{"slug": "roman-republic", "label": "Roman Republic", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17167", "qid": "Q17167", "description": "period of ancient Roman civilization (509 BC–27 BC)", "entries": 239, "years": 197, "span": [-509, 1145], "span_label": ["510 BCE", "1145 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 134}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 28}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 26}, {"title": "Births", "count": 12}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 11}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 8}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 8}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 4}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 4}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 2}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 2}], "related": [{"slug": "carthage", "label": "Carthage", "shared": 37}, {"slug": "samnites", "label": "Samnites", "shared": 20}, {"slug": "sicily", "label": "Sicily", "shared": 15}, {"slug": "hannibal", "label": "Hannibal", "shared": 14}, {"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 11}, {"slug": "roman-consul", "label": "Roman consul", "shared": 11}, {"slug": "ancient-greece", "label": "Ancient Greece", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "roman-senate", "label": "Roman Senate", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "scipio-africanus", "label": "Scipio Africanus", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "illyria", "label": "Illyria", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "second-punic-war", "label": "Second Punic War", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "macedon", "label": "Macedon", "shared": 8}], "items": [{"year": -509, "year_label": "510 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The reign of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, last king of the traditional seven Kings of Rome, concludes. The Kingdom of Rome falls and is replaced by the Roman Republic. (or 509 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129120#Europe", "title": "510 BC", "revid": 1350129120, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": -508, "year_label": "509 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Roman monarchy is overthrown, and the Republican period begins (traditional date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129365#Roman_Republic", "title": "509 BC", "revid": 1350129365, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -508, "year_label": "509 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Lucius Junius Brutus, Roman consul and founder of the Roman Republic (traditional date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129365#Deaths", "title": "509 BC", "revid": 1350129365, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -502, "year_label": "503 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Latin towns of Pometia and Cora, with the assistance of the Aurunci, revolt against Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129375#Roman_Republic", "title": "503 BC", "revid": 1350129375, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -495, "year_label": "496 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The former Etruscan King of Rome, Tarquinius Superbus, who had been exiled by the Romans in 509 BC, and his ally Octavius Mamilius, of Tusculum, together with the Latins are defeated by the Roman Republic army in the Battle of Lake Regillus, near Frascati. The outcome of this battle establishes Roman supremacy over the Latins.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129351#Roman_Republic", "title": "496 BC", "revid": 1350129351, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -492, "year_label": "493 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Roman army, led by Postumus Cominius Auruncus defeats the Volsci and the Romans capture the towns of Longula, Pollusca and Corioli. Gaius Marcius distinguishes himself in the battle for Corioli, and earns the cognomen Coriolanus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342344261#Roman_Republic", "title": "493 BC", "revid": 1342344261, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -487, "year_label": "488 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Gaius Marcius Coriolanus and Attius Tullius, leading an army of the Volsci, besiege Rome. Coriolanus' mother and wife convince him to break off the siege. In recognition of the service of these women, a temple is erected in Rome dedicated to Fortuna. Subsequently, the Volsci and their allies the Aequi have a falling out, and their armies fight as a result, significantly diminishing the strength of each of them.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372358766#Rome", "title": "488 BC", "revid": 1372358766, "section": "Events › By place › Rome"}}, {"year": -486, "year_label": "487 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Wars are fought between Rome and each of the Volsci and the Hernici. Rome prevails in both disputes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129368#Rome", "title": "487 BC", "revid": 1350129368, "section": "Events › By place › Rome"}}, {"year": -485, "year_label": "486 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Rome enters into a new treaty with the Hernici.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360598378#Roman_Republic", "title": "486 BC", "revid": 1360598378, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -476, "year_label": "477 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Roman forces in a stronghold on the Cremera River are defeated by an army of Veientes from the Etruscan city of Veii in the Battle of the Cremera.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129381#Roman_Republic", "title": "477 BC", "revid": 1350129381, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -451, "year_label": "452 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Sextus Quinctilius, consul of the Roman Republic, 453–452 BC, plague.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369542457#Deaths", "title": "452 BC", "revid": 1369542457, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -445, "year_label": "446 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In the Battle of Corbione, Titus Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus leads Roman troops to a victory over the Aequi of north-east Latium and the Volsci of southern Latium.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372038982#Roman_Republic", "title": "446 BC", "revid": 1372038982, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -445, "year_label": "446 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Marcus Furius Camillus, Roman soldier and statesman (traditional date) (d. 365 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372038982#Births", "title": "446 BC", "revid": 1372038982, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -438, "year_label": "439 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus is made dictator of the Roman Republic for a second time to deal with the Maelius controversy. He appoints Gaius Servilius Ahala as his Master of the Horse.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326570000#Roman_Republic", "title": "439 BC", "revid": 1326570000, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -434, "year_label": "435 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Forces of the Roman Republic, led by dictator Quintus Servilius Priscus, captured the nearby city of Fidenae by tunneling in through the hill the town was built upon. He was awarded the cognomen 'Fidenas' as a reward for his success.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172915#Italy", "title": "435 BC", "revid": 1354172915, "section": "Events › By place › Italy"}}, {"year": -430, "year_label": "431 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Romans defeat the Aequi and the Volsci at the Battle of Mount Algidus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364036128#Roman_Republic", "title": "431 BC", "revid": 1364036128, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -411, "year_label": "412 BCE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "The epidemic hits the Roman Republic and causes a food shortage.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1173807294#Rome", "title": "412 BC", "revid": 1173807294, "section": "Events › By place › Rome"}}, {"year": -405, "year_label": "406 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Roman forces begin a decade-long siege against Veii.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350128825#Roman_Republic", "title": "406 BC", "revid": 1350128825, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -395, "year_label": "396 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Marcus Furius Camillus is made dictator by the Romans. Camillus finally destroys the Etruscan city of Veii in southern Etruria as the town falls to Roman forces after what is said to be a 10 year siege. The capture of Veii and its surrounding territories marks the first major expansion of Rome which doubles its territory after this victory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1306223289#Roman_Republic", "title": "396 BC", "revid": 1306223289, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -389, "year_label": "390 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 18", "text": "July 18 – Battle of the Allia: Brennus, a chieftain of the Senones of the Adriatic coast of Italy, leads an army of Cisalpine Gauls in their attack on Rome. They capture the entire city of Rome except for the Capitoline Hill, which is successfully held against them. However, seeing their city devastated, the Romans attempt to buy their salvation from Brennus. The Romans agree to pay one thousand pounds weight of gold.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367650562#Roman_Republic", "title": "390 BC", "revid": 1367650562, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -377, "year_label": "378 BCE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The Servian Wall is constructed around Rome to prevent the city from being captured or sacked (see 390 BC). This is the first fortification that the Romans build around their home city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1279678779#Roman_Republic", "title": "378 BC", "revid": 1279678779, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -369, "year_label": "370 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Marcus Valerius Corvus, Roman hero (d. c. 270 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1274974189#Births", "title": "370 BC", "revid": 1274974189, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -365, "year_label": "366 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Two additional aediles, called curule (\"higher\") aediles, are created in the Roman hierarchy. These are at first patricians; but those of the next year are plebeians and so on year by year alternately. They are elected in the assembly of the tribes, with the consul presiding.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300116023#Roman_Republic", "title": "366 BC", "revid": 1300116023, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -357, "year_label": "358 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Romans defeat the Volsci, annex most of their territory, and settle it with Roman colonists. The Romans also force the Latin League to renew its close alliance with Rome, an alliance which was weakened by Rome’s defeat at the hands of the Gauls in 390 BC.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1135050178#Roman_Republic", "title": "358 BC", "revid": 1135050178, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -355, "year_label": "356 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Gaius Marcius Rutilus is the first plebeian to be chosen as a dictator in Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343819365#Roman_Republic", "title": "356 BC", "revid": 1343819365, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -353, "year_label": "354 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Rome allies itself with the Samnites and they agree on a mutual defence pact.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1291610084#Roman_Republic", "title": "354 BC", "revid": 1291610084, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -350, "year_label": "351 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Etruscans are badly defeated by the Romans and abandon their attacks on the city and sue for peace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325759360#Roman_Republic", "title": "351 BC", "revid": 1325759360, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -349, "year_label": "350 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Gauls, once more threatening Rome, are decisively beaten by an army comprising Rome and its allies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367585688#Roman_Republic", "title": "350 BC", "revid": 1367585688, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -347, "year_label": "348 BCE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "Rome and Carthage make a trade agreement under which Carthage will not attack those Latin states which are faithful to Rome. This agreement demonstrates that Rome is now the dominant power in the Latin League.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1209992031#Roman_Republic", "title": "348 BC", "revid": 1209992031, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -346, "year_label": "347 BCE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "Coinage is introduced into Rome for the first time.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326556206#Roman_Republic", "title": "347 BC", "revid": 1326556206, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -342, "year_label": "343 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "First Samnite War began when Rome fought the confederated Samnites over disputed territory in the Middle Liris Valley.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172730#Roman_Republic", "title": "343 BC", "revid": 1354172730, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -341, "year_label": "342 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Battle of Mount Gaurus is fought between the Romans and the Samnites. The battle is a success for the Romans, who, it is said, are led by Marcus Valerius Corvus. Fought at the foot of Mount Gaurus, near Cumae, it is the most notable engagement of the First Samnite War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1209992354#Roman_Republic", "title": "342 BC", "revid": 1209992354, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -340, "year_label": "341 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The First Samnite War ends with Rome triumphant and the Samnites willing to make peace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210197654#Roman_Republic", "title": "341 BC", "revid": 1210197654, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -337, "year_label": "338 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Latin War ends with the Latin League being dissolved and the individual Latin cities having to accept Rome's terms. Many of the cities are incorporated into the Roman state. In making peace with the cities of the defeated Latin League, Rome offers liberal terms. The men of many of these cities are granted citizenship and, as a result, Rome gains friends rather than enemies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172728#Roman_Republic", "title": "338 BC", "revid": 1354172728, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -336, "year_label": "337 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "A plebeian is chosen to be praetor of Rome for the first time.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373385964#Roman_Republic", "title": "337 BC", "revid": 1373385964, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -334, "year_label": "335 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Marcus Valerius Corvus is elected consul of the Roman Republic for the fourth time.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=996420033#Roman_Republic", "title": "335 BC", "revid": 996420033, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -331, "year_label": "332 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "After a victory over the Samnites and Lucanians near Paestum, Alexander of Epirus makes a treaty with the Romans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1322067290#Italy", "title": "332 BC", "revid": 1322067290, "section": "Events › By place › Italy"}}, {"year": -330, "year_label": "331 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Gallic tribe of the Senones and the Romans conclude a peace and enter upon a period of friendly relations which lasts the rest of the century.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210205718#Roman_Republic", "title": "331 BC", "revid": 1210205718, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -326, "year_label": "327 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Samnite army captures Neapolis (present-day Naples). The Romans, who are meanwhile moving south while the Samnites are occupied with Tarentum, take the opportunity to recover Neapolis and, after a long siege, evict the Samnite garrison from the city and make it an ally of Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1259124608#Roman_Republic", "title": "327 BC", "revid": 1259124608, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -325, "year_label": "326 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Following their defeat by the Roman forces in Naples, the Samnites declare war on Rome starting the Second Samnite War. To help defeat the Samnites, the Romans make alliances with the peoples of Central Italy to the north of Samnium and with the Apulians to the southeast.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1279205798#Roman_Republic", "title": "326 BC", "revid": 1279205798, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -320, "year_label": "321 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Continuing successes by Rome's armies against the Samnites forces the Samnites to sue for peace. However, the terms offered by Rome are so stringent that they are rejected by the Samnites and the war goes on.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359962346#Roman_Republic", "title": "321 BC", "revid": 1359962346, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -315, "year_label": "316 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Romans, with an eye to capturing Apulia, send an army (led by dictator Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus) to seize the town of Lucera from the Samnites. They are badly beaten in the Battle of Lautulae and the Samnites go on to reach within 32 kilometres of Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1007737454#Roman_Republic", "title": "316 BC", "revid": 1007737454, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -314, "year_label": "315 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Samnites defeat a Roman army led by dictator Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus at the Battle of Lautulae.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367539376#Roman_Republic", "title": "315 BC", "revid": 1367539376, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -313, "year_label": "314 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Success seems to be going the Samnites' way in their ongoing battles against the Romans. Campania is on the verge of deserting Rome. Peace is established between Rome and some Samnite towns.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1242240408#Roman_Republic", "title": "314 BC", "revid": 1242240408, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -312, "year_label": "313 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Samnites take Fregellae in Latium, the Roman dictator Gaius Poetelius Libo Visolus marches his army from Rome and moves to retake it, but the Samnites leave at night; Visolus places a garrison in the city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300255025#Italy", "title": "313 BC", "revid": 1300255025, "section": "Events › By place › Italy"}}, {"year": -310, "year_label": "311 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Second Samnite War continues, the Roman consuls Gaius Junius Bubulcus Brutus and Quintus Aemilius Barbula divide their command.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1230109286#Italy", "title": "311 BC", "revid": 1230109286, "section": "Events › By place › Italy"}}, {"year": -309, "year_label": "310 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Rome deals with renewed trouble from the Etruscans, who are persuaded by the Samnites to cease their alliance with the Romans. In the Battle of Lake Vadimo, the Romans under Fabius Maximus Rullianus defeat the Etruscans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351686531#Roman_Republic", "title": "310 BC", "revid": 1351686531, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -308, "year_label": "309 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Samnites again rise against Rome. Lucius Papirius Cursor is appointed dictator for the second time and wins a great victory at Longula over the Samnites.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1247027805#Roman_Republic", "title": "309 BC", "revid": 1247027805, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -307, "year_label": "308 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Second Samnite War escalates when the tribes of the central Apennines, the Umbrians, Picentes, and Marsians join the war against Rome. However, Rome is able to control the uprising.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358626493#Italy", "title": "308 BC", "revid": 1358626493, "section": "Events › By place › Italy"}}, {"year": -305, "year_label": "306 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Romans invade Iapygia and begin a siege of Silvium (garrisoned by the Samnites). Eventually, they take the city by storm, taking 5,000 prisoners. After the Siege of Silvium they invade Samnium itself, pillaging the countryside for five months.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326553952#Italy", "title": "306 BC", "revid": 1326553952, "section": "Events › By place › Italy"}}, {"year": -305, "year_label": "306 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Samnites take Sora and Calatia, cities allied to the Romans, and enslave their inhabitants.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326553952#Italy", "title": "306 BC", "revid": 1326553952, "section": "Events › By place › Italy"}}, {"year": -303, "year_label": "304 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The second Samnite war formally ends with a peace agreement in which the Samnites obtain peace on terms that are severe but not as crushing as those agreed by the Romans with the Etruscans four years earlier. Under the peace, Rome gains no territory, but the Samnites renounce their hegemony over Campania. Rome is also successful in ending the revolts amongst the tribes surrounding Roman territory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355692793#Roman_Republic", "title": "304 BC", "revid": 1355692793, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -302, "year_label": "303 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The citizens of Tarentum seek the help of the Spartan general, Cleonymus. He is able to pacify the Lucanians with the agreement of the Romans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172932#Italy", "title": "303 BC", "revid": 1354172932, "section": "Events › By place › Italy"}}, {"year": -283, "year_label": "284 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Gallic tribe called the Senones, who have settled on the Adriatic coast north of Picenum, attack Arretium in Etruria. While attempting to relieve this allied city, the Romans under the command of Lucius Caecilius Metellus Denter suffer a costly defeat in the Battle of Arretium. Aroused by this disaster, a Roman army under Manius Curius Dentatus invades the Senones' territory, defeating them and driving them out of the Italian peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370480303#Roman_Republic", "title": "284 BC", "revid": 1370480303, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -282, "year_label": "283 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "At the Battle of Lake Vadimo, Roman forces finally quell the allied Etruscans and Gauls. The Roman army is led by consul Publius Cornelius Dolabella. Rome is at last undisputed master of northern and central Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354173238#Roman_Republic", "title": "283 BC", "revid": 1354173238, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -281, "year_label": "282 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Battle of Populonia is fought between Rome and the Etruscans. The Romans are victorious and, as a result, the Etruscan threat to Rome is sharply diminished.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1313148199#Roman_Republic", "title": "282 BC", "revid": 1313148199, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -280, "year_label": "281 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Cineas, a Thessalian serving as chief adviser to King Pyrrhus of Epirus, after visiting Rome attempts, without success, to dissuade Pyrrhus from invading southern Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366700718#Greece", "title": "281 BC", "revid": 1366700718, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -279, "year_label": "280 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Responding to an appeal from Tarentum, King Pyrrhus of Epirus uses his army of over 20,000 men against the Romans. In the Battle of Heraclea he defeats a Roman army led by consul Publius Valerius Laevinus. Pyrrhus's judicious use of his elephants plays a large part in his victory. Several tribes including the Lucani, Bruttii and the Messapians as well as the Greek cities of Crotone and Locri join Pyrrhus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1338748993#Roman_Republic", "title": "280 BC", "revid": 1338748993, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -278, "year_label": "279 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Carthaginians and the Romans agree to support each other against a common foe. The Carthaginians give Rome money and ships in their fight against Pyrrhus, the king of Epirus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1226777989#Roman_Republic", "title": "279 BC", "revid": 1226777989, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -274, "year_label": "275 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "When Pyrrhus returns from Sicily, he finds himself vastly outnumbered by a superior Roman army under the command of consul Manius Curius Dentatus. After the inconclusive Battle of Beneventum, Roman commander and statesman, Gaius Fabricius Luscinus, negotiates a peace with Pyrrhus, after which Pyrrhus decides to end his campaign in Italy and return to Epirus, which results in the loss of all his Italian holdings.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1164823364#Roman_Republic", "title": "275 BC", "revid": 1164823364, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -273, "year_label": "274 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Romans under Manius Curius Dentatus conquer the Lucanians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367769282#Roman_Republic", "title": "274 BC", "revid": 1367769282, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -272, "year_label": "273 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Impressed by Rome's defeat of Pyrrhus of Epirus, Pharaoh Ptolemy II Philadelphus sends a friendly embassy. The visit is reciprocated.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1227001457#Egypt", "title": "273 BC", "revid": 1227001457, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -271, "year_label": "272 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Pyrrhus' departure from southern Italy three years earlier leads to the Samnites finally being conquered by the Romans. With the surrender of Tarentum, the cities of Magna Graecia in southern Italy come under Roman influence and become Roman allies. Rome now effectively dominates all of the Italian peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172942#Roman_Republic", "title": "272 BC", "revid": 1354172942, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -271, "year_label": "272 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Pyrrhus of Epirus, king of the Molossians (from c. 297 BC), Epirus (306–301 and 297–272 BC) and Macedon (288–284 and 273–272 BC); involved in disputes in southern Italy against Rome and in Sicily (b. 318 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172942#Deaths", "title": "272 BC", "revid": 1354172942, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -269, "year_label": "270 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Rome's subjugation of Italy is completed by the recapture of Rhegium (southern Italy) from the Mamertines and the defeat of the Brutians, the Lucanians, the Calabrians and the Samnites. The town of Rhegium is then restored by the Romans to its Greek inhabitants.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1317756359#Roman_Republic", "title": "270 BC", "revid": 1317756359, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -269, "year_label": "270 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Marcus Valerius Corvus, Roman hero (b. c. 370 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1317756359#Deaths", "title": "270 BC", "revid": 1317756359, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -265, "year_label": "266 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Calabria and Messapia are annexed by the Roman Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373532834#Roman_Republic", "title": "266 BC", "revid": 1373532834, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -264, "year_label": "265 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Hiero II threatens to renew his attack on the Mamertines. They appeal to Carthage and receive the support of a Carthaginian garrison. The Mamertines also appeal to the Romans who are also willing to help.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172727#Italy", "title": "265 BC", "revid": 1354172727, "section": "Events › By place › Italy"}}, {"year": -264, "year_label": "265 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Battle of Messana (265-264 BCE) takes place as the first military clash between the Roman Republic and Carthage.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172727#Italy", "title": "265 BC", "revid": 1354172727, "section": "Events › By place › Italy"}}, {"year": -262, "year_label": "263 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Romans under the consul Manius Valerius Messalla secure the alliance of Hiero II of Syracuse. The treaty with Rome restricts Hiero's kingdom to southeast Sicily and the eastern coast of Sicily as far as Tauromenium. From this date until his death, Hiero remains loyal to the Romans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325948852#Roman_Republic", "title": "263 BC", "revid": 1325948852, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -261, "year_label": "262 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Rome besieges the city of Agrigentum which is held by Carthage under the command of Hannibal Gisco. Rome's siege involves both consular armies – a total of four Roman legions – and takes several months to resolve. The garrison of Agrigentum manages to call for reinforcements and a Carthaginian relief force commanded by Hanno comes to the rescue and destroys the Roman supply base at Erbessus. Nevertheless, after a few skirmishes, the battle of Agrigentum is fought and won by Rome, and the city falls. Gisco manages to escape to Carthage in the late stages of the battle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325948866#Roman_Republic", "title": "262 BC", "revid": 1325948866, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -260, "year_label": "261 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Romans, determined to win control of Sicily from Carthage, build a fleet based on the model of a captured Carthaginian quinquereme.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1278727971#Roman_Republic", "title": "261 BC", "revid": 1278727971, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -259, "year_label": "260 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Roman advance continues westward from Agrigentum with their forces relieving the besieged cities of Segesta and Macella. These cities have sided with the Roman cause, and have come under Carthaginian attack for doing so.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325948890#Sicily", "title": "260 BC", "revid": 1325948890, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -258, "year_label": "259 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Carthaginians under Hamilcar take advantage of their victory at Thermae in Sicily by counterattacking the Romans and seizing Enna. Hamilcar continues south to Camarina, in Syracusan territory, to try to convince the Syracusans to rejoin the Carthaginian side.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1073120545#Sicily", "title": "259 BC", "revid": 1073120545, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -257, "year_label": "258 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Romans are able to regain the initiative in Sicily against Carthage by retaking Enna and Camarina. In central Sicily, they take the town of Mytistraton, which they have attacked twice previously. The Romans also move in the north by marching across the northern coast toward Panormus, but are not able to take the city due to the city's heavily fortified walls.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1128147349#Roman_Republic", "title": "258 BC", "revid": 1128147349, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -256, "year_label": "257 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Romans attack Sardinia and try to capture it from the Carthaginians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1128152509#Roman_Republic", "title": "257 BC", "revid": 1128152509, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -255, "year_label": "256 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Rome aims for a quick end to hostilities in the First Punic War and decides to invade the Carthaginian colonies in Northern Africa to force the enemy to accept terms. A major fleet is built, including transports for the army and its equipment, and warships for their protection. Carthage under Hamilcar tries to intervene but a force under the Roman general and consul Marcus Atilius Regulus and his colleague Lucius Manlius Vulso Longus defeat the Carthaginian fleet in the Battle of Cape Ecnomus off the southern coast of Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1232457970#Roman_Republic", "title": "256 BC", "revid": 1232457970, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -254, "year_label": "255 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Battle of Adis (or Adys) is fought near the city of that name, 40 mi km southeast of Carthage, between Carthaginian forces and a Roman army led by Marcus Atilius Regulus. The Romans inflict a crushing defeat upon the Carthaginians, and the latter then sue for peace. The ensuing negotiations between the parties lead to Regulus demanding Carthage agree to an unconditional surrender, cede Sicily, Corsica and Sardinia to Rome, renounce the use of their navy, pay an indemnity, and sign a vassal-like treaty. These terms are so harsh that the people of Carthage resolve to keep fighting.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340601033#Roman_Republic", "title": "255 BC", "revid": 1340601033, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -253, "year_label": "254 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A Roman army led by consuls Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Asina and Aulus Atilius Calatinus capture Panormus in Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1211697794#Roman_Republic", "title": "254 BC", "revid": 1211697794, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -253, "year_label": "254 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Romans lose control of the Sicilian city of Agrigentum to the Carthaginians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1211697794#Roman_Republic", "title": "254 BC", "revid": 1211697794, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -252, "year_label": "253 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "A second Roman war fleet of 150 ships is wrecked on the voyage from Lilybaeum (in Sicily) to Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172725#Roman_Republic", "title": "253 BC", "revid": 1354172725, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -250, "year_label": "251 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Romans, led by Lucius Caecilius Metellus, attack the Carthaginian held port city of Panormus after taking Kephalodon. After fierce fighting in the Battle of Panormus, the Carthaginians, led by Hasdrubal (the Fair), are defeated and the city falls.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1125838602#Roman_Republic", "title": "251 BC", "revid": 1125838602, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -249, "year_label": "250 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In the Punic War, the Romans shift their attention to the southwest of Sicily. They send a naval expedition toward the Carthaginian city of Lilybaeum. En route, the Romans seize and burn the Carthaginian held cities of Selinous and Heraclea Minoa. The Romans then begin the siege of Lilybaeum.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1278897656#Roman_Republic", "title": "250 BC", "revid": 1278897656, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -245, "year_label": "246 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "With Hamilcar Barca wearing the Romans down in Sicily, the Romans, by private subscription, build another fleet with the aim of regaining command of the sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358219611#Roman_Republic", "title": "246 BC", "revid": 1358219611, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -241, "year_label": "242 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Roman consul and commander, Gaius Lutatius Catulus, blockades the Sicilian cities of Lilybaeum and Drepanum with a fleet of 200 ships.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210520734#Roman_Republic", "title": "242 BC", "revid": 1210520734, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -240, "year_label": "241 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 10", "text": "March 10 – Battle of the Aegates: The Carthaginian fleet sent to relieve the Roman blockade of the Sicilian cities of Lilybaeum and Drepanum is totally defeated near the Aegates Islands off western Sicily by the Roman fleet led by Roman consul and commander Gaius Lutatius Catulus. The result is a decisive Roman victory which forces an end to the protracted First Punic War, to Rome's distinct advantage.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1304843215#Roman_Republic", "title": "241 BC", "revid": 1304843215, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -239, "year_label": "240 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Rome takes over full control of Sicily and stations a legion there.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1191165485#Roman_Republic", "title": "240 BC", "revid": 1191165485, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -238, "year_label": "239 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Carthage is besieged by the mercenary armies, while the city of Utica revolts and attempts to secede from Carthage. Carthage appeals to Hiero II of Syracuse and to Rome for aid against the mercenaries. However, the mercenary leaders reject the efforts of Roman mediators.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1212004865#Carthage", "title": "239 BC", "revid": 1212004865, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -237, "year_label": "238 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Romans declare war on the Carthaginians over which state controls Sardinia. However, Carthage defers to Rome rather than enter yet another war and gives up any claim to Sardinia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342094383#Carthage", "title": "238 BC", "revid": 1342094383, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -236, "year_label": "237 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Nevertheless, Hamilcar Barca leads a Carthaginian army in an invasion of the Iberian Peninsula with the aim of building a base from which war with Rome can be renewed. By skillful generalship and able diplomacy, Hamilcar extends Carthaginian dominion over many Spanish tribes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332615643#Carthage", "title": "237 BC", "revid": 1332615643, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -235, "year_label": "236 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Scipio Africanus, Roman general in the Second Punic War and statesman of the Roman Republic (approximate date) (d. 183 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368088891#Births", "title": "236 BC", "revid": 1368088891, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -234, "year_label": "235 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "In Rome, the consul Titus Manlius Torquatus presides over the first ever closing of the gates of the Temple of Janus, signifying peace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342603103#Roman_Republic", "title": "235 BC", "revid": 1342603103, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -233, "year_label": "234 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Corsica, Sardinia and Liguria rebel unsuccessfully against Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1218450136#Roman_Republic", "title": "234 BC", "revid": 1218450136, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -231, "year_label": "232 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Despite the opposition of the Roman Senate and of his own father, the Roman political leader Gaius Flaminius wins the passage of a measure to distribute land among the plebeians. The Romans decide to parcel out land north of Rome (the Ager Gallicus) into small holdings for its poorer citizens whose farms have fallen into ruin during the First Punic War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1319908071#Roman_Republic", "title": "232 BC", "revid": 1319908071, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -230, "year_label": "231 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Romans send envoys to Massilia (modern Marseille, France) to negotiate with the Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca who is based there.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1276082373#Roman_Republic", "title": "231 BC", "revid": 1276082373, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -229, "year_label": "230 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "With Roman merchants being killed by the Illyrian pirates, envoys are sent by Rome to Illyria. After the Roman ambassador Lucius Coruncanius and the Issaean ambassador Cleemporus are murdered at sea by Illyrian soldiers after causing offence to Queen Teuta, Roman forces occupy the island of Corcyra with the aim of humbling Teuta.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1304215922#Roman_Republic", "title": "230 BC", "revid": 1304215922, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -229, "year_label": "230 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Adherbal, admiral of the Carthaginian fleet who has battled for domination of the Mediterranean Sea for Carthage in the First Punic War against Rome", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1304215922#Deaths", "title": "230 BC", "revid": 1304215922, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -228, "year_label": "229 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The First Illyrian War started when the Roman Senate dispatched an army under the command of the consuls Lucius Postumius Albinus and Gnaeus Fulvius Centumalus to Illyria. Rome forced the withdrawal of Illyrian garrisons in the Greek cities of Epidamnus, Apollonia, Corcyra and Pharos and establishes a protectorate over these Greek towns.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1205848400#Illyria", "title": "229 BC", "revid": 1205848400, "section": "Events › By place › Illyria"}}, {"year": -227, "year_label": "228 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Illyrian queen Teuta's governor, Demetrius of Pharos has little alternative but to surrender to the overwhelming Roman force. In return, the Romans award him a considerable part of Teuta's holdings to counter-balance the power of Teuta. Meanwhile, the Roman army lands further north at Apollonia. The combined Roman army and fleet proceed northward together, subduing one town after another and besieging Shkodra, the Illyrian capital.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326026286#Greece", "title": "228 BC", "revid": 1326026286, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -226, "year_label": "227 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Queen Teuta of Illyria finally surrenders to Roman forces and is forced by the Romans to accept an ignominious peace. The Romans allow her to continue her reign but restrict her to a narrow region around the Illyrian capital, Shkodra, deprive her of all her other territory, and forbid her to sail an armed ship below Lissus just south of the capital. They also require her to pay an annual tribute and to acknowledge the final authority of Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1288758207#Illyria", "title": "227 BC", "revid": 1288758207, "section": "Events › By place › Illyria"}}, {"year": -225, "year_label": "226 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A formidable host of Gauls, some of them from across the Alps, threaten Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360927548#Roman_Republic", "title": "226 BC", "revid": 1360927548, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -224, "year_label": "225 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A coalition of Cisalpine Gallic tribes (Taurini, Taurisces, Insubres, Lingones, Salasses, Agones, and Boii), reinforced by large numbers of Transalpine adventurers called Gaesatae (Gaesati), invade Italy. Avoiding the Romans at Ariminum, the Gauls cross the Apennines into Etruria and plunder the country.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368090005#Roman_Republic", "title": "225 BC", "revid": 1368090005, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -224, "year_label": "225 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Gaius Atilius Regulus, consul of the Roman Republic (Battle of Telamon).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368090005#Deaths", "title": "225 BC", "revid": 1368090005, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -223, "year_label": "224 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Romans, led by Consuls Gaius Atilius Regulus and Lucius Aemilius Papus, decisively defeat the coalition of Cisalpine Gallic tribes at the Battle of Telamon thus extending Roman influence over northern Italy. On the Roman side Gaius Atilius Regulus, commander of the Roman cavalry, is killed in the battle. On the Gallic side, one of the leaders, Concolitanus, is captured in battle, while the leader of the Gaesatae, Aneroëstes, kills himself when the battle is lost.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172702#Roman_Republic", "title": "224 BC", "revid": 1354172702, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -221, "year_label": "222 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "After taking Acerrae Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus marches on Mediolanum (modern Milan), another stronghold of the Insubres, which also falls into Roman hands, upon which the chieftains of the Insubres lose all hope and surrendered unconditionally. Thus the Romans succeeded in conquering the largest independent Celtic tribe in Italy and firmly established their hegemony over the Po Valley, then the most productive agricultural region in the peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1295080485#Roman_Republic", "title": "222 BC", "revid": 1295080485, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -220, "year_label": "221 BCE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Gaius Flaminius builds a second race track for Rome, the Circus Flaminius.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1246108993#Roman_Republic", "title": "221 BC", "revid": 1246108993, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -219, "year_label": "220 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Together with fellow Illyrian, Scerdilaidas, Demetrius of Pharos attacks Illyrian cities under Roman protection and leads a piratical squadron into Greek waters. They unsuccessfully attack Pylos, an Achaean town on the Messenian coast, in the Peloponnesus of Greece.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360598324#Greece", "title": "220 BC", "revid": 1360598324, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -218, "year_label": "219 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Romans extend their area of domination around the head of the Adriatic Sea as far as the peninsula of Histria by the conquest of peoples who dwell to the east of the Veneti. Thus, with the exception of Liguria and the upper valley of the Po River, all Italy south of the Alps is brought within the Roman sphere.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325717539#Roman_Republic", "title": "219 BC", "revid": 1325717539, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -216, "year_label": "217 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Gaius Flaminius, Roman consul and general", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1306223252#Deaths", "title": "217 BC", "revid": 1306223252, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -215, "year_label": "216 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 2", "text": "August 2 – The Battle of Cannae (east of Naples) ends in victory for Hannibal whose 50,000-man army defeats a Roman force of 86,000 led by consuls Lucius Aemilius Paullus (who is killed in the battle) and Gaius Terentius Varro. 50,000-70,000 Roman troops are killed, making this perhaps the deadliest one-day battle in all history.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1336012311#Roman_Republic", "title": "216 BC", "revid": 1336012311, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -214, "year_label": "215 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Carthaginian general, Hannibal, is denied any reinforcements from Spain for his forces now based in Italy by the activities of the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio and his brother Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus, who, in a battle at Dertosa near the Ebro River effectively stop the Carthaginian general, Hasdrubal's attempt to break through to Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1337286145#Spain", "title": "215 BC", "revid": 1337286145, "section": "Events › By place › Spain"}}, {"year": -214, "year_label": "215 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A Carthaginian invasion fleet bound for Sardinia is delayed by bad weather giving the Romans the time to organize an intervention; the Roman general Titus Manlius Torquatus, one of it original conquerors, is sent to Sardinia with an army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1337286145#Sardinia", "title": "215 BC", "revid": 1337286145, "section": "Events › By place › Sardinia"}}, {"year": -214, "year_label": "215 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Roman law, Lex Oppia, is instituted by Gaius Oppius, a tribune of the plebs during the consulship of Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus and Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus. The Lex Oppia is the first of a series of sumptuary laws introduced in Rome. It not only restricts women's wealth, but also their displaying it.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1337286145#Roman_Republic", "title": "215 BC", "revid": 1337286145, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -213, "year_label": "214 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Carthage persuades Syracuse to revolt against Rome and ally itself with Carthage instead.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325637807#Carthage", "title": "214 BC", "revid": 1325637807, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -212, "year_label": "213 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Archimedes's war machines repel the Roman army that is invading Syracuse.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698514#Sicily", "title": "213 BC", "revid": 1352698514, "section": "Events › By place › Sicily"}}, {"year": -212, "year_label": "213 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Casilinum and Arpi are recovered by the Romans from Hannibal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698514#Roman_Republic", "title": "213 BC", "revid": 1352698514, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -211, "year_label": "212 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "After being stopped twice by the Romans in his attempts to invade Illyria by sea, and constrained by the Roman commander Marcus Valerius Laevinus' fleet in the Adriatic, Philip V of Macedon keeps his activities in Illyria land based. Keeping clear of the coast, he takes Dassaretis, Atintani and Parthini, and the town of Dimale.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325637712#Illyria", "title": "212 BC", "revid": 1325637712, "section": "Events › By place › Illyria"}}, {"year": -211, "year_label": "212 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Roman soldiers billeted in Tarentum so alienate the citizens of the city that conspirators admit the Carthaginian general Hannibal to the city. The conspirators then defeat the Roman contingent in it. Hannibal keeps control of his troops so that looting is limited to Roman houses. The citadel in Tarentum remains under Roman control, which denies Hannibal the use of the harbour.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325637712#Roman_Republic", "title": "212 BC", "revid": 1325637712, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -211, "year_label": "212 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Archimedes of Syracuse, Greek mathematician and scientist, who has calculated formulae for the areas and volumes of spheres, cylinders, parabolas and other plane and solid figures. He has also founded the science of hydrostatics, including the principle of the upthrust on a floating body which has led to his cry, \"Eureka\". Thirdly, he has invented siege-engines for use against the Romans and the Archimedean screw to raise water (b. c. 287 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325637712#Deaths", "title": "212 BC", "revid": 1325637712, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -210, "year_label": "211 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Carthaginian general Hasdrubal Barca returns to Spain after his victory over the rebellious Numidians. He then manages to turn the tide against the Romans in Spain, with the Roman generals Publius Cornelius Scipio and his brother Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus killed in separate battles—Publius on the upper Baetis (Guadalquivir) and Gnaeus in the hinterland of Carthago Nova (Cartagena). The Carthaginians recover all their territory south of the Ebro.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325637763#Carthage", "title": "211 BC", "revid": 1325637763, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -209, "year_label": "210 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Following the death of his father, Publius Cornelius Scipio, and his uncle, Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus, at the hands of the Carthaginians, the young Publius Cornelius Scipio takes over command of the Roman troops in Spain. His appointment reflects the Roman Senate's dissatisfaction with the cautious strategy of the propraetor, Gaius Claudius Nero, then commander in Spain north of the Ebro.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1254970145#Roman_Republic", "title": "210 BC", "revid": 1254970145, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -208, "year_label": "209 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Romans under Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus capture Tarentum (modern Taranto), which the Carthaginian general Hannibal has held for three years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300115697#Roman_Republic", "title": "209 BC", "revid": 1300115697, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -207, "year_label": "208 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Romans under Publius Cornelius Scipio defeat the Carthaginians under their commander Hasdrubal Barca at Baecula (Bailen) in Baetica. As a result, Hasdrubal Barca decides to cross the Pyrenees with his remaining troops into Transalpine Gaul, with the intention of joining his brother Hannibal in Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364334903#Roman_Republic", "title": "208 BC", "revid": 1364334903, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -206, "year_label": "207 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Roman consul Gaius Claudius Nero fights an indecisive battle with the Carthaginian general Hannibal at Grumentum. Nero is unable to stop Hannibal's advance into Canusium. Nevertheless, he rapidly marches the elite parts of his army some one hundred kilometres north to reinforce the army of Marcus Livius Salinator.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1213018864#Roman_Republic", "title": "207 BC", "revid": 1213018864, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -206, "year_label": "207 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Hasdrubal Barca, Carthaginian general who has unsuccessfully attempted to sustain Carthage's military ascendancy on the Spanish peninsula in the face of Roman attacks (b. 245 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1213018864#Deaths", "title": "207 BC", "revid": 1213018864, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -205, "year_label": "206 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In the Battle of Ilipa (Alcalá del Río, near Seville) in Spain, the Carthaginian generals, Mago Barca and Hasdrubal Gisco, are defeated by the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio. Mago retreats to Gades (modern Cádiz) and then sails for the Balearic Islands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361853494#Roman_Republic", "title": "206 BC", "revid": 1361853494, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -204, "year_label": "205 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Philip V of Macedon makes a temporary peace (the Peace of Phoenice) with Rome on favourable terms for Macedonia ending the First Macedonian War. The treaty formally acknowledges the favourable position of Macedonia, including their capture of Illyria, but in return Philip effectively repudiates his alliance with Hannibal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361853505#Greece", "title": "205 BC", "revid": 1361853505, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -203, "year_label": "204 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Having lost his alliance with the Numidian chief Masinissa, the Carthaginian general, Hasdrubal Gisco, finds a new ally in the Numidian king Syphax, who marries Sophonisba, Hasdrubal's daughter, who, until his defection to Rome, has been betrothed to Masinissa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300115585#Carthage", "title": "204 BC", "revid": 1300115585, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -202, "year_label": "203 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Roman general, Publius Cornelius Scipio, while undertaking peace negotiations with the Carthaginians at Utica, makes a surprise attack on the Carthaginian camp and destroys it. Then, sweeping down on the forces that the Carthaginians and their allies, the Numidians, are trying to muster on the Great Plains near the upper Bagradas River (in modern Tunisia), he smashes that army in the Battle of the Great Plains. The Numidian king, Syphax, and the Carthaginian leader, Hasdrubal Gisco, manage to escape separately.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325743211#Carthage", "title": "203 BC", "revid": 1325743211, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -202, "year_label": "203 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, Roman general and statesman whose cautious delaying tactics (which have led to his surname Cunctator, meaning \"delayer\") during the early stages of the Second Punic War have given Rome time to recover its strength and take the offensive against the invading Carthaginian army of Hannibal (b. c. 275 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325743211#Deaths", "title": "203 BC", "revid": 1325743211, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -202, "year_label": "203 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Mago Barca, Carthaginian general during the Second Punic War against Rome who has accompanied his brother Hannibal on the invasion of Italy (b. 243 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325743211#Deaths", "title": "203 BC", "revid": 1325743211, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -201, "year_label": "202 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Accused of treason by the Carthaginians after being defeated by the Romans at the Battle of the Great Plains, Hasdrubal Gisco commits suicide to avoid being lynched by a Carthaginian mob.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1278127245#Carthage", "title": "202 BC", "revid": 1278127245, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -200, "year_label": "201 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "On Hannibal's advice, Carthage sues for peace with the Romans, ending the Second Punic War. Carthage is reduced to a client state of Rome. In the peace treaty between Carthage and Rome, Carthage surrenders all her Mediterranean possessions to Rome, including her Iberian territories. The Carthaginians agree to pay Rome 200 talents per year for 50 years, allow Masinissa to rule Numidia as an independent kingdom, make no war without Rome's permission, and destroy all but 10 of the Carthaginian warships.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1243551551#Carthage", "title": "201 BC", "revid": 1243551551, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -198, "year_label": "199 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Roman general Gnaeus Baebius Tamphilus attacks the Insubres in Gaul, but loses over 6,700 soldiers in the process.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358812686#Roman_Republic", "title": "199 BC", "revid": 1358812686, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -197, "year_label": "198 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "After his election to the consulship, Titus Quinctius Flamininus is chosen to replace Publius Sulpicius Galba Maximus as the leading Roman general in Macedonia. He then crosses into Macedonia with his army. Flamininus realizes that future peace depends on breaking the power of king Philip V of Macedon, not merely humbling him. He secures the backing of the Achaean League and then opens peace negotiations with Philip at Nicaea in Locris. Though peace proposals are submitted to the Roman Senate, the talks break down, and fighting resumes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698641#Roman_Republic", "title": "198 BC", "revid": 1352698641, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -196, "year_label": "197 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Spartan ruler, Nabis, acquires the important city of Argos from Philip V of Macedon, as the price of his alliance with the Macedonians. Nabis then defects to the Romans in the expectation of being able to hold on to his conquest.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698626#Greece", "title": "197 BC", "revid": 1352698626, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -195, "year_label": "196 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Insubres, Gauls of the Po Valley, believed by the Romans to have been incited to revolt by Carthage, are finally defeated.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172645#Roman_Republic", "title": "196 BC", "revid": 1354172645, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -194, "year_label": "195 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Because of his administrative and constitutional reforms in Carthage, Hannibal becomes unpopular with an important faction of the Carthaginian nobility and he is denounced to the Romans for inciting the Seleucid king Antiochus III to take up arms against the Romans. Rome demands that Carthage surrender Hannibal. However, Hannibal voluntarily goes into exile.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300115647#Carthage", "title": "195 BC", "revid": 1300115647, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -194, "year_label": "195 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Terence or Publius Terentius Afer, Roman comic playwright (approximate date) (d. 159 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300115647#Births", "title": "195 BC", "revid": 1300115647, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -193, "year_label": "194 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "After checking the ambitions of Nabis, the tyrant of Sparta, the Roman forces under proconsul Titus Quinctius Flamininus finally withdraw from Greece.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368091897#Greece", "title": "194 BC", "revid": 1368091897, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -192, "year_label": "193 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Eumenes II of Pergamum appeals to Rome for help against the Seleucid king Antiochus III who is threatening to conquer Greece. The Roman proconsul Titus Quinctius Flamininus supports the Roman championship of Greek autonomy in Anatolia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1213018923#Greece", "title": "193 BC", "revid": 1213018923, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -191, "year_label": "192 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Achaeans respond to Sparta's renewed interest in recovering lost territory by sending an envoy to Rome with a request for help. In response, the Roman Senate sends the praetor Atilius with a navy, as well as an embassy headed by Titus Quinctius Flamininus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342604594#Greece", "title": "192 BC", "revid": 1342604594, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -190, "year_label": "191 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Romans under Manius Acilius Glabrio and Cato the Elder cut the Seleucid king Antiochus III off from his reinforcements in Thrace and outflank his position at the pass of Thermopylae in the Battle of Thermopylae. With the remainder of his troops, Antiochus flees to Chalcis on Euboea and from there he retreats by sea to Ephesus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356019531#Roman_Republic", "title": "191 BC", "revid": 1356019531, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -189, "year_label": "190 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Battle of the Eurymedon is fought between a Seleucid fleet and ships from Rhodes and Pergamum, who are allied with the Roman Republic. The Seleucids are led by the famous Carthaginian general Hannibal. The Rhodians and their allies are victorious and Hannibal's fleet is forced to flee.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342606670#Greece", "title": "190 BC", "revid": 1342606670, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -188, "year_label": "189 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Cato the Elder criticizes the consul Marcus Fulvius Nobilior for giving awards to Roman soldiers for doing ordinary tasks, such as digging wells.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370483432#Roman_Republic", "title": "189 BC", "revid": 1370483432, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -188, "year_label": "189 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Romans under consul Gnaeus Manlius Vulso, along with a Pergamene army under Eumenes II, defeat the Galatians in Anatolia and make them subjects of Pergamum.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370483432#Asia_Minor", "title": "189 BC", "revid": 1370483432, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -187, "year_label": "188 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The continuing quarrels among the Greek cities and leagues increases the conviction in Rome that there will be no peace in Greece until Rome takes full control.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560521#Roman_Republic", "title": "188 BC", "revid": 1369560521, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -185, "year_label": "186 BCE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "The rapid spread of the Bacchanalia cult throughout the Roman Republic, which, it is claimed, indulges in all kinds of crimes and political conspiracies at its nocturnal meetings, leads to the Roman Senate issuing a decree, the Senatus consultum de Bacchanalibus, by which the Bacchanalia are prohibited throughout all Italy except in certain special cases which must be approved specifically by the Senate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368172407#Roman_Republic", "title": "186 BC", "revid": 1368172407, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -184, "year_label": "185 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Roman general Scipio Africanus and his brother Lucius are accused by Cato the Elder and his supporters of having received bribes from the late Seleucid king Antiochus III. Scipio defies his accusers, reminds the Romans of their debt to him, and retires to his country house at Liternum in Campania. However, Cato is successful in breaking the political influence of Lucius Scipio and Scipio Africanus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369352571#Roman_Republic", "title": "185 BC", "revid": 1369352571, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -184, "year_label": "185 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus, leading general and politician of the Roman Republic. As consul he will be the commander of the final siege and destruction of Carthage and will be the leader of the senators opposed to the Gracchi (d. 129 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369352571#Births", "title": "185 BC", "revid": 1369352571, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -183, "year_label": "184 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Cato the Elder, along with his colleague, Lucius Valerius Flaccus, are elected censors in Rome. Already the champion of the ancient, austere Roman way of life, Cato inaugurates a puritanical campaign. He aims at preserving the mos maiorum (\"ancestral custom\") and combating all Greek influences, which he believes are undermining the older Roman standards of morality. He passes measures taxing luxury and strictly revises the list of persons eligible for the Senate. Abuses by tax gatherers are brought under control, and public building is promoted as a worthy cause.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1283638793#Roman_Republic", "title": "184 BC", "revid": 1283638793, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -182, "year_label": "183 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "The Roman general Scipio Africanus dies at Liternum in Campania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698344#Roman_Republic", "title": "183 BC", "revid": 1352698344, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -182, "year_label": "183 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Hannibal, Carthaginian statesman, military commander and tactician, one of history's great military leaders, who has commanded the Carthaginian forces against Rome in the Second Punic War (b. 247 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698344#Deaths", "title": "183 BC", "revid": 1352698344, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -182, "year_label": "183 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Major, Roman statesman and general, famous for his victory over the Carthaginian leader Hannibal in the Battle of Zama in 202 BC, which ended the Second Punic War and gave him the surname Africanus (b. 236 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698344#Deaths", "title": "183 BC", "revid": 1352698344, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -180, "year_label": "181 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Rome founds a colony at Aquileia, on the narrow strip of land between the mountains and the lagoons, as a frontier fortress to check the advance of the Illyrians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363192990#Roman_Republic", "title": "181 BC", "revid": 1363192990, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -179, "year_label": "180 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Rome completes its subjugation of all of Italy with the defeat of the Ligurians in a battle near modern Genoa. Rome deports 40,000 Ligurians to other areas of the Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1266100368#Roman_Republic", "title": "180 BC", "revid": 1266100368, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -178, "year_label": "179 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus goes to Hispania as Roman governor to deal with uprisings there.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1209269446#Roman_Republic", "title": "179 BC", "revid": 1209269446, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -178, "year_label": "179 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Philip V, king of Macedonia from 221 BC, whose attempt to extend Macedonian influence throughout Greece has occurred at a time of growing Roman involvement in Greek affairs and resulted in his military defeat by Rome (b. 238 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1209269446#Deaths", "title": "179 BC", "revid": 1209269446, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -177, "year_label": "178 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In Rome, the praetor Lucius Postumius Albinus celebrates a triumph after conquering the Vaccaei and Lusitani during his time as Roman commander in the province of Hispania Ulterior.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370481929#Roman_Republic", "title": "178 BC", "revid": 1370481929, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -176, "year_label": "177 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "After two military campaigns, the Romans finally subdue the Illyrian tribe of the Histri.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1242433424#Roman_Republic", "title": "177 BC", "revid": 1242433424, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -175, "year_label": "176 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Roman general, Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, subdues Sardinia, enslaving some of the population.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370483923#Roman_Republic", "title": "176 BC", "revid": 1370483923, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -174, "year_label": "175 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Seleucus IV of Syria arranges for the exchange of his brother Antiochus for Demetrius, the son of Seleucus IV, who has been a hostage in Rome following the Treaty of Apamea in 188 BC. However, Seleucus IV is assassinated by his chief minister Heliodorus, who then seizes the Syrian throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361124288#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "175 BC", "revid": 1361124288, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -173, "year_label": "174 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Titus Quinctius Flamininus, Roman general and statesman whose skillful diplomacy has enabled him to establish a Roman protectorate over Greece (b. c. 227 BC) (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1209269072#Deaths", "title": "174 BC", "revid": 1209269072, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -173, "year_label": "174 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Publius Aelius Paetus, Roman consul and censor", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1209269072#Deaths", "title": "174 BC", "revid": 1209269072, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -172, "year_label": "173 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Antiochus IV pays the remainder of the war indemnity that has been imposed by the Romans on Antiochus III in the Treaty of Apamea (188 BC).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1304313006#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "173 BC", "revid": 1304313006, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -171, "year_label": "172 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Eumenes II of Pergamum travels to Rome to warn the Roman Senate of the danger from Perseus of Macedon. On his return from Rome, Eumenes II is nearly killed at Delphi and Perseus is suspected of being the instigator.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370481117#Greece", "title": "172 BC", "revid": 1370481117, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -170, "year_label": "171 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Epirus joins Macedonia in the latter's fight against Rome. However, the leagues of southern Greece remain neutral.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698432#Greece", "title": "171 BC", "revid": 1352698432, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -169, "year_label": "170 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In Thessaly, King Perseus of Macedon repulses a Roman army which is commanded by Aulus Hostilius Mancinus. Meanwhile, the Thracian city of Abdera is sacked by Roman and Pergamese troops.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1289094585#Greece", "title": "170 BC", "revid": 1289094585, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -169, "year_label": "170 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Lucius Accius (or Lucius Attius), Roman tragic poet and literary scholar (d. c. 86 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1289094585#Births", "title": "170 BC", "revid": 1289094585, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -168, "year_label": "169 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Macedonian forces led by Perseus of Macedon trap a Roman army led by Consul Quintus Marcius Phillipus near Tempe, but the Macedonians fail to take advantage of their resulting superior tactical position.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360213483#Greece", "title": "169 BC", "revid": 1360213483, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -168, "year_label": "169 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Quintus Ennius, Roman epic poet, dramatist, and satirist, the most influential of the early Latin poets – and often called the founder of Roman literature or the father of Roman poetry. His epic Annales, a poem telling the story of Rome from the wanderings of Aeneas to Ennius' own time, remains the national epic until it is later eclipsed by Virgil's Aeneid.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360213483#Deaths", "title": "169 BC", "revid": 1360213483, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -167, "year_label": "168 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The king of Illyria, Gentius, is defeated at Scodra by a Roman force under Lucius Anicius Gallus and then brought to Rome as a captive to be interned in Iguvium. This loss removes Illyria as an important ally for Macedonia and effectively weakens Perseus of Macedon in his battle with Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698468#Albania", "title": "168 BC", "revid": 1352698468, "section": "Events › By place › Albania"}}, {"year": -166, "year_label": "167 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Private documents collected by the Romans when they capture Perseus of Macedon incriminate political leaders of the Achaean League. Many influential Greeks are deported to Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340086150#Greece", "title": "167 BC", "revid": 1340086150, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -166, "year_label": "167 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Gaius Claudius Pulcher, Roman consul in 177 BC", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340086150#Deaths", "title": "167 BC", "revid": 1340086150, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -165, "year_label": "166 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The Roman playwright Terence's Andria (The Girl from Andros) is first performed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1209983742#Roman_Republic", "title": "166 BC", "revid": 1209983742, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -164, "year_label": "165 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The Roman playwright Terence's play Hecyra (The Mother-in-Law) is first performed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1209983876#Roman_Republic", "title": "165 BC", "revid": 1209983876, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -163, "year_label": "164 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Egyptian King Ptolemy VI Philometor is expelled from Alexandria by his brother Ptolemy VIII Euergetes and flees to Rome to seek support.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1288884961#Egypt", "title": "164 BC", "revid": 1288884961, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -162, "year_label": "163 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The Roman playwright Terence's play Heauton Timorumenos (\"The Self-Tormentor\") is first performed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342198603#Roman_Republic", "title": "163 BC", "revid": 1342198603, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -162, "year_label": "163 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, Roman politician, who, as a plebeian tribune, will cause political turmoil in the Republic through his attempts to legislate agrarian reforms; his political ideals will eventually lead to his death at the hands of supporters of the conservative faction (Optimates) of the Roman Senate (d. 132 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342198603#Births", "title": "163 BC", "revid": 1342198603, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -160, "year_label": "161 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The Roman playwright Terence's plays Eunuchus (The Eunuch) and Phormio are first performed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1311856799#Roman_Republic", "title": "161 BC", "revid": 1311856799, "section": "Events › by side › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -159, "year_label": "160 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The Roman playwright Terence's play Adelphoe (The Brothers) is first performed at the funeral of the Roman general, Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1266100355#Roman_Republic", "title": "160 BC", "revid": 1266100355, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -159, "year_label": "160 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Gaius Laelius, Roman general and politician who was involved in Rome's victory during the Second Punic War between Rome and Carthage (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1266100355#Deaths", "title": "160 BC", "revid": 1266100355, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -158, "year_label": "159 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Quintus Mucius Scaevola Augur, politician of the Roman Republic and an early authority on Roman law (d. 88 BC) (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1282394740#Births", "title": "159 BC", "revid": 1282394740, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -158, "year_label": "159 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Publius Terentius Afer (Terence), Roman comic dramatist, the author of six verse comedies that are long regarded as models of pure Latin (b. c. 195 BC) (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1282394740#Deaths", "title": "159 BC", "revid": 1282394740, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -157, "year_label": "158 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "At the request of the Romans, Ariarathes V, king of Cappadocia, rejects a proposal from the Seleucid king, Demetrius I, for him to marry the sister of Demetrius I. In response, Seleucid forces attack Cappadocia and remove Ariarathes V from the Cappadocian throne. Demetrius I then replaces him with Orophernes Nicephorus, a supposed son of the late king, Ariarathes IV. With Ariarathes V deprived of his kingdom, he flees to Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341939919#Asia_Minor", "title": "158 BC", "revid": 1341939919, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -156, "year_label": "157 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Carthaginians, prevented by their treaty with Rome from engaging in armed resistance, but equally guaranteed against any loss of territory, appeal to Rome against the depredations of King Masinissa of Numidia. The Roman censor Marcus Porcius Cato heads a commission which arbitrates a truce between Carthage and her former ally, Masinissa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1311551494#Roman_Republic", "title": "157 BC", "revid": 1311551494, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -156, "year_label": "157 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Gaius Marius, Roman general, consul (approximate year) (d. 86 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1311551494#Births", "title": "157 BC", "revid": 1311551494, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -154, "year_label": "155 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Under the command of Punicus and then Caesarus, the Lusitani, a Hispanic tribe, reach a point near modern day Gibraltar. Here they are defeated by the Roman praetor Lucius Mummius.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370594154#Hispania", "title": "155 BC", "revid": 1370594154, "section": "Events › By place › Hispania"}}, {"year": -153, "year_label": "154 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Lusitanians harry the inhabitants of the Roman provinces in Hispania. At the same time, the Celtiberians of Numantia on the Douro revolt against their Roman occupation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1344836272#Hispania", "title": "154 BC", "revid": 1344836272, "section": "Events › By place › Hispania"}}, {"year": -153, "year_label": "154 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Lucius Aelius Stilo Praeconinus, Roman philologist (d. 74 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1344836272#Births", "title": "154 BC", "revid": 1344836272, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -153, "year_label": "154 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Gaius Gracchus, Roman politician, younger brother of Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, who, like him, will pursue a popular political agenda that ultimately ends in his death (d. 121 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1344836272#Births", "title": "154 BC", "revid": 1344836272, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -152, "year_label": "153 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The uprisings in Rome's Hispanic provinces oblige the year's consuls to take office earlier than the traditional date of 15 March, a change that becomes permanent. Some suggest that, as a consequence, January 1 becomes the first day of the Roman year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342803245#Roman_Republic", "title": "153 BC", "revid": 1342803245, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -151, "year_label": "152 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, Roman statesman, consul, Pontifex Maximus and censor; as a praetor, he has been governor of Sicily in 191 BC.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1242792269#Deaths", "title": "152 BC", "revid": 1242792269, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -151, "year_label": "152 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Marcus Porcius Cato Licinianus, Roman jurist, son of Cato the Elder by his first wife, Licinia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1242792269#Deaths", "title": "152 BC", "revid": 1242792269, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -150, "year_label": "151 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Carthaginian debt to Rome is fully repaid, meaning that, according to Carthage, the treaty with Rome, which was put in place at the end of the Second Punic War, is no longer in force. The Romans do not agree with this interpretation. Instead they view the treaty as a permanent declaration of Carthaginian subordination to Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267837944#Carthage", "title": "151 BC", "revid": 1267837944, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -150, "year_label": "151 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "At Polybius' request, Scipio Aemilianus manages to gain the support of the Roman statesman Cato the Elder (whose son has married Scipio's sister Aemilia) for a proposal to release (and return to Greece) the 300 Achaean internees who are still being held without trial after being deported to Rome in 167 BC.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267837944#Roman_Republic", "title": "151 BC", "revid": 1267837944, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -149, "year_label": "150 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Scipio Aemilianus is sent by the Roman general, Lucius Licinius Lucullus, to Numidia to obtain some elephants from the Numidian king Masinissa, the friend of his grandfather Scipio Africanus. While there, he witnesses a great but indecisive battle between the Numidians and the Carthaginians. The latter then ask Scipio Aemilianus to arrange a settlement, but the negotiations break down.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210509839#Carthage", "title": "150 BC", "revid": 1210509839, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -148, "year_label": "149 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Third Punic War begins. The Romans land an army in Africa to begin the Battle of Carthage.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1000122190#Roman_Republic", "title": "149 BC", "revid": 1000122190, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -147, "year_label": "148 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "With the defeat of Andriscus in the Battle of Pydna by Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus, Macedon is reorganized as a Roman province by 146 BC.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341236547#Roman_Republic", "title": "148 BC", "revid": 1341236547, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -145, "year_label": "146 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Carthage falls to Roman forces under Scipio Aemilianus and the city is completely destroyed. End of the Third Punic War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354349690#Africa", "title": "146 BC", "revid": 1354349690, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": -138, "year_label": "139 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Lusitanian War ends when the rebellion collapses after the assassination of Viriathus by a Roman agent.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305121804#Roman_Republic", "title": "139 BC", "revid": 1305121804, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -132, "year_label": "133 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus the Roman tribune (assassination) (b. 168 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1225573331#Deaths", "title": "133 BC", "revid": 1225573331, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -128, "year_label": "129 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Kingdom of Pergamon becomes the Roman Province of Asia upon the defeat of Aristonicus, pretender to the Attalid throne, by M. Perperna.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561461#The_Roman_Republic", "title": "129 BC", "revid": 1369561461, "section": "Events › By place › The Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -123, "year_label": "124 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Fregellae's revolt against Rome begins in Latium. Later the city is captured and destroyed by the Romans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1302859733#Roman_Republic", "title": "124 BC", "revid": 1302859733, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -122, "year_label": "123 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Gaius Gracchus elected Roman tribune for the first time. He waits until after his re-election the following year before pushing forward the various civil and agrarian reforms that his brother championed in 133 BC.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1249010029#Roman_Republic", "title": "123 BC", "revid": 1249010029, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -120, "year_label": "121 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "The Roman Senate passes the motion senatus consultum ultimum, which the consul Lucius Opimius interprets as giving him unlimited power to preserve the Republic. He gathers an armed force of Senators and their supporters to confront Gaius Gracchus. A pitched battle is fought inside Rome, resulting in the death of Gracchus and many of his followers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352067702#Roman_Republic", "title": "121 BC", "revid": 1352067702, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -119, "year_label": "120 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Teutons and the Cimbri migrate south and west to the Danube valley where they encounter the expanding Roman Republic (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368395489#Europe", "title": "120 BC", "revid": 1368395489, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": -108, "year_label": "109 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A Roman army under Marcus Junius Silanus is defeated by the Cimbri and Teutones near the river Rhône.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325703810#Roman_Republic", "title": "109 BC", "revid": 1325703810, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -107, "year_label": "108 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Roman forces under Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus defeat the forces of Jugurtha of Numidia at the Battle of the Muthul, with Gaius Marius as a subordinate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1314084077#Roman_Republic", "title": "108 BC", "revid": 1314084077, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -95, "year_label": "96 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Cyrene is left to the people of the Roman Republic by its ruler Ptolemy Apion.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1288884921#Roman_Republic", "title": "96 BC", "revid": 1288884921, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -88, "year_label": "89 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Pompeii is annexed by the Roman Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369865499#Roman_Republic", "title": "89 BC", "revid": 1369865499, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -87, "year_label": "88 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Social War ends with the defeat of the Italian allies by the Romans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325703284#Roman_Republic", "title": "88 BC", "revid": 1325703284, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -85, "year_label": "86 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Roman forces of Lucius Cornelius Sulla defeat the Pontic forces of Archelaus in the Battle of Chaeronea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1303662184#Roman_Republic", "title": "86 BC", "revid": 1303662184, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -82, "year_label": "83 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Lucius Licinius Murena, the Roman governor of Asia, clashes with the Pontic forces of Mithridates VI, starting the Second Mithridatic War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369868116#Roman_Republic", "title": "83 BC", "revid": 1369868116, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -80, "year_label": "81 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Sulla is appointed dictator, executes his political enemies in a series of proscriptions, and implements aristocratic reforms to the Roman government.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367369494#Roman_Republic", "title": "81 BC", "revid": 1367369494, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -75, "year_label": "76 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "On the Iberian Peninsula, in the Roman province of Hispania Citerior, the rebel forces of Quintus Sertorius defeat the republican army of Pompey the Great at the Battle of Lauron.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363027478#Roman_Republic", "title": "76 BC", "revid": 1363027478, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -74, "year_label": "75 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "At the Battle of Saguntum the republican forces on the Iberian Peninsula and the Sertorian rebels fight each other to a draw. Quintus Sertorius is forced to withdraw leaving the battlefield to Pompey and Metellus (the republican commanders).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371365862#Roman_Republic", "title": "75 BC", "revid": 1371365862, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -74, "year_label": "75 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In the Roman province of Hispania Ulterior a republican army under Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius defeats an army of Sertorian rebels at the Battle of Italica.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371365862#Roman_Republic", "title": "75 BC", "revid": 1371365862, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -74, "year_label": "75 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Nicomedes IV of Bithynia bequeaths his kingdom to Rome on his death (75/4 BC). Angered by the arrangement, Mithridates VI of Pontus declares war on Rome and invades Bithynia, Cappadocia and Paphlagonia, thus starting the Third Mithridatic War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371365862#Roman_Republic", "title": "75 BC", "revid": 1371365862, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -74, "year_label": "75 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In the Roman province of Hispania Citerior an army of Sertorian rebels under Quintus Sertorius himself defeats a republican army under Pompey the Great at the Battle of Sucro.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371365862#Roman_Republic", "title": "75 BC", "revid": 1371365862, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -74, "year_label": "75 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In the Roman province of Hispania Citerior a republican army under Pompey the Great defeats an army of Sertorian rebels at the Battle of Valentia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371365862#Roman_Republic", "title": "75 BC", "revid": 1371365862, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -74, "year_label": "75 BCE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "In Rome, the tribune Quintus Opimius speaks out against Sullan restrictions on the tribunate, in orations noted for sarcasm against conservatives.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371365862#Roman_Republic", "title": "75 BC", "revid": 1371365862, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -73, "year_label": "74 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Third Mithridatic War: Battle of Cyzicus: Roman forces under Lucius Lucullus defeat the forces of Mithridates VI of Pontus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373138869#Roman_Republic", "title": "74 BC", "revid": 1373138869, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -68, "year_label": "69 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Parthians and Romans re-establish Euphrates as a frontier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1225088492#Roman_Republic", "title": "69 BC", "revid": 1225088492, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -68, "year_label": "69 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 6", "text": "October 6 – Roman Republic troops under Lucius Lucullus defeat the army of Tigranes II of Armenia in the Battle of Tigranocerta, and capture Tigranocerta, capital of Armenia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1225088492#Roman_Republic", "title": "69 BC", "revid": 1225088492, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -65, "year_label": "66 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Catiline accused of conspiring against the Roman Republic with Autronius and the younger Sulla (also in 63 BC during the consulship of Cicero).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1097162651#Roman_Republic", "title": "66 BC", "revid": 1097162651, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -64, "year_label": "65 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Gaius Asinius Pollio, Roman orator, poet and historian (d. AD 4)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1209552386#Births", "title": "65 BC", "revid": 1209552386, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -62, "year_label": "63 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Pompey conquers the people of Phonecia, Coele-Syria, and Judea for the Roman Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1209877827#Roman_Republic", "title": "63 BC", "revid": 1209877827, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -62, "year_label": "63 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Second Catilinarian Conspiracy against the Roman Republic is foiled by Cicero.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1209877827#Roman_Republic", "title": "63 BC", "revid": 1209877827, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -55, "year_label": "56 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The three Roman politician-generals of the First Triumvirate — Caesar, Pompey and Crassus — meet at the Luca Conference at the town of Luca (modern Lucca, in Tuscany), near Pisa, where they renewed their fraying political alliance, and further cemented the three men's increasing consolidation of power in the Roman Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325862293#Roman_Republic", "title": "56 BC", "revid": 1325862293, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -54, "year_label": "55 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Mithridates IV, claimant to the throne of Parthia, supported by Aulus Gabinius, Roman governor of Syria, is defeated by Surena, general under Orodes, in the Battle of Seleucia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364737843#Parthia", "title": "55 BC", "revid": 1364737843, "section": "Events › By place › Parthia"}}, {"year": -49, "year_label": "50 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Roman Republic takes control of Judea (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348690720#Roman_Republic", "title": "50 BC", "revid": 1348690720, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -39, "year_label": "40 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Treaty of Brundisium: The Triumvirs agrees to divide the Roman Republic into spheres of influence. Gaius Octavian styles himself \"Imperator Caesar\" and takes control of the Western provinces. Mark Antony is given the Eastern provinces; the River Drin, the boundary between the provinces Illyricum and Macedonia, is to serve as their frontier. Marcus Aemilius Lepidus controls Hispania and Africa. The treaty is cemented by the marriage of Antony and Octavia the Younger.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267076849#Roman_Republic", "title": "40 BC", "revid": 1267076849, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -29, "year_label": "30 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 1", "text": "August 1 – Octavian Caesar captures Alexandria. This marks the official annexation of Ancient Egypt to the Roman Republic. Cleopatra evacuates her court and treasury to Berenice on the west coast of the Red Sea, but king Malchus of Nabatea attacks from the desert and burns the Egyptian ships.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357307367#Roman_Republic", "title": "30 BC", "revid": 1357307367, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -27, "year_label": "28 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Augustus initiates a census of the Roman Republic for the first time since 69 BC.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368243773#Roman_Republic", "title": "28 BC", "revid": 1368243773, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -26, "year_label": "27 BCE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Augustus' first census of the Roman Empire (formerly the Roman Republic) reports a total of 4,063,000 citizens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364334819#Roman_Republic/Empire", "title": "27 BC", "revid": 1364334819, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic/Empire"}}, {"year": 305, "year_label": "305 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 1", "text": "May 1 – Emperor Diocletian abdicates and retires to his palace at Salona (modern Split) on the Adriatic coast, after a reign of nearly 21 years, in which the last vestiges of republican government have disappeared.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330171757#Roman_Empire", "title": "305", "revid": 1330171757, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 1144, "year_label": "1144 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Italo-Norman forces under King Roger II of Sicily invade the Papal States to force Pope Lucius II to accept his truce, but the patrician Giordano Pierleoni, brother of the late Antipope Anacletus II, leads the Roman populace to proclaim a constitutional republic free of papal authority with regard to civil rule. Pierleoni takes over the papal capital, and establishes the Commune of Rome in the style of the old Roman Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362160711#Europe", "title": "1144", "revid": 1362160711, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1145, "year_label": "1145 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Arnold of Brescia, an Italian priest from Lombardy, turns Rome into a republic with a government patterned on that of the Roman Republic. Arnold becomes the intellectual leader of the Commune of Rome, calling for liberties and democratic rights after the deposition of Giordano Pierleoni.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362160818#Europe", "title": "1145", "revid": 1362160818, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}]}