label": "1760 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 16", "text": "October 16 – Seven Years' War: Battle of Kloster-Kamp – Ferdinand of Brunswick is beaten back from the Rhine by a French army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358844484#October–December", "title": "1760", "revid": 1358844484, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1805, "year_label": "1805 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 27", "text": "August 27 – Napoleon orders the Grande Armée (\"The Great Army\") of some 165,000 men to march to the Rhine River to deal with the Austrian and Russian threats on the frontier. The French army is organized into seven corps and is supported by 36–40 cannons each. Napoleon orders Marshal Joachim Murat with his I Cavalry Corps (some 20,000 men), to make feint attacks through the Black Forest in south-west Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357161554#July–September", "title": "1805", "revid": 1357161554, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1814, "year_label": "1814 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – War of the Sixth Coalition – The Royal Prussian Army led by Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher crosses the Rhine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360305709#January", "title": "1814", "revid": 1360305709, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1945, "year_label": "1945 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "March 24", "text": "March 24 – WWII: Operation Varsity – Two airborne divisions capture bridges across the river Rhine to aid the Allied advance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371513862#March", "title": "1945", "revid": 1371513862, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1945, "year_label": "1945 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "March 7", "text": "March 7 – WWII: At the end of Operation Lumberjack, American troops seize the Ludendorff Bridge over the Rhine at Remagen, Germany and begin to cross; in the next 10 days, 25,000 troops with equipment are able to cross.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371513862#March", "title": "1945", "revid": 1371513862, "section": "Events › March"}}]}