{"slug": "robert-the-bruce", "label": "Robert the Bruce", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187312", "qid": "Q187312", "description": "King of Scotland (1306–1329)", "entries": 33, "years": 22, "span": [1274, 1353], "span_label": ["1274 CE", "1353 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 15}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 7}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 6}, {"title": "Births", "count": 2}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 2}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "kingdom-of-scotland", "label": "Kingdom of Scotland", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "edward-ii", "label": "Edward II", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "scotland", "label": "Scotland", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "yorkshire", "label": "Yorkshire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "york", "label": "York", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "england", "label": "England", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "newcastle-upon-tyne", "label": "Newcastle upon Tyne", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "may", "label": "May", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "edward-i-of-england", "label": "Edward I of England", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "high-king-of-ireland", "label": "High King of Ireland", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "isle-of-man", "label": "Isle of Man", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "pope-clement-v", "label": "Pope Clement V", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1274, "year_label": "1274 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "July 11", "text": "July 11 – Robert the Bruce, king of Scotland (d. 1329)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356688810#Births", "title": "1274", "revid": 1356688810, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1277, "year_label": "1277 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Isabella of Mar, Scottish noblewoman, wife of Robert the Bruce (d. 1296)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362646784#Births", "title": "1277", "revid": 1362646784, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1296, "year_label": "1296 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Isabella of Mar, Scottish countess, spouse of King Robert the Bruce of Scotland", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368372269#Deaths", "title": "1296", "revid": 1368372269, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1297, "year_label": "1297 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July", "text": "July – In Scotland, a group of nobles forms a confederacy (organized by Robert Wishart, bishop of Glasgow), but are defeated by English troops at Irvine. An agreement of submission to Edward I of England is signed by the future Scottish king Robert the Bruce and other Scottish leaders.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359692211#British_Isles", "title": "1297", "revid": 1359692211, "section": "Events › By place › British Isles"}}, {"year": 1302, "year_label": "1302 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 26", "text": "January 26 – At the suggestion of France, and pursuant to the treaty signed between England and France at Asnières, King Edward I of England (\"Edward Longshanks\") and the Scottish nobles led by Robert the Bruce agree to a nine-month peace treaty at Linlithgow, to last until St. Andrew's Day, November 30, 1302.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362151248#January–March", "title": "1302", "revid": 1362151248, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1306, "year_label": "1306 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "February 10", "text": "February 10 – Robert the Bruce murders John Comyn III, Scottish nobleman and political rival, before the high altar of the Greyfriars Church at Dumfries. Bruce and Comyn meet to discuss their differences at the church (without their swords). An argument between the two ensues, and Bruce draws his dagger in anger and stabs Comyn. He flees the church, telling his followers outside what has occurred. Roger de Kirkpatrick, cousin of Bruce, goes back inside and finishes off the seriously wounded Comyn. In response, Bruce is excommunicated by Pope Clement V.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354973149#January_–_March", "title": "1306", "revid": 1354973149, "section": "Events › January – March"}}, {"year": 1307, "year_label": "1307 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – King Robert the Bruce, King of Scots crosses with a small force (some 600 men) from the Isle of Arran in the Firth of Clyde to his earldom of Carrick in Ayrshire. He attacks the English garrison at Turnberry Castle, plundering and destroying the stronghold. Meanwhile, The Black Douglas attacks the English garrison in Douglas Castle at Palm Sunday – while they are slaughtered during a church mass (known as the \"Douglas Larder\").", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332007828#Britain", "title": "1307", "revid": 1332007828, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 1307, "year_label": "1307 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 25", "text": "December 25 – On Christmas Day, the 3-day Battle of Slioch begins in Scotland, with King Robert the Bruce and his men turning back the forces of John Comyn.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332007828#October_–_December", "title": "1307", "revid": 1332007828, "section": "Events › October – December"}}, {"year": 1308, "year_label": "1308 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 23", "text": "May 23 – Battle of Inverurie: Scottish forces led by King Robert the Bruce defeat the rival Scots under John Comyn at Oldmeldrum. During the battle, Robert repulses a surprise attack on his camp, and counter-attacks the Scots of Clan Comyn. John flees to seek refuge at the English court and is well received by Edward II, who appoints him as Lord Warden of the Marches. Meanwhile, Robert orders his forces to burn the farms, houses and strongholds associated with Clan Cumming in north-east Scotland. The Earldom of Buchan will never again rise for Clan Cumming.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367315343#April_–_June", "title": "1308", "revid": 1367315343, "section": "Events › April – June"}}, {"year": 1310, "year_label": "1310 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 24", "text": "February 24 – A group of 12 Scottish Catholic bishops, including William Sinclair, Bishop of Dunkeld, swear fealty to Robert the Bruce, King of Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332018292#January_–_March", "title": "1310", "revid": 1332018292, "section": "Events › January – March"}}, {"year": 1310, "year_label": "1310 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 1", "text": "October 1 – Writing from Kildrum, King Robert the Bruce of Scotland attempts to establish peace talks with King Edward II of England (who is encamped in Scotland at Biggar) but Edward refuses to negotiate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332018292#October_–_December", "title": "1310", "revid": 1332018292, "section": "Events › October – December"}}, {"year": 1312, "year_label": "1312 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 13", "text": "January 13 – English royal favourite Piers Gaveston, having returned secretly from two months exile on the continent, is reunited, probably at Knaresborough Castle, with King Edward II, who on January 18 restores all Gaveston's confiscated lands to him. They plan to travel to Scotland to seek help from King Robert the Bruce.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362487312#January_–_March", "title": "1312", "revid": 1362487312, "section": "Events › January – March"}}, {"year": 1313, "year_label": "1313 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 8", "text": "January 8 – King Robert the Bruce of Scotland recaptures Perth Castle from the English, then orders the walls and the building to be destroyed in order to prevent it from ever being used by the English again as a garrison.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694602#January_–_March", "title": "1313", "revid": 1361694602, "section": "Events › January – March"}}, {"year": 1313, "year_label": "1313 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 17", "text": "May 17 – Robert the Bruce, King of Scotland, leads an invasion of the Isle of Man, landing at Ramsey with a multitude of ships and captures it within five days. The only resistance is presented by the lord of Castle Rushen, and King Robert concentrates his efforts on a siege of the castle starting on May 22.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694602#April_–_June", "title": "1313", "revid": 1361694602, "section": "Events › April – June"}}, {"year": 1313, "year_label": "1313 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 21", "text": "October 21 – Robert the Bruce, King of Scotland delivers an ultimatum at a meeting of the Scottish nobles at an assembly in Dundee, giving Scots who have not yet come into his peace agreement a year to swear fealty to him or lose all their estates. The Scottish nobles of Lothian appeal to Edward II for protection, who promises to bring an English expeditionary force by midsummer in 1314.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694602#October_–_December", "title": "1313", "revid": 1361694602, "section": "Events › October – December"}}, {"year": 1314, "year_label": "1314 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 23", "text": "June 23 – Battle of Bannockburn begins: English forces approach the Scottish positions at Torwood, mounted troops under Gilbert de Clare are confronted by Scottish forces and repulsed. During the fierce fighting, Henry de Bohun is killed in a duel by King Robert the Bruce. Edward II and forward elements, mainly cavalry, encamp at Bannockburn near Stirling in central Scotland. The baggage train and the majority of the forces arrive in the evening.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373434387#April_–_June", "title": "1314", "revid": 1373434387, "section": "Events › April – June"}}, {"year": 1314, "year_label": "1314 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 24", "text": "June 24 – Battle of Bannockburn (First War of Scottish Independence): Scottish forces (some 8,000 men) led by Robert the Bruce defeat the English army at Bannockburn, securing de facto independence for Scotland. During the battle, the Scottish pikemen formed in schiltrons (or phalanx) repulses the English cavalry (some 2,000 men). Edward II flees with his bodyguard (some 500 men), while panic spreads among the remaining forces, turning their defeat into a rout. Stirling Castle is surrendered to the Scots.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373434387#April_–_June", "title": "1314", "revid": 1373434387, "section": "Events › April – June"}}, {"year": 1314, "year_label": "1314 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 29", "text": "September 29 – In exchange for captured English nobles, Edward II releases Elizabeth de Burgh, wife of Robert the Bruce, his sister Mary Bruce, and his daughter Marjorie Bruce.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373434387#July_–_September", "title": "1314", "revid": 1373434387, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1315, "year_label": "1315 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 26", "text": "April 26 – The Scottish parliament is convened at Ayr, and proclaims Edward Bruce as the legal heir to the throne to succeed if his brother, King Robert the Bruce, dies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332018303#April_–_June", "title": "1315", "revid": 1332018303, "section": "Events › April – June"}}, {"year": 1315, "year_label": "1315 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 22", "text": "July 22 – Siege of Carlisle: Scottish forces led by King Robert the Bruce besiege Carlisle Castle in England, but the stronghold holds out, due to a well-conducted defense organized by Andrew Harclay and the siege is abandoned by August 1.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332018303#July_–_September", "title": "1315", "revid": 1332018303, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1316, "year_label": "1316 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 2", "text": "May 2 – In an attempt to stir the Irish nobles into rebellion against English rule, Edward Bruce, brother of King Robert the Bruce of Scotland is crowned High King of Ireland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332018310#April_–_June", "title": "1316", "revid": 1332018310, "section": "Events › April – June"}}, {"year": 1318, "year_label": "1318 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 3", "text": "December 3 – The Parliament of Scotland meets at Scone and votes to designate Robert Stewart, grandson of King Robert the Bruce as the heir presumptive. Robert Stewart is the son of Robert the Bruce's late daughter Marjorie Bruce and of Walter Stewart. On the birth of David as Robert the Bruce's son in 1324, Robert Stewart will become second in line for the throne, eventually becoming King Robert II in 1371.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361981975#October_–_December", "title": "1318", "revid": 1361981975, "section": "Events › October – December"}}, {"year": 1318, "year_label": "1318 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – Having captured Berwick-upon-Tweed, Scottish forces under King Robert the Bruce raid Yorkshire and burn Northallerton, Boroughbridge and Knaresborough (where some 140 houses are destroyed). They also terrorize the citizens of Ripon, who are spared destruction, on payment of 1,000 marks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361981975#April_–_June", "title": "1318", "revid": 1361981975, "section": "Events › April – June"}}, {"year": 1319, "year_label": "1319 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 21", "text": "December 21 – Representatives of England's King Edward II and Scotland's King Robert the Bruce sign a two-year truce. Hostilities are to cease until Christmas Day, 1321, with the Scots to build no new castles in the sheriffdoms of Berwick, Roxburgh, and Dumfries, and the English were to either transfer the Harbottle garrison in Northumberland to Scotland, or to destroy it. A long-term peace is still far off because of Edward's arrogant refusal to relinquish his claims of sovereignty over the Scots.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361361432#October_–_December", "title": "1319", "revid": 1361361432, "section": "Events › October – December"}}, {"year": 1320, "year_label": "1320 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 6", "text": "April 6 – Declaration of Arbroath: King Robert the Bruce sends a letter to Pope John XXII. He asks him to recognize Scottish sovereignty, and Robert's right to be ruler of Scotland, hoping that he will lift the excommunication order under which Robert is being held for the death of John Comyn III.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353685641#April_–_June", "title": "1320", "revid": 1353685641, "section": "Events › April – June"}}, {"year": 1322, "year_label": "1322 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 2", "text": "November 2 – Scotland's King Robert the Bruce ends his \"Great Raid\" campaign after six weeks, and withdraws his troops from northern England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350577150#October_–_December", "title": "1322", "revid": 1350577150, "section": "Events › October – December"}}, {"year": 1322, "year_label": "1322 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 14", "text": "October 14 – \"Great Raid\": Battle of Old Byland – Scottish forces led by King Robert the Bruce defeat the English army in Yorkshire. During the battle, Robert and his highlanders charge themselves in a flanking position, from where the English troops are overrun, the most significant Scots victory over the English since Bannockburn in 1314. Edward II narrowly escapes capture and is forced to abandon his personal equipment, silver plate, jewelry and horse trappings. He flees with his retinue to Bridlington.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350577150#October_–_December", "title": "1322", "revid": 1350577150, "section": "Events › October – December"}}, {"year": 1322, "year_label": "1322 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 20", "text": "September 20 – Scotland's King Robert the Bruce begins the \"Great Raid\" on sites in northern England, leading troops across the River Tweed and starting with an attack on Norham Castle. England's King Edward II responds with an order directing the English Army to assemble at Newcastle upon Tyne to make a counterattack.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350577150#July_–_September", "title": "1322", "revid": 1350577150, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1323, "year_label": "1323 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 3", "text": "January 3 – Englishman Andrew Harclay, 1st Earl of Carlisle, who had recently defeated rebel Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster at the Battle of Boroughbridge, commits treason by signing a peace treaty with Scotland's King Robert the Bruce.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332018212#January_–_March", "title": "1323", "revid": 1332018212, "section": "Events › January – March"}}, {"year": 1323, "year_label": "1323 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 30", "text": "May 30 – King Edward II of England makes a 13-year truce with Scotland at York. Despite the truce, Edward refuses to accept Robert the Bruce as ruler of an independent Scottish kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332018212#April_–_June", "title": "1323", "revid": 1332018212, "section": "Events › April – June"}}, {"year": 1327, "year_label": "1327 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 27", "text": "October 27 – Elizabeth de Burgh, queen of Robert the Bruce", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367267747#Deaths", "title": "1327", "revid": 1367267747, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1329, "year_label": "1329 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 7", "text": "June 7 – Robert the Bruce, King of Scotland (b. 1274)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1344101347#Deaths", "title": "1329", "revid": 1344101347, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1353, "year_label": "1353 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Matilda, daughter of King Robert the Bruce of Scotland", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1294629981#Deaths", "title": "1353", "revid": 1294629981, "section": "Deaths"}}]}