{"slug": "roman-senate", "label": "Roman Senate", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Senate", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130614", "qid": "Q130614", "description": "political institution in ancient Rome", "entries": 110, "years": 107, "span": [-458, 998], "span_label": ["459 BCE", "998 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 31}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 29}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 18}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 12}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 6}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 5}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 4}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 2}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "rome", "label": "Rome", "shared": 12}, {"slug": "roman-republic", "label": "Roman Republic", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "roman-emperor", "label": "Roman Emperor", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "roman-censor", "label": "Roman censor", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "ancient-rome", "label": "Ancient Rome", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "roman-consul", "label": "Roman consul", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "roman-empire", "label": "Roman Empire", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "scipio-africanus", "label": "Scipio Africanus", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "hispania", "label": "Hispania", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "augustus", "label": "Augustus", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "commodus", "label": "Commodus", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "roman-triumph", "label": "Roman triumph", "shared": 3}], "items": [{"year": -458, "year_label": "459 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Aequi occupied Tusculum. In response to the threat, the Roman Senate decided to send an army to help the allied city, under the command of consul Lucius Cornelius Maluginensis. In addition, the consul Fabius Vibulanus, who was at that point besieging Antium, moved his forces to attack Tusculum. The Tusculans were able to recapture their city. A truce was then arranged with the Aequi.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354678972#Roman_Republic", "title": "459 BC", "revid": 1354678972, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -457, "year_label": "458 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Roman general Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus is summoned by the Roman Senate to defend the city from attack by the approaching Aequi. He is named dictator of Rome for six months. He goes on to defeat the enemy in a single day at the Battle of Mount Algidus and celebrates a triumph in Rome. Sixteen days after the battle, he resigns his dictatorship and returns to his farm.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1306222884#Roman_Republic", "title": "458 BC", "revid": 1306222884, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -311, "year_label": "312 BCE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The Roman censor, Appius Claudius Caecus, a patrician, enters office and begins construction of the Appian Way (the Via Appia) between Rome and Capua. He also embarks on a program of political reform, including the distribution of the landless citizens of Rome among the tribes, which at this time constitute basic political units. Appius also admits sons of freedmen into the Roman Senate. He also asserts the right of freed slaves to hold office.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172925#Italy", "title": "312 BC", "revid": 1354172925, "section": "Events › By place › Italy"}}, {"year": -281, "year_label": "282 BCE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": null, "text": "The Magna Graecia city of Thurii appeals to Rome for help against the native Italian tribes. Though the Roman Senate hesitates, the plebeian Assembly decides to respond. Thurii is saved, but Tarentum, jealous of Rome's interference, attacks and sinks some Roman ships entering its harbour. Roman envoys, sent to protest, are mistreated.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1313148199#Roman_Republic", "title": "282 BC", "revid": 1313148199, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -257, "year_label": "258 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Gaius Duilius Nepos, the Roman commander who has won a major naval victory over the Carthaginians is made censor with Lucius Cornelius Scipio. The election of a novus homo (i.e. the first in his family to serve in the Roman Senate or be elected as consul) to the censorship is a very rare honor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1128147349#Roman_Republic", "title": "258 BC", "revid": 1128147349, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -249, "year_label": "250 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "According to tradition (Horace, Odes, iii. 5), after the defeat of the Carthaginians at the Battle of Panormus, the Carthaginians release Marcus Atilius Regulus from prison and he is sent to Rome on parole to negotiate a peace or an exchange of prisoners. However, on his arrival, he strongly urges the Roman Senate to refuse both proposals and continue fighting. After this he then honours his parole by returning to Carthage where he is executed by being placed in a spiked barrel, which is then let roll down a hill.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1278897656#Roman_Republic", "title": "250 BC", "revid": 1278897656, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -231, "year_label": "232 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Despite the opposition of the Roman Senate and of his own father, the Roman political leader Gaius Flaminius wins the passage of a measure to distribute land among the plebeians. The Romans decide to parcel out land north of Rome (the Ager Gallicus) into small holdings for its poorer citizens whose farms have fallen into ruin during the First Punic War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1319908071#Roman_Republic", "title": "232 BC", "revid": 1319908071, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -228, "year_label": "229 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The First Illyrian War started when the Roman Senate dispatched an army under the command of the consuls Lucius Postumius Albinus and Gnaeus Fulvius Centumalus to Illyria. Rome forced the withdrawal of Illyrian garrisons in the Greek cities of Epidamnus, Apollonia, Corcyra and Pharos and establishes a protectorate over these Greek towns.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1205848400#Illyria", "title": "229 BC", "revid": 1205848400, "section": "Events › By place › Illyria"}}, {"year": -216, "year_label": "217 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Gaius Flaminius' supporters in the Senate begin to lose power to the more aristocratic factions as the Romans fear Hannibal is about to besiege their city. The Senate appoint Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus as dictator.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1306223252#Roman_Republic", "title": "217 BC", "revid": 1306223252, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -209, "year_label": "210 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Following the death of his father, Publius Cornelius Scipio, and his uncle, Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus, at the hands of the Carthaginians, the young Publius Cornelius Scipio takes over command of the Roman troops in Spain. His appointment reflects the Roman Senate's dissatisfaction with the cautious strategy of the propraetor, Gaius Claudius Nero, then commander in Spain north of the Ebro.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1254970145#Roman_Republic", "title": "210 BC", "revid": 1254970145, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -204, "year_label": "205 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Publius Cornelius Scipio boldly determines to disregard Hannibal in Italy and political opposition in the Roman Senate and rather decides to strike at the Carthaginian holdings in North Africa. Scipio crosses to Sicily with an army consisting partly of volunteers as the Roman Senate would not provide him with an army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361853505#Roman_Republic", "title": "205 BC", "revid": 1361853505, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -198, "year_label": "199 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Scipio Africanus becomes censor and princeps Senatus (the titular head of the Roman Senate).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358812686#Roman_Republic", "title": "199 BC", "revid": 1358812686, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -197, "year_label": "198 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "After his election to the consulship, Titus Quinctius Flamininus is chosen to replace Publius Sulpicius Galba Maximus as the leading Roman general in Macedonia. He then crosses into Macedonia with his army. Flamininus realizes that future peace depends on breaking the power of king Philip V of Macedon, not merely humbling him. He secures the backing of the Achaean League and then opens peace negotiations with Philip at Nicaea in Locris. Though peace proposals are submitted to the Roman Senate, the talks break down, and fighting resumes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698641#Roman_Republic", "title": "198 BC", "revid": 1352698641, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -191, "year_label": "192 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Achaeans respond to Sparta's renewed interest in recovering lost territory by sending an envoy to Rome with a request for help. In response, the Roman Senate sends the praetor Atilius with a navy, as well as an embassy headed by Titus Quinctius Flamininus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342604594#Greece", "title": "192 BC", "revid": 1342604594, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -190, "year_label": "191 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Scipio Africanus persuades the Roman Senate to continue the war against Antiochus III by making him the chief commander and allowing him and his brother, Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus, to follow Antiochus into Anatolia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356019531#Roman_Republic", "title": "191 BC", "revid": 1356019531, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -185, "year_label": "186 BCE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "The rapid spread of the Bacchanalia cult throughout the Roman Republic, which, it is claimed, indulges in all kinds of crimes and political conspiracies at its nocturnal meetings, leads to the Roman Senate issuing a decree, the Senatus consultum de Bacchanalibus, by which the Bacchanalia are prohibited throughout all Italy except in certain special cases which must be approved specifically by the Senate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368172407#Roman_Republic", "title": "186 BC", "revid": 1368172407, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -180, "year_label": "181 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Pharnaces I of Pontus decides to attack both Eumenes II of Pergamum and Ariarathes IV of Cappadocia and therefore invades Galatia with a large force. Eumenes leads an army to oppose him, however, hostilities are soon suspended following the arrival of Roman deputies, who have been appointed by the Roman Senate to inquire into the matters in dispute. Negotiations take place at Pergamum but are inconclusive, with Pharnaces' demands being rejected by the Romans as unreasonable. As a consequence, the war between Pontus and Pergamum and Cappadocia is renewed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363192990#Asia_Minor", "title": "181 BC", "revid": 1363192990, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -174, "year_label": "175 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "During this period of uncertainty in Syria, the Egyptian ruler, Ptolemy VI, lays claim to Coele Syria, Palestine, and Phoenicia, which the Seleucid king Antiochus III has previously conquered. Both the Syrian and Egyptian parties appeal to Rome for help, but the Roman Senate refuses to take sides.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361124288#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "175 BC", "revid": 1361124288, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -171, "year_label": "172 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The peace treaty at the end of the Second Punic War requires that all border disputes involving Carthage be arbitrated by the Roman Senate and requires Carthage to get explicit Roman approval before going to war. As a result, envoys from Carthage appear before the Roman Senate to request resolution of a boundary dispute with Numidia. The dispute is decided in Numidia's favour.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370481117#Carthage", "title": "172 BC", "revid": 1370481117, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -171, "year_label": "172 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Eumenes II of Pergamum travels to Rome to warn the Roman Senate of the danger from Perseus of Macedon. On his return from Rome, Eumenes II is nearly killed at Delphi and Perseus is suspected of being the instigator.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370481117#Greece", "title": "172 BC", "revid": 1370481117, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -170, "year_label": "171 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The first Roman colony outside Italy is founded at Carteia in southern Hispania after Iberian-born descendants of Roman soldiers appear before the Roman Senate to request a town to live in and are given Carteia, which is named Colonia Libertinorum Carteia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698432#Roman_Republic", "title": "171 BC", "revid": 1352698432, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -166, "year_label": "167 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "On his way back to Rome, the Roman general Lucius Aemilius Paulus is ordered by the Roman Senate to inflict a brutal revenge on Epirus for being an ally of Macedonia. Seventy towns in Epirus are destroyed, and at least 100,000 citizens are sold into slavery. These actions take place despite the fact that Epirus has not aided Perseus in his war with Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340086150#Greece", "title": "167 BC", "revid": 1340086150, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -162, "year_label": "163 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, Roman politician, who, as a plebeian tribune, will cause political turmoil in the Republic through his attempts to legislate agrarian reforms; his political ideals will eventually lead to his death at the hands of supporters of the conservative faction (Optimates) of the Roman Senate (d. 132 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342198603#Births", "title": "163 BC", "revid": 1342198603, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -160, "year_label": "161 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Envoys of Judas Maccabeus conclude a treaty of friendship with the Roman Senate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1311856799#Roman_Republic", "title": "161 BC", "revid": 1311856799, "section": "Events › by side › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -160, "year_label": "161 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Ptolemy VIII Euergetes, now king of Cyrenaica, convinces the Roman Senate to back his claim for control of Cyprus, but the Egyptian king Ptolemy VI Philometor ignores this threat, and after Ptolemy VIII Euergetes' attempt to conquer the island fails, the Roman Senate disengages from the dispute.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1311856799#Egypt", "title": "161 BC", "revid": 1311856799, "section": "Events › by side › Egypt"}}, {"year": -159, "year_label": "160 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Demetrius I defeats and kills the rebel general Timarchus and is recognized as king of the Seleucid empire by the Roman Senate. Demetrius acquires his surname of Soter (meaning Saviour) from the Babylonians, for delivering them from the tyranny of Timarchus. The Seleucid empire is temporarily united again.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1266100355#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "160 BC", "revid": 1266100355, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -149, "year_label": "150 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Nicomedes, the son of king Prusias II of Bithynia, who has been sent to Rome to argue for smaller reparations arising from his father's unsuccessful war against Pergamum, gains the support of the Roman Senate to the point where Prusias sends an emissary with secret orders to assassinate Nicomedes. However, the emissary reveals the plot to Nicomedes and persuades him to rebel against his father.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210509839#Asia_Minor", "title": "150 BC", "revid": 1210509839, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -149, "year_label": "150 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Roman Senate shows displeasure with Carthage's decision to wage war against its neighbour without Roman consent, and tells Carthage that in order to avoid a war it has to \"satisfy the Roman People\". The Roman censor, Cato the Elder, urges the destruction of Carthage and the Roman Senate orders the gathering of an army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210509839#Roman_Republic", "title": "150 BC", "revid": 1210509839, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -132, "year_label": "133 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, is elected tribune of the people. He attempts to pass a law to redistribute the public land to benefit small landowners. Opposed by wealthier factions in the Roman Senate, he is killed by a group of senators and their followers that same year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1225573331#Roman_Republic", "title": "133 BC", "revid": 1225573331, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -130, "year_label": "131 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "The Roman censor Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus attempts to remove the tribune Gaius Atinius Labeo Macerio from the Senate, the angry Atinius drags him to be thrown off the Tarpeian Rock, and Metellus is only saved by the intervention of other senators.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354421595#Roman_Republic", "title": "131 BC", "revid": 1354421595, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -120, "year_label": "121 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "The Roman Senate passes the motion senatus consultum ultimum, which the consul Lucius Opimius interprets as giving him unlimited power to preserve the Republic. He gathers an armed force of Senators and their supporters to confront Gaius Gracchus. A pitched battle is fought inside Rome, resulting in the death of Gracchus and many of his followers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352067702#Roman_Republic", "title": "121 BC", "revid": 1352067702, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -111, "year_label": "112 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Roman Senate declares war against Jugurtha following the Siege of Cirta (ends 105 BC).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326020931#Roman_Republic", "title": "112 BC", "revid": 1326020931, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -110, "year_label": "111 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Jugurtha, king of Numidia, bribes the commander Lucius Calpurnius Bestia and Roman friends to secure easy terms. He is given a safe conduct to Rome in order to account for his actions in the Roman Senate. Jugurtha contemptuously bribes his way through all difficulties.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1207645086#Roman_Republic", "title": "111 BC", "revid": 1207645086, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -96, "year_label": "97 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "A decree of the Roman Senate bans human sacrifices.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1280577092#Roman_Republic", "title": "97 BC", "revid": 1280577092, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -77, "year_label": "78 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "The Senate sends Publius Servilius Vatia to Cilicia as governor, where he fights a successful campaign against the Piracy in southern Anatolia (Lycia, Pamphylia and Isauria), he is thereafter known by the agnomen Isauricus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1209581221#Roman_Republic", "title": "78 BC", "revid": 1209581221, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -73, "year_label": "74 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Nicomedes IV, last king of Bithynia bequeaths his kingdom to the Roman Senate upon his death (75/4 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373138869#Roman_Republic", "title": "74 BC", "revid": 1373138869, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -71, "year_label": "72 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Spartacus and his followers withdraw to the Bruttium peninsula. At one juncture he contemplates attacking Rome – but moves south. The Senate sends Marcus Licinius Crassus against Spartacus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1338545736#Roman_Republic", "title": "72 BC", "revid": 1338545736, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -64, "year_label": "65 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "In response to the illegal exercise of citizen rights by foreigners, the Roman Senate passes the Lex Papia, which expels all foreigners from Rome", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1209552386#Roman_Republic", "title": "65 BC", "revid": 1209552386, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -49, "year_label": "50 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Senate recalls Julius Caesar and rescinds his authority. Caesar breaks alliance with Pompey.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348690720#Roman_Republic", "title": "50 BC", "revid": 1348690720, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -48, "year_label": "49 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – The Roman Senate receives a proposal from Julius Caesar that he and Pompey should lay down their commands simultaneously. The Senate responds that Caesar must immediately surrender his command.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347951543#Roman_Republic", "title": "49 BC", "revid": 1347951543, "section": "Events › By place and Date › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -45, "year_label": "46 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 20", "text": "April 20 – Cicero, in Rome, writes to Varro \"If our voices are no longer heard in the Senate and in the Forum, let us follow the example of the ancient sages and serve our country through our writings, concentrating on questions of ethics and constitutional law.\"", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361069033#Roman_Republic", "title": "46 BC", "revid": 1361069033, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -43, "year_label": "44 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 15", "text": "March 15 (the Ides of March) – Julius Caesar, dictator of Rome, is assassinated by a group of senators, amongst them Gaius Cassius Longinus, Marcus Junius Brutus, and Caesar's Massilian naval commander, Decimus Brutus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362159803#Roman_Republic", "title": "44 BC", "revid": 1362159803, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -42, "year_label": "43 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Consuls: Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus and Aulus Hirtius. The Roman Senate confirms Octavian as propraetor with joint responsibility for the campaign against Antony. Hirtius and Octavian mobilize troops for the march to Mutina, while Pansa continues the levy. Embassy dispatched to treat with Antony.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1338224737#Roman_Republic", "title": "43 BC", "revid": 1338224737, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -32, "year_label": "33 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian becomes consul for the second time. His partner is Lucius Volcatius Tullus. Octavian delivers a speech; de summa Republica in the Roman Senate, in which he subjects the Donations.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368347674#Roman_Republic", "title": "33 BC", "revid": 1368347674, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -31, "year_label": "32 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – The Roman Senate declares war upon Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII. Octavian Caesar is proclaimed dux and the West - Gallic and Spanish provinces, Africa, Sicily and Sardinia - swear an oath (sacramentum) of loyalty to him. In order to assure this oath, Octavian forces the high priest of the Vestal Virgins in Rome to hand over Antony's will, which contains information about the Roman-conquered territories as kingdoms and plans to build a tomb in Alexandria for him and Cleopatra.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325920749#Roman_Republic", "title": "32 BC", "revid": 1325920749, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -27, "year_label": "28 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Roman Senate grants Octavian Caesar imperium maius (supreme command) of the Roman armed forces (Around 28 legions).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368243773#Roman_Republic", "title": "28 BC", "revid": 1368243773, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -26, "year_label": "27 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 16", "text": "January 16 – Octavian formally returns full power to the Senate; they give him the titles of Princeps and Augustus. He accepts this honor, having declined the alternative title of Romulus, thus becoming first Roman emperor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364334819#Roman_Republic/Empire", "title": "27 BC", "revid": 1364334819, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic/Empire"}}, {"year": -12, "year_label": "13 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Ara Pacis Augustae (\"Altar of Augustan Peace\") is commissioned by the Roman Senate to honor the triumphal return of Emperor Augustus from Hispania and Gaul.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372852969#Roman_Empire", "title": "13 BC", "revid": 1372852969, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": -8, "year_label": "9 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 30", "text": "January 30 – The Ara Pacis (\"Altar of Augustan Peace\"), which was voted for by the Senate four years earlier, is dedicated.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371257874#Roman_Empire", "title": "0s BC", "revid": 1371257874, "section": "Events › 9 BC › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": -7, "year_label": "8 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Sextilis, the eighth month of the early Julian calendar, is renamed Augustus (August) by a decree of the Roman Senate in honor of Augustus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371257874#Germania", "title": "0s BC", "revid": 1371257874, "section": "Events › 8 BC › Germania"}}, {"year": -1, "year_label": "2 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 5", "text": "February 5 – Augustus is proclaimed pater patriae (\"father of the country\") by the Roman Senate. This bestowed title is the logical consequence and final proof of Augustus' supreme position as princeps, the first in charge over the Roman state.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371257874#Roman_Empire", "title": "0s BC", "revid": 1371257874, "section": "Events › 2 BC › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 13, "year_label": "13 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Senate passes a senatus consultum restricting the reduced Vigintisexviri to the Ordo Equester.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371078816#Roman_Empire", "title": "10s", "revid": 1371078816, "section": "Events › 13 AD › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 15, "year_label": "15 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "In Rome, the election of magistrates passes from the people to the Emperor and the Senate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371078816#Roman_Empire", "title": "10s", "revid": 1371078816, "section": "Events › 15 AD › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 20, "year_label": "20 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Tiberius is forced to order an investigation and a public trial in the Roman Senate, for the murder of Germanicus. Fearing he will be found guilty, Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso commits suicide.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369984933#Roman_Empire", "title": "20s", "revid": 1369984933, "section": "Events › 20 AD › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 23, "year_label": "23 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Lucius Aelius Sejanus begins to dominate the Roman Senate and Tiberius, after the death of Drusus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369984933#Roman_Empire", "title": "20s", "revid": 1369984933, "section": "Events › 23 AD › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 24, "year_label": "24 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": null, "text": "The Senate expels actors from Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369984933#Roman_Empire", "title": "20s", "revid": 1369984933, "section": "Events › 24 AD › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 37, "year_label": "37 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 18", "text": "March 18 – The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius's will, and proclaims Caligula as Roman Emperor, nullifying the joint claim of Tiberius Gemellus. Caligula's attempt to have himself deified creates friction between himself and the Senate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369986487#Roman_Empire", "title": "30s", "revid": 1369986487, "section": "Events › 37 AD › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 41, "year_label": "41 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 25", "text": "January 25 – After a night of negotiation, Claudius is accepted as emperor by the Senate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373289291#AD_41", "title": "40s", "revid": 1373289291, "section": "Timeline › AD 41"}}, {"year": 45, "year_label": "45 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Senate holds consultations regarding real estate speculation in Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373289291#AD_45", "title": "40s", "revid": 1373289291, "section": "Timeline › AD 45"}}, {"year": 48, "year_label": "48 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Gallic nobles are admitted to the Roman Senate. Claudius grants the rights of citizenship to the Aedui.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373289291#AD_48", "title": "40s", "revid": 1373289291, "section": "Timeline › AD 48"}}, {"year": 49, "year_label": "49 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Agrippina the Younger charges Octavia's first fiancé, Lucius Junius Silanus Torquatus, with incest. He is brought before the Senate, and sentenced to death.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373289291#AD_49", "title": "40s", "revid": 1373289291, "section": "Timeline › AD 49"}}, {"year": 53, "year_label": "53 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Claudius secures a senatorial decree that gives jurisdiction in financial cases to imperial procurators. This marks a significant strengthening of imperial powers at the expense of the Senate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373339620#Roman_Empire", "title": "50s", "revid": 1373339620, "section": "Events › 53 AD › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 57, "year_label": "57 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Envoys from Cilicia come to Rome to accuse their late governor, Cossutianus Capito, of extortion; the Roman Senate is supported in the case by Publius Clodius Thrasea Paetus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373339620#Roman_Empire", "title": "50s", "revid": 1373339620, "section": "Events › 57 AD › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 59, "year_label": "59 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Publius Clodius Thrasea Paetus retires from the Roman Senate. He openly shows his disgust at the behaviour of Nero regarding the murder of Agrippina.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373339620#Roman_Empire", "title": "50s", "revid": 1373339620, "section": "Events › 59 AD › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 68, "year_label": "68 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 9", "text": "June 9 – The Roman Senate accepts Servius Sulpicius Galba, as Roman Emperor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330183058#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 68", "revid": 1330183058, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 79, "year_label": "79 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 23", "text": "June 23 – Emperor Vespasian dies of fever from diarrhea; his last words on his deathbed are: \"I think I'm turning into a god.\" Titus succeeds his father as Roman emperor. Titus' Jewish mistress, Berenice, comes to join him in Rome, but he exiles her to please the Senate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371506261#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 79", "revid": 1371506261, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 81, "year_label": "81 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 14", "text": "September 14 – Domitian succeeds his brother Titus as emperor. Domitian is not a soldier like his two predecessors, and his administration is directed towards the reinforcement of a monarchy. By taking the title of Dominus (\"lord\"), he scandalizes the senatorial aristocracy. Romanisation progresses in the provinces, and life in the cities is greatly improved. Many provincials – Spanish, Gallic, and African – become Senators.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330323602#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 81", "revid": 1330323602, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 85, "year_label": "85 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Domitian appoints himself censor for life, which gives him the right to control the Senate. His totalitarian tendencies put the senatorial aristocracy firmly in opposition to him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368048857#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 85", "revid": 1368048857, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 87, "year_label": "87 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Sextus Julius Sparsus gains power in the Roman Senate (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330323860#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 87", "revid": 1330323860, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 94, "year_label": "94 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Domitian rebuilds and rededicates the Curia Julia (meeting place of the Roman Senate), which had burned down in AD 64.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330324543#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 94", "revid": 1330324543, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 95, "year_label": "95 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Domitian executes senators out of paranoiac fears that they are plotting to kill him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371186474#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 95", "revid": 1371186474, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 96, "year_label": "96 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Nerva is declared emperor by the Roman Senate as the new ruler of the Roman Empire. He recalls citizens exiled by Domitian; this is the beginning of the Era of the Five Good Emperors. The Antonines Dynasty starts.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1318964145#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 96", "revid": 1318964145, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 116, "year_label": "116 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Trajan sends laureatae to the Roman Senate on account of his victories and being conqueror of Parthia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330326275#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 116", "revid": 1330326275, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 118, "year_label": "118 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Plot of the consuls: Hadrian executes four senators, all former consuls, who had been shown to have plotted against him. His relations with the Senate are strained.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330326548#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 118", "revid": 1330326548, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 131, "year_label": "131 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Reorganization of the Imperial Council: Central administration is reinforced, and administrative positions are entrusted to knights, according to a very strict hierarchy. Under the reorganization, the Roman Senate is excluded from controlling the business of state.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325705088#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 131", "revid": 1325705088, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 138, "year_label": "138 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Antoninus Pius succeeds Hadrian as Roman Emperor, and asks the Senate to confer divine honors for Hadrian.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371185929#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 138", "revid": 1371185929, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 161, "year_label": "161 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Marcus Aurelius, a Spaniard like Trajan and Hadrian, is a stoical disciple of Epictetus, and an energetic man of action. He pursues the policy of his predecessor and maintains good relations with the Senate. As a legislator, he endeavors to create new principles of morality and humanity, particularly favoring women and slaves.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371301434#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 161", "revid": 1371301434, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 175, "year_label": "175 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Avidius Cassius fails in seeking support for his rebellion and is assassinated by Roman officers. They sent his head to Aurelius, who persuades the Senate to pardon Cassius's family.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371304741#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 175", "revid": 1371304741, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 182, "year_label": "182 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Commodus escapes death at the hands of assassins, who have attacked him at the instigation of his sister Lucilla and a large group of senators. He puts many distinguished Romans to death on charges of being implicated in the conspiracy; Lucilla is exiled to Capri.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371306024#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 182", "revid": 1371306024, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 192, "year_label": "192 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 31", "text": "December 31 – Emperor Commodus alarms the Senate, by appearing dressed as a gladiator for his new consulship on January 1. His mistress Marcia finds her name on the imperial execution list, and hires champion wrestler Narcissus to assassinate Commodus; the Antonines Dynasty ends.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371310282#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 192", "revid": 1371310282, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 193, "year_label": "193 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – Year of the Five Emperors: The Roman Senate chooses Publius Helvius Pertinax, against his will, to succeed the late Commodus as Emperor. Pertinax is forced to reorganize the handling of finances, which were wrecked under Commodus, to reestablish discipline in the Roman army, and to suspend the food programs established by Trajan, provoking the ire of the Praetorian Guard.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371310592#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 193", "revid": 1371310592, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 195, "year_label": "195 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Septimius Severus has the Roman Senate deify the previous emperor Commodus, in an attempt to gain favor with the family of Marcus Aurelius.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371314035#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 195", "revid": 1371314035, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 197, "year_label": "197 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Septimius Severus returns to Rome and has about 30 of Albinus's supporters in the Senate executed. After his victory he declares himself the adopted son of the late Marcus Aurelius.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371314350#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 197", "revid": 1371314350, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 211, "year_label": "211 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 4", "text": "February 4 – Emperor Septimius Severus, having fallen ill, dies in Eboracum (modern-day York) while on campaign in Britain after an 18-year reign. He is later deified by the Senate. His sons Caracalla and Geta succeed him as joint Roman emperors.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371189735#Roman_Empire", "title": "211", "revid": 1371189735, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 222, "year_label": "222 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Alexander Severus succeeds Elagabalus. He is only 13 years old; his mother, Julia Avita Mamaea, governs the Roman Empire with the help of Domitius Ulpianus and a council composed of 16 senators.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371226830#Roman_Empire", "title": "222", "revid": 1371226830, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 236, "year_label": "236 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "The Roman Senate appoints a twenty-man committee to co-ordinate operations against Maximinus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367882763#Roman_Empire", "title": "236", "revid": 1367882763, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 237, "year_label": "237 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Maximinus Thrax campaigns on the rivers Danube and Rhine in Germania, defeating the Alemanni, and never visits Rome. He is accepted by the Roman Senate, but taxes the rich aristocracy heavily, and engenders such hostility among them, that they plot against him. He had a road rebuilt in what is now the Golan Heights, between 236 and 237.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1310907306#Roman_Empire", "title": "237", "revid": 1310907306, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 244, "year_label": "244 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Philip the Arab is recognized by the Roman Senate as the new Roman Emperor with the honorific Augustus. He nominates his son Philippus, age 6, with the title of Caesar and makes him heir to the throne; gives his brother Priscus supreme power (rector Orientis) in the Eastern provinces; and begins construction of the city of Shahba (Syria) in the province of his birth.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371227716#Roman_Empire", "title": "244", "revid": 1371227716, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 253, "year_label": "253 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Aemilianus is proclaimed \"enemy of the State\" by the Roman Senate. Trebonianus Gallus is defeated at Interamna Nahars (Umbria); he flees with Volusianus to the north, but at Foligno they are killed by their own troops.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188254#Roman_Empire", "title": "253", "revid": 1371188254, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 275, "year_label": "275 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November", "text": "November/December – Marcus Claudius Tacitus is proclaimed Emperor by the imperial field army (other sources give him as proclaimed September 25 by the Senate). His half brother Marcus Annius Florianus becomes praetorian prefect.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1308801318#Roman_Empire", "title": "275", "revid": 1308801318, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 276, "year_label": "276 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Florianus becomes Roman Emperor with the support of the Senate, but a general in the east, Marcus Aurelius Probus, usurps power against him. Florianus breaks off his campaign against the Goths and marches east from the Bosporus with support from the Roman legions in Britain, Gaul, Spain and Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267074469#Roman_Empire", "title": "276", "revid": 1267074469, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 277, "year_label": "277 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Probus enters Rome, to have his position as Emperor ratified by the Senate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267077895#Roman_Empire", "title": "277", "revid": 1267077895, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 306, "year_label": "306 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 28", "text": "October 28 – Maxentius, son of former Western Emperor Maximian, leads a revolt by the Praetorian Guard and members of the Senate in Rome, and is proclaimed Emperor. Southern Italy supports Maxentius, as do Africa, Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily. Maxentius recalls Maximian from retirement, who joins his son in Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330171617#Roman_Empire", "title": "306", "revid": 1330171617, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 357, "year_label": "357 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 28", "text": "April 28 – Emperor Constantius II enters Rome for the first time to celebrate his victory over Magnentius. He address the Senate and the Roman people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331328193#Roman_Empire", "title": "357", "revid": 1331328193, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 382, "year_label": "382 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Gratian refuses the divine attributes of the Imperial cult and removes the Altar of Victory from the Senate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370628973#Roman_Empire", "title": "382", "revid": 1370628973, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 408, "year_label": "408 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – Rex Alaric I of the Visigoths crosses the Julian Alps with an army of 30,000 men, and marches into the Roman heartland. He lays siege to Rome, and Gothic auxiliaries desert to join Alaric's forces. After much bargaining, the Senate agrees to pay him a ransom of 5,000 pounds of gold, 30,000 pounds of silver, 4,000 silken tunics, and 3,000 hides dyed scarlet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367644906#Roman_Empire", "title": "408", "revid": 1367644906, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 409, "year_label": "409 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Visigothic king Alaric I lays siege to Rome a second time, bringing the inhabitants close to starvation. Emperor Honorius, safe in inaccessible Ravenna, refuses to negotiate for peace, despite repeated offers from Alaric, who then comes to terms with the Senate and sets up a rival emperor, Priscus Attalus, prefect (praefectus urbi) of the city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367641120#Roman_Empire", "title": "409", "revid": 1367641120, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 411, "year_label": "411 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Following the defeat of Constantine III, the Burgundians and the Gallic nobility proclaim Jovinus, Gallo-Roman senator, emperor of the Western Roman Empire at Mogontiacum (modern Mainz).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367645014#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 411", "revid": 1367645014, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 440, "year_label": "440 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Flavius Aetius, Roman general (magister militum), returns as triumphator back to Rome, after several years' fighting the Burgundians and Visigoths in Gaul. He is honoured by a statue erected by the Senate, and by order of Emperor Valentinian III.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364748079#Europe", "title": "440", "revid": 1364748079, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 442, "year_label": "442 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Huns, on a military campaign along the Danube and the Great Morava, destroy the city of Naissus (modern Serbia). They have mastered siege technology and are able to capture fortified cities. The Roman Senate agrees to pay Attila a tribute of 700 pounds of gold per year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333113526#Europe", "title": "AD 442", "revid": 1333113526, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 446, "year_label": "446 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Bishop Germanus of Auxerre visits Ravenna, seeking to soften imperial hostility towards the Bagaudae. On his arrival at the capital, empress-mother Galla Placidia sends him a silver dish with a choice selection of prepared dainties—all vegetarian, out of respect for the bishop's strict diet. Germanus petitions the Senate for leniency for the citizens of Armorica (Brittany).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739578#Europe", "title": "446", "revid": 1364739578, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 455, "year_label": "455 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 17", "text": "March 17 – Petronius Maximus, former domesticus (\"elite bodyguard\") of Aetius, becomes (with support of the Roman Senate) emperor of the Western Roman Empire. He secures the throne by bribing officials of the imperial palace. Maximus consolidates his power by a forced marriage with Licinia Eudoxia, widow of Valentinian III.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739434#Roman_Empire", "title": "455", "revid": 1364739434, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 456, "year_label": "456 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Capua is destroyed by the Vandals. Ricimer is unable to end piracy in the western Mediterranean. Backed by his popularity, he gains the consent of the Senate for an expedition against Avitus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364752999#Roman_Empire", "title": "456", "revid": 1364752999, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 461, "year_label": "461 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "November 19", "text": "November 19 – Libius Severus, Roman senator from Lucania, is declared emperor of the Western Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349204937#Roman_Empire", "title": "461", "revid": 1349204937, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 474, "year_label": "474 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Glycerius is exiled to Dalmatia (Balkans) and becomes bishop of Salona. Neither the Senate nor the Gallo-Roman aristocracy decide to resist, and Nepos accepts the imperial purple.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360137662#Roman_Empire", "title": "474", "revid": 1360137662, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 476, "year_label": "476 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Roman Senate petitions Zeno to recognize Nepos as deposed and take the sole emperorship himself, abolishing the 81-year-long east/west division of the empire and recognizing Odoacer's authority in Italy. Zeno declines the first request, but names Odoacer Patricius, investing his rule with Imperial legitimacy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355222972#Roman_Empire", "title": "476", "revid": 1355222972, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 480, "year_label": "480 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 9", "text": "December 9 – Odoacer occupies Dalmatia and prosecutes Nepos's killers. He later establishes his political power with the co-operation of the Roman Senate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739995#Balkans", "title": "480", "revid": 1364739995, "section": "Events › By place › Balkans"}}, {"year": 580, "year_label": "580 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Roman Senate sends an embassy to Constantinople, with a gift (3,000 pounds of gold) to Emperor Tiberius II Constantine, along with a plea for help against the Lombards.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364747518#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "580", "revid": 1364747518, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 931, "year_label": "931 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March", "text": "March – Pope Stephen VII dies after a three-year reign. He is succeeded by John XI (at the age of 20) as the 125th pope of the Catholic Church. His mother Marozia is the powerful senatrix and patricia of Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364917472#Religion", "title": "931", "revid": 1364917472, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 998, "year_label": "998 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Fall – Otto III makes Rome the administrative capital of the Holy Roman Empire and begins the construction of his imperial palace on the Palatine Hill. He restores the ancient Roman Senate to its position of prominence and adopts the title of \"Emperor of the Romans\". To this Otto adds the apostolic devotion formula servus Jesu Christi ('Servant of Jesus Christ').", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365593041#Europe", "title": "998", "revid": 1365593041, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}]}