{"slug": "richard-nixon", "label": "Richard Nixon", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9588", "qid": "Q9588", "description": "president of the United States from 1969 to 1974 (1913–1994)", "entries": 34, "years": 14, "span": [1948, 1984], "span_label": ["1948 CE", "1984 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 15}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 8}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 2}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 2}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 2}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 2}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "vice-president-of-the-united-states", "label": "Vice President of the United States", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "vietnam-war", "label": "Vietnam War", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "south-vietnam", "label": "South Vietnam", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "spain", "label": "Spain", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "europe", "label": "Europe", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "united-kingdom", "label": "United Kingdom", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "republic-of-ireland", "label": "Republic of Ireland", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "socialist-federal-republic-of-yugoslavia", "label": "Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "president-of-the-united-states", "label": "President of the United States", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "venezuela", "label": "Venezuela", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "caracas", "label": "Caracas", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1948, "year_label": "1948 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "December 6", "text": "December 6 – Richard Nixon displays microfilm from the \"Pumpkin Papers\" to the press.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371784888#December", "title": "1948", "revid": 1371784888, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1953, "year_label": "1953 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 7", "text": "December 7 – A visit to Iran by American Vice President Richard Nixon sparks several days of riots, as a reaction to the August 19 overthrow of the government of Mohammed Mossadegh by the U.S.-backed Shah. Three students are shot dead by police in Tehran. This event becomes an annual commemoration.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371310369#December", "title": "1953", "revid": 1371310369, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1955, "year_label": "1955 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 24", "text": "September 24 – Dwight D. Eisenhower, president of the United States, suffers a coronary thrombosis while on vacation in Denver, Colorado. Vice President Nixon assumed administrative duties and presided over Cabinet and National Security Council meetings while Eisenhower recovers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371173508#September", "title": "1955", "revid": 1371173508, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1958, "year_label": "1958 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 13", "text": "May 13 – During a visit to Caracas, Venezuela, Vice President Richard Nixon's car is attacked by anti-American demonstrators.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371827125#May", "title": "1958", "revid": 1371827125, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1959, "year_label": "1959 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "July 24", "text": "July 24 – At the opening of the American National Exhibition in Moscow, United States Vice President Richard Nixon and USSR Premier Nikita Khrushchev engage in the \"Kitchen Debate\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370221732#July", "title": "1959", "revid": 1370221732, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1960, "year_label": "1960 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "July 25", "text": "July 25–28 – In Chicago, the 1960 Republican National Convention nominates Vice President Richard Nixon as its candidate for President of the United States, and Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. for vice-president.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371870774#July", "title": "1960", "revid": 1371870774, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1960, "year_label": "1960 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 8", "text": "November 8 – 1960 United States presidential election: In a close race, Democratic U. S. Senator John F. Kennedy is elected over Republican U. S. Vice President Richard Nixon, to become (at 43) the second youngest man to serve as President of the United States, and the youngest man elected to this position.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371870774#November", "title": "1960", "revid": 1371870774, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1960, "year_label": "1960 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "September 26", "text": "September 26 – 1960 United States presidential debates: The two leading candidates in the 1960 United States presidential election, John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon, participate in the first live televised presidential debate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371870774#September", "title": "1960", "revid": 1371870774, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1968, "year_label": "1968 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 5", "text": "November 5 – 1968 United States presidential election: Republican candidate Richard Nixon defeats the Democratic candidate, Vice President Hubert Humphrey, and American Independent Party candidate George Wallace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371310387#November–December", "title": "1968", "revid": 1371310387, "section": "Events › November–December"}}, {"year": 1969, "year_label": "1969 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 2", "text": "August 2 – U.S. President Richard Nixon visits Romania, becoming the first incumbent U.S. president to visit a communist state since the start of the Cold War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373164180#August", "title": "1969", "revid": 1373164180, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1969, "year_label": "1969 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 20", "text": "January 20 – Richard Nixon is sworn in as the 37th president of the United States of America.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373164180#January", "title": "1969", "revid": 1373164180, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1969, "year_label": "1969 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 30", "text": "July 30 – Vietnam War: U.S. President Richard Nixon makes an unscheduled visit to South Vietnam, meeting with President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu and U.S. military commanders.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373164180#July", "title": "1969", "revid": 1373164180, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1969, "year_label": "1969 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 8", "text": "June 8 – U.S. President Richard Nixon and South Vietnamese President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu meet at Midway Island. Nixon announces that 25,000 U.S. troops will be withdrawn by September.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373164180#June", "title": "1969", "revid": 1373164180, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1969, "year_label": "1969 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 21", "text": "November 21 – U.S. President Richard Nixon and Japanese Premier Eisaku Satō agree in Washington, D.C. to the return of Okinawa to Japanese control in 1972. Under the terms of the agreement, the U.S. retains rights to military bases on the island, but they must be nuclear-free.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373164180#November", "title": "1969", "revid": 1373164180, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1970, "year_label": "1970 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "December 29", "text": "December 29 – U.S. President Richard Nixon signs into law the Occupational Safety and Health Act.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370420699#December", "title": "1970", "revid": 1370420699, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1970, "year_label": "1970 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "September 27", "text": "September 27 – Richard Nixon begins a tour of Europe, visiting Italy, Yugoslavia, Spain, the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370420699#September", "title": "1970", "revid": 1370420699, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1971, "year_label": "1971 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – President Richard Nixon announces that the United States will no longer convert dollars to gold at a fixed value, effectively ending the Bretton Woods system. He also imposes a 90-day freeze on wages, prices and rents.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369905382#August", "title": "1971", "revid": 1369905382, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1971, "year_label": "1971 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "December 8", "text": "December 8 – U.S. President Richard Nixon orders the 7th Fleet to move towards the Bay of Bengal in the Indian Ocean.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369905382#December", "title": "1971", "revid": 1369905382, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1971, "year_label": "1971 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 15", "text": "July 15 – American President Richard Nixon announces his 1972 visit to China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369905382#July", "title": "1971", "revid": 1369905382, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1971, "year_label": "1971 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 5", "text": "July 5 – Right to vote: The Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, formally certified by President Richard Nixon, lowers the voting age from 21 to 18.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369905382#July", "title": "1971", "revid": 1369905382, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1971, "year_label": "1971 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "June 17", "text": "June 17 – President Richard Nixon declares the U.S. war on drugs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369905382#June", "title": "1971", "revid": 1369905382, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1971, "year_label": "1971 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 21", "text": "October 21 – U.S. President Richard Nixon nominates Lewis Franklin Powell Jr. and William H. Rehnquist to the U.S. Supreme Court.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369905382#October", "title": "1971", "revid": 1369905382, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1972, "year_label": "1972 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 21", "text": "August 21 – The Republican National Convention in Miami Beach, Florida, renominates U.S. President Richard Nixon and Vice President Spiro Agnew for a second term.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371514417#August", "title": "1972", "revid": 1371514417, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1972, "year_label": "1972 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 21", "text": "February 21–28 – U.S. President Richard Nixon makes an unprecedented 8-day visit to the People's Republic of China and meets with Mao Zedong.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371514417#February", "title": "1972", "revid": 1371514417, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1972, "year_label": "1972 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 26", "text": "May 26 – Richard Nixon and Leonid Brezhnev sign the SALT I treaty in Moscow, as well as the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and other agreements.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371514417#May", "title": "1972", "revid": 1371514417, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1972, "year_label": "1972 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "November 7", "text": "November 7 – 1972 United States presidential election: Republican incumbent Richard Nixon defeats Democratic Senator George McGovern in a landslide. The election has the lowest voter turnout since 1948, with only 55 percent of the electorate voting.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371514417#November", "title": "1972", "revid": 1371514417, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1973, "year_label": "1973 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 15", "text": "January 15 – Vietnam War: Citing progress in peace negotiations, U.S. President Richard Nixon announces the suspension of offensive action in North Vietnam.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373239256#January", "title": "1973", "revid": 1373239256, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1973, "year_label": "1973 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 16", "text": "July 16 – Watergate scandal: Former White House aide Alexander Butterfield informs the United States Senate Watergate Committee that President Richard Nixon had secretly recorded potentially incriminating conversations.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373239256#July", "title": "1973", "revid": 1373239256, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1973, "year_label": "1973 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "November 16", "text": "November 16 – U.S. President Richard Nixon signs the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act into law, authorizing the construction of the Alaska Pipeline.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373239256#November", "title": "1973", "revid": 1373239256, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1973, "year_label": "1973 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 7", "text": "November 7 – The Congress of the United States overrides President Richard Nixon's veto of the War Powers Resolution, which limits presidential power to wage war without congressional approval.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373239256#November", "title": "1973", "revid": 1373239256, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1973, "year_label": "1973 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 20", "text": "October 20 – The Saturday Night Massacre: U.S. President Richard Nixon orders Attorney General Elliot Richardson to dismiss Watergate Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox. Richardson refuses and resigns, along with Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus. Solicitor General Robert Bork, third in line at the Department of Justice, then fires Cox. The event prompts calls for Nixon's impeachment.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373239256#October", "title": "1973", "revid": 1373239256, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1974, "year_label": "1974 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 8", "text": "August 8 – U.S. President Richard Nixon announces his resignation on August 8, effective at noon on August 9.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372602919#July–August", "title": "1974", "revid": 1372602919, "section": "Events › July–August"}}, {"year": 1974, "year_label": "1974 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 8", "text": "September 8 – President Gerald Ford signs Proclamation 4311, granting a full and unconditional pardon to Richard Nixon, his predecessor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372602919#September–October", "title": "1974", "revid": 1372602919, "section": "Events › September–October"}}, {"year": 1984, "year_label": "1984 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 6", "text": "November 6 – 1984 United States presidential election: Republican President Ronald Reagan defeats Democratic former Vice President Walter F. Mondale with 59% of the popular vote, the highest since Richard Nixon's 61% popular vote victory in 1972. Reagan carries 49 states in the electoral College; Mondale wins only his home state of Minnesota (by a mere 3,761 vote margin) and the District of Columbia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371242779#November", "title": "1984", "revid": 1371242779, "section": "Events › November"}}]}