{"slug": "romania", "label": "Romania", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218", "qid": "Q218", "description": "country in Southeast Europe", "entries": 82, "years": 75, "span": [-2749, 2024], "span_label": ["2750 BCE", "2024 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 35}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 22}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 6}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 5}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 3}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 3}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 3}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 2}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 2}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "bulgaria", "label": "Bulgaria", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "wallachia", "label": "Wallachia", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "moldavia", "label": "Moldavia", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "danube", "label": "Danube", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "bucharest", "label": "Bucharest", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "moldova", "label": "Moldova", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "dacia", "label": "Dacia", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "transylvania", "label": "Transylvania", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "ottoman-empire", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "serbia", "label": "Serbia", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "estonia", "label": "Estonia", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "latvia", "label": "Latvia", "shared": 3}], "items": [{"year": -2749, "year_label": "2750 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "c. 2750 BC: Estimated ending of the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture in the region of modern-day Romania, Moldova, and southwestern Ukraine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371895843#Events", "title": "28th century BC", "revid": 1371895843, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -81, "year_label": "82 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Burebista unifies the Dacian population forming the first (and biggest) unified Dacian Kingdom, on the territory of modern Romania and surroundings. 82 BC is also the starting year of his reign.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1262234047#Dacia", "title": "82 BC", "revid": 1262234047, "section": "Events › By place › Dacia"}}, {"year": 104, "year_label": "104 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Apollodorus of Damascus builds a stone bridge over the Danube more than 1,000 m ft long, almost 20 m ft high and 15 m ft wide. The bridge connects what is now Serbia with Romania (at the time known as Dacia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371186542#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 104", "revid": 1371186542, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 106, "year_label": "106 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 11", "text": "August 11 – The south-eastern part of Dacia (modern Romania) becomes a Roman province: Roman Dacia. The veterans of the legions are given land in the new province for their service in the Roman army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359392828#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 106", "revid": 1359392828, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 247, "year_label": "247 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Goths appear on the lower Danube frontier; they invade Ukraine and Romania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188649#Roman_Empire", "title": "247", "revid": 1371188649, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 271, "year_label": "271 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Aurelian withdraws Rome's administrative and military presence from Dacia (modern Romania), thereby rationalizing the Danube frontier and freeing resources for the forthcoming campaign against Zenobia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347633744#Roman_Empire", "title": "271", "revid": 1347633744, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 321, "year_label": "321 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Constantine I expels the Goths from the Danube frontier and repairs Trajan's Bridge. He leads an expedition into the old province Dacia (modern Romania) and makes peace with the barbarians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360598330#Roman_Empire", "title": "321", "revid": 1360598330, "section": "Events › By topic › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 328, "year_label": "328 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "July 5", "text": "July 5 – Constantine's Bridge, built over the Danube between Sucidava (Corabia, Romania) and Oescus (Gigen, Bulgaria), is officially opened by the Roman architect Theophilus Patricius.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364903834#Roman_Empire", "title": "328", "revid": 1364903834, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 370, "year_label": "370 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Athanaric, Gothic leader of the Tervingi, advances eastwards and takes up a defensive position along the banks of the Dniester (Romania).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1337457472#Europe", "title": "370", "revid": 1337457472, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 376, "year_label": "376 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Gothic War: Emperor Valens permits the Visigothic chieftain Fritigern and his people to cross the Danube from Thrace (later Romania), and settle on Roman soil in Lower Moesia, on the condition that they provide soldiers to the legions. The Visigoths embark by troops on boats and rafts, and canoes made from hollowed tree trunks. The river is swollen by frequent rains; a large number try to swim and are drowned in their struggle against the force of the stream.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349204893#Roman_Empire", "title": "376", "revid": 1349204893, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 441, "year_label": "441 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Huns, led by Attila, attack Constanţa (modern Romania), one of the few remaining Roman forts on the northern bank of the Danube, and designated as a secure trading post. On a crowded market day, the Huns take the town by surprise and slaughter the garrison.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339010572#Byzantium", "title": "441", "revid": 1339010572, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantium"}}, {"year": 466, "year_label": "466 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Leo I repels the Hun invasion of Dacia (modern Romania). They ravage the Balkans but are unable to take Constantinople thanks to the city walls, which are rebuilt and reinforced.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739705#Roman_Empire", "title": "466", "revid": 1364739705, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 597, "year_label": "597 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Balkan Campaign: The Avars, strengthened by the tribute of the Franks, resume their campaign along the Danube River, and besiege the Byzantine fortress city of Tomis (modern Romania) on the Black Sea coast.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364755884#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "597", "revid": 1364755884, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 598, "year_label": "598 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 30", "text": "March 30 – Balkan Campaign: The Avars lift the siege of the fortress city of Tomis (modern Romania). A Byzantine army under Comentiolus crosses the Balkan Mountains, and marches along the Danube River to Zikidiba.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751875#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "598", "revid": 1364751875, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1003, "year_label": "1003 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Stephen I of Hungary invades Transylvania (modern Romania) and establishes the Diocese of Transylvania (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369535158#Europe", "title": "1003", "revid": 1369535158, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1212, "year_label": "1212 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Teutonic Order builds Bran Castle in the Burzenland (modern Romania) as a fortified position at the entrance of a mountain pass through which traders can travel. The Teutonic Knights build another five castles, some of them made of stone. Their rapid expansion in Hungary makes the nobility and clergy, who are previously uninterested in those regions, jealous and suspicious.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354428304#Europe", "title": "1212", "revid": 1354428304, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1264, "year_label": "1264 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 10", "text": "December 10 – Hungarian Civil War, a dynastic conflict, erupts between King Béla IV and his son, Duke Stephen. Hungarian forces under Ladislaus II Kán invades Stephen's realm and push forward unhindered penetrating the valley of the Mureș River in the southern part of Transylvania. Stephen's army halts Ladislaus' advance at the Fortress of Deva (modern Romania).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1334426011#Europe", "title": "1264", "revid": 1334426011, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1290, "year_label": "1290 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 10", "text": "July 10 – King Ladislaus IV of Hungary (\"the Cuman\") is assassinated at the castle of Körösszeg (modern Romania). He is succeeded by Andrew III (\"the Venetian\"), after an election by Hungarian nobles, who is crowned by Archbishop Lodomer as new ruler of Hungary and Croatia in Székesfehérvár on July 23.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343598991#Europe", "title": "1290", "revid": 1343598991, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1332, "year_label": "1332 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The city of Marosvásárhely (in Transylvania, today Târgu Mureș in Romania) is first documented in the papal registry, under the name Novum Forum Siculorum.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1272872485#Events", "title": "1332", "revid": 1272872485, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1375, "year_label": "1375 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Petru succeeds as Voivode (ruler) of Moldavia (modern-day Moldova & eastern Romania). He is the first ruler from the dynastic House of Bogdan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370334386#Date_unknown", "title": "1375", "revid": 1370334386, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1377, "year_label": "1377 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Radu I succeeds Vladislav I as Prince of Wallachia in what is now southern Romania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368383535#Date_unknown", "title": "1377", "revid": 1368383535, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1386, "year_label": "1386 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 23", "text": "September 23 – Dan I of Wallachia (modern-day southern Romania) is killed in battle against the Bulgarians and is succeeded by Mircea the Elder, one of the greatest rulers of Wallachia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359789728#July–September", "title": "1386", "revid": 1359789728, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1391, "year_label": "1391 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December", "text": "December – At Suceava, Roman I succeeds Petru Mușat, as Prince of Moldavia (now Moldova and northeastern Romania).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365430899#October–December", "title": "1391", "revid": 1365430899, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1394, "year_label": "1394 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Ştefan I succeeds Roman I, as Prince of Moldavia (now Moldova and eastern Romania).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371593498#Date_unknown", "title": "1394", "revid": 1371593498, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1394, "year_label": "1394 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 10", "text": "October 10 – At the Battle of Karanovasa, Wallachia (now southern Romania) resists an invasion by the army Ottoman Empire and its Serb and Bulgarian vassals.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371593498#October–December", "title": "1394", "revid": 1371593498, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1400, "year_label": "1400 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Wallachia (modern-day southern Romania) resists an invasion by the Ottomans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369029011#Date_unknown", "title": "1400", "revid": 1369029011, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1400, "year_label": "1400 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 23", "text": "April 23 – In what is now Romania, Alexandru cel Bun (Alexander the Good) is installed as the new Prince (Voivode) of Moldavia by Mircea the Elder, the Voivode of Wallachia, after Mircea removes the reigning monarch, Prince Iuga.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369029011#April–June", "title": "1400", "revid": 1369029011, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1442, "year_label": "1442 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 25", "text": "March 25 – Battle of Hermannstadt: After seven days of fighting that began on March 18, John Hunyadi defeats an army of the Ottoman Empire (80,000 strong), led by Mezid Bey of Vidin, near Sibiu in what is now Romania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360560025#January–March", "title": "1442", "revid": 1360560025, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1467, "year_label": "1467 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 15", "text": "December 15 – At the Battle of Baia, troops under Stephen III of Moldavia decisively defeat the forces of Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, at Baia (present-day Romania). This is the last Hungarian attempt to subdue the Principality of Moldavia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352890331#October–December", "title": "1467", "revid": 1352890331, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1473, "year_label": "1473 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 20", "text": "November 20 – The Battle of Vodna Stream, near Râmnicu Sărat, ends after two days in what is now Romania, Stephen the Great, Prince of Moldavia, routs the army of Wallachia, commanded by Prince Radu the Handsome. Prince Radu then flees to Dâmbovița.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361813739#October–December", "title": "1473", "revid": 1361813739, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1476, "year_label": "1476 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 26", "text": "July 26 – At the Battle of Valea Albă, fought at what is now Războieni in Romania, the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II defeats Stephen III of Moldavia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361998162#July–September", "title": "1476", "revid": 1361998162, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1514, "year_label": "1514 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 14", "text": "July 14 – The Hungarian rebel leader György Dózsa is defeated in battle at Temesvár in Transylvania in Hungary", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369345340#July–September", "title": "1514", "revid": 1369345340, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1521, "year_label": "1521 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 15", "text": "September 15 – Teodosie becomes the new Voivode of Wallachia, at the capital, Targoviste, now in Romania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369246997#July–September", "title": "1521", "revid": 1369246997, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1542, "year_label": "1542 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 20", "text": "January 20 – The first legislature for the Voivode of Transylvania meets at Vásárhely in the Kingdom of Hungary (now Târgu Mureș in Romania).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359947406#January–March", "title": "1542", "revid": 1359947406, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1545, "year_label": "1545 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 17", "text": "March 17 – Mircea the Shepherd enters Bucharest as the new ruler of Wallachia, now in Romania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366653612#January–March", "title": "1545", "revid": 1366653612, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1546, "year_label": "1546 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 24", "text": "August 24 – Mircea the Shepherd, ruler of the Principality of Wallachia (now Romania) stages a surprise attack in the Battle of Periș and decimates the members of the Wallachian nobility (boyars) who oppose his rule.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368296265#July–September", "title": "1546", "revid": 1368296265, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1605, "year_label": "1605 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 21", "text": "February 21 – Stephen Bocskai is elected Prince of Transylvania at the capital, Belugrad (modern-day Alba Iulia in Romania.)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362477436#January–March", "title": "1605", "revid": 1362477436, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1662, "year_label": "1662 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "January 23", "text": "January 23 – János Kemény, Prince of Transylvania for slightly more than a year, is killed during Transylvania's defeat by the Ottoman Empire in a battle at Nagyszőllős, now the city of Vynohradiv in Ukraine. An Ottoman appointee, Michael Apafi, replaces Kemény in September and the status of the principality of Transylvania (now part of Romania) is never regained.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988036#January–March", "title": "1662", "revid": 1365988036, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1666, "year_label": "1666 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 21", "text": "May 21 – Iliaș Alexandru becomes the ruler of Moldavia, part of modern-day Romania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988943#April–June", "title": "1666", "revid": 1365988943, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1668, "year_label": "1668 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 8", "text": "November 8 – Iliaș Alexandru steps down as the voivode or elected ruler of Moldavia (now part of Romania and the Republic of Moldova) and is replaced by his predecessor, Gheorghe Duca.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365989896#October_–December", "title": "1668", "revid": 1365989896, "section": "Events › October –December"}}, {"year": 1669, "year_label": "1669 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 28", "text": "March 28 – Radu Leon is deposed by the Ottoman Sultan as Prince of Wallachia", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366419040#January–March", "title": "1669", "revid": 1366419040, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1684, "year_label": "1684 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 8", "text": "February 8 – Prince Dumitrașcu Cantacuzino returns to the throne of the principality of Moldavia for a third reign but is overthrown 14 months later on June 25. In 1859, Moldavia will unite with neighboring Wallachia to form the Kingdom of Romania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366005630#January–March", "title": "1684", "revid": 1366005630, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1698, "year_label": "1698 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Bucharest becomes the capital of Wallachia (part of modern-day Romania).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370144847#Date_unknown", "title": "1698", "revid": 1370144847, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1704, "year_label": "1704 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The Students' Monument is built in Aiud, Romania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358992532#Date_unknown", "title": "1704", "revid": 1358992532, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1716, "year_label": "1716 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 12", "text": "October 12 – During the war between the Habsburg Empire ruling Austria and the Ottoman Empire ruling Turkey, the six week siege of the fortified city of Temeşvar ends with it being surrendered by the Turks to the Austrians. Under a flag of truce, the Turks are permitted to depart but have to leave behind their artillery as they give up their claim to Hungary. Austro-Hungarian rule lasts until World War One, and in 1919, the city of Timișoara becomes part of the Kingdom of Romania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360559357#October–December", "title": "1716", "revid": 1360559357, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1848, "year_label": "1848 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 3", "text": "October 3 – General Anton Puchner, commander of the Austrian armies of Transylvania, declares insurrection against Hungary, and, together with Karl von Urban in the north and the Romanian insurgents led by Avram Iancu, attacks and chases away the Hungarian armed forces occupying Transylvania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370038858#October–December", "title": "1848", "revid": 1370038858, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1849, "year_label": "1849 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 26", "text": "April 26 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 – Battle of Komárom: Hungarian forces relieve the city and castle with the same name from a long Austrian siege. The Austrian imperial forces and their Croatian, Romanian and Serbian allies are chased out from Hungary, or near the borders of the country.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362576929#April–June", "title": "1849", "revid": 1362576929, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1849, "year_label": "1849 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 8", "text": "January 8 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: Romanian armed groups massacre 600 unarmed Hungarian civilians, at Nagyenyed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362576929#January–March", "title": "1849", "revid": 1362576929, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1859, "year_label": "1859 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 24", "text": "January 24 (O. S.) – Under the rule of Alexandru Ioan Cuza, the provinces of Wallachia and Moldavia are united under the jurisdiction of the Ottoman Empire. It would be a principal step in forming the modern state of Romania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371179353#January–March", "title": "1859", "revid": 1371179353, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1863, "year_label": "1863 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "December 15", "text": "December 15 – Romania opens its first mountain railway (from Anina to Oravița).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363782030#December", "title": "1863", "revid": 1363782030, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1866, "year_label": "1866 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 13", "text": "July 13 (July 1 Old Style) – The first Constitution of Romania is issued.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368829327#July", "title": "1866", "revid": 1368829327, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1870, "year_label": "1870 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 8", "text": "August 8 – The Republic of Ploiești, an uprising against Domnitor Carol of Romania, fails.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362496807#August", "title": "1870", "revid": 1362496807, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1878, "year_label": "1878 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 13", "text": "July 13 – The Treaty of Berlin makes Serbia, Montenegro and Romania completely independent, confirms the autonomy of Bulgaria, makes Cyprus a British possession, and allows Austria-Hungary to garrison the Bosnia Vilayet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365252865#July", "title": "1878", "revid": 1365252865, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1916, "year_label": "1916 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 17", "text": "August 17 (August 4 O.S.) – WWI: The Treaty of Bucharest is signed secretly between Romania and the Entente Powers, stipulating the conditions under which Romania agrees to join the war on their side, particularly territorial promises in Austria-Hungary.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373519106#August", "title": "1916", "revid": 1373519106, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1916, "year_label": "1916 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 11", "text": "February 11 – The Romanian Association football club Sportul Studențesc is founded in Bucharest.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373519106#February", "title": "1916", "revid": 1373519106, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1928, "year_label": "1928 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "September 30", "text": "September 30 – Elie Wiesel, Rumanian-born Holocaust survivor, writer, lecturer, Nobel Peace Prize recipient (d. 2016)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372527586#September", "title": "1928", "revid": 1372527586, "section": "Births › September"}}, {"year": 1929, "year_label": "1929 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 9", "text": "February 9 – \"Litvinov's Pact\" is signed in Moscow by the Soviet Union, Poland, Estonia, Romania and Latvia, who agree not to use force to settle disputes between themselves.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372436446#February", "title": "1929", "revid": 1372436446, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1933, "year_label": "1933 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 29", "text": "December 29 – Members of the Iron Guard assassinate Ion Gheorghe Duca, prime minister of Romania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371108771#December", "title": "1933", "revid": 1371108771, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1939, "year_label": "1939 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 23", "text": "August 23 – The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact is signed between Germany and the Soviet Union, a neutrality treaty that also agrees to division of spheres of influence (Finland, Estonia, Latvia, eastern Poland and Bessarabia (modern-day Moldova), north-east province of Romania to the Soviet Union; Lithuania and western Poland to Germany). Its annex reassigns Lithuania to the Soviet Union.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372426050#August", "title": "1939", "revid": 1372426050, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1940, "year_label": "1940 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "November 10", "text": "November 10 – 1940 Vrancea earthquake: An earthquake in Romania kills 1,000.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818987#November", "title": "1940", "revid": 1368818987, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1940, "year_label": "1940 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 20", "text": "November 20–24 – WWII: Hungary, Romania and Slovakia join the Axis powers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818987#November", "title": "1940", "revid": 1368818987, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1940, "year_label": "1940 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 26", "text": "November 26–27 – Jilava Massacre: In Romania, coup leader General Ion Antonescu's Iron Guard arrests and executes over 60 of exiled King Carol II of Romania's aides, starting at a penitentiary near Bucharest. Among the dead is former minister and acclaimed historian Nicolae Iorga.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818987#November", "title": "1940", "revid": 1368818987, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1940, "year_label": "1940 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 7", "text": "September 7 – Treaty of Craiova: Romania loses Southern Dobruja to Bulgaria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818987#September", "title": "1940", "revid": 1368818987, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1941, "year_label": "1941 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 22", "text": "June 22 – WWII: Operation Barbarossa: Nazi Germany (with allies) invades the Soviet Union and declares war on it. Winston Churchill promises all possible British assistance to the Soviet Union in a worldwide broadcast: \"Any man or state who fights against Nazidom will have our aid. Any man or state who marches with Hitler is our foe.\" Italy and Romania declare war on the Soviet Union.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372706275#June", "title": "1941", "revid": 1372706275, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1942, "year_label": "1942 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 5", "text": "June 5 – WWII: The United States declares war on Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372873908#June", "title": "1942", "revid": 1372873908, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1946, "year_label": "1946 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "June 1", "text": "June 1 – Ion Antonescu, prime minister and \"Conducator\" (Leader) of Romania during World War II, is executed: he was found guilty of betraying the Romanian people for the benefit of Germany and sentenced to death by the Bucharest People's Tribunal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372058859#June", "title": "1946", "revid": 1372058859, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1967, "year_label": "1967 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 9", "text": "December 9 – Nicolae Ceaușescu becomes the Chairman of the Romanian State Council, making him the de facto leader of Romania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370160888#December", "title": "1967", "revid": 1370160888, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1971, "year_label": "1971 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "May 27", "text": "May 27 – Six armed passengers hijack a Romanian passenger plane and force it to fly to Vienna.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369905382#May", "title": "1971", "revid": 1369905382, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1977, "year_label": "1977 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "March 4", "text": "March 4 – The 1977 Vrancea earthquake in the Vrancea Mountains of Romania kills over 1,500 people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371657539#March", "title": "1977", "revid": 1371657539, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1987, "year_label": "1987 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 15", "text": "November 15 – In Brașov, Romania, workers rebel against the communist regime led by Nicolae Ceaușescu.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372769014#November", "title": "1987", "revid": 1372769014, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1989, "year_label": "1989 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 22", "text": "December 22 – After a week of bloody demonstrations, Ion Iliescu takes over as President of Romania, ending the communist dictatorship of Nicolae Ceaușescu, who flees his palace in a helicopter after the palace is invaded by rioters. Most of the army has joined with the rioters in Bucharest.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557705#December", "title": "1989", "revid": 1369557705, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1990, "year_label": "1990 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 20", "text": "May 20 – Cold War: The first post-Communist presidential and parliamentary elections are held in Romania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366571855#May", "title": "1990", "revid": 1366571855, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2004, "year_label": "2004 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 29", "text": "March 29 – Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia are admitted to NATO, the largest expansion of the organization.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373088592#March", "title": "2004", "revid": 1373088592, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 2007, "year_label": "2007 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – Bulgaria and Romania join the European Union, while Slovenia joins the Eurozone.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370930640#January", "title": "2007", "revid": 1370930640, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 2009, "year_label": "2009 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "November 24", "text": "November 24 – The Avdhela Project, an Aromanian digital library and cultural initiative, is founded in Bucharest, Romania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367728140#November", "title": "2009", "revid": 1367728140, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 2012, "year_label": "2012 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 12", "text": "January 12 – Peaceful protests begin in the Romanian city of Târgu Mureș, protesters expressing solidarity towards certain figures in the medical field and calling for the resignation of president Traian Băsescu. The protests would soon spread through all of the country, marking the start of a long civil unrest in Romania, lasting up to November 2015.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373434549#January", "title": "2012", "revid": 1373434549, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 2013, "year_label": "2013 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "June 23", "text": "June 23 – A bus carrying 47 Romanian tourists to Tivat, Montenegro, crashes in the Morača canyon in central Montenegro, killing 19 people and injuring 27.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373160550#June", "title": "2013", "revid": 1373160550, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 2015, "year_label": "2015 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "October 30", "text": "October 30 – Colectiv nightclub fire: a fire ignited by a failed fireworks show sets the walls and columns covered in foam of the Colectiv nightclub, located in Romania's capital Bucharest. 27 people die at the scene, including four out the five members of the Romanian metalcore band \"Goodbye to Gravity\", and 37 would succumb later due to the injuries and intoxication with fumes, but also because of the poor treatment conditions. The event and the poor management of the situation spark a riot in all of Romania, known as the \"Colectiv Revolution\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373300271#October", "title": "2015", "revid": 1373300271, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 2018, "year_label": "2018 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 10", "text": "August 10 – Protests against the government of Romania, prime-minister Viorica Dăncilă and PSD leader and corrupt businessman Liviu Dragnea take place in Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca and other major Romanian cities. In Bucharest, the protests take a violent shape and, in the course of a few hours, over 400 people are injured, including civilians not taking part in the protests and police units, and more than a thousand people suffer effects from tear gas and hand grenades thrown by the Romanian Jandarmerie units deployed and backed by the PSD-ruled government.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373090883#August", "title": "2018", "revid": 1373090883, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 2019, "year_label": "2019 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – Romania takes over the Presidency of the Council of the European Union, after the Austrian presidency.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373255188#January", "title": "2019", "revid": 1373255188, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 2022, "year_label": "2022 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 24", "text": "March 24 – 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine: NATO announces that four new battlegroups totaling 40,000 troops will be deployed in Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania and Slovakia, along with enhanced readiness for potential chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear threats.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371998228#March", "title": "2022", "revid": 1371998228, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 2024, "year_label": "2024 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 31", "text": "March 31 – Bulgaria and Romania become members of the Schengen Area through sea and air routes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371869228#March", "title": "2024", "revid": 1371869228, "section": "Events › March"}}]}