{"slug": "russia", "label": "Russia", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159", "qid": "Q159", "description": "country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia, the largest in the world by area", "entries": 68, "years": 57, "span": [-2499, 2025], "span_label": ["2500 BCE", "2025 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 16}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 14}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 7}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 7}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 4}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 4}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 3}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 3}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 3}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 3}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 2}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 2}], "related": [{"slug": "ukraine", "label": "Ukraine", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "france", "label": "France", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "austria", "label": "Austria", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "prussia", "label": "Prussia", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "soviet-union", "label": "Soviet Union", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "moscow", "label": "Moscow", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "spain", "label": "Spain", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "scandinavia", "label": "Scandinavia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "belarus", "label": "Belarus", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "united-states", "label": "United States", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "vladimir-putin", "label": "Vladimir Putin", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "estonia", "label": "Estonia", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": -2499, "year_label": "2500 BCE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "c. 2500 BC: N1c Y-DNA first found from Europe from Serteya II (located in modern day Smolensk Oblast in Russia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371895857#Events", "title": "25th century BC", "revid": 1371895857, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -1199, "year_label": "1200 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "c. 1200 BC: The Cimmerians are conjectured to have started settling the steppes of southern Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350963473#Events_and_trends", "title": "1200s BC (decade)", "revid": 1350963473, "section": "Events and trends"}}, {"year": 134, "year_label": "134 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arrianus, Roman governor of Cappadocia, repulses an attack of the Alani, a nomadic tribe from southeastern Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188678#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 134", "revid": 1371188678, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 743, "year_label": "743 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "743 Caspian Gates earthquake. It took place in the Caspian Gates (Gates of Alexander). The location is identified with either Derbent, Russia or Talis, Iran.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364906425#Asia", "title": "743", "revid": 1364906425, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 753, "year_label": "753 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The town of Staraja Ladoga (Northern Russia) is founded by Scandinavians. The settlement becomes a prosperous trading outpost for jewelry, casual items, craft tools and dress adornments (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809798#Europe", "title": "753", "revid": 1340809798, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 800, "year_label": "800 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Rus' Khaganate is created by people who are called Rus', after the 182-year dominance of the Khazars. This is the starting period of the rise of the Kievan Rus', and the later states of Russia, Belarus and Ukraine (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367075277#Europe", "title": "800", "revid": 1367075277, "section": "Events › Europe"}}, {"year": 862, "year_label": "862 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Varangians (called Rus'), under the leadership of Rurik, a Viking chieftain, arrive (with his brothers, Sineus and Truvor) at Staraya Ladoga. He builds a trade settlement near Novgorod (modern Russia), and founds the Rurik Dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129421#Eastern_Europe", "title": "862", "revid": 1341129421, "section": "Events › By place › Eastern Europe"}}, {"year": 1032, "year_label": "1032 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The first mention is made of Kursk, Russia, in the hagiography of Theodosius, who becomes a monk at the Kiev Caves Monastery (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342215247#Europe", "title": "1032", "revid": 1342215247, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1146, "year_label": "1146 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The city of Bryansk (modern Russia) is first mentioned in the Hypatian Codex.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184470#Europe", "title": "1146", "revid": 1369184470, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1216, "year_label": "1216 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 22", "text": "April 22 – Battle of Lipitsa: The Kievan princes Mstislav Mstislavich and Konstantin of Rostov defeat Konstantin's younger brothers Yuri II and Yaroslav II for the rule of the Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal (modern Russia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371079230#Europe", "title": "1216", "revid": 1371079230, "section": "Events › By continent › Europe"}}, {"year": 1223, "year_label": "1223 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April", "text": "April – The Russian princes lead their separate armies from different parts of Russia, to assemble 60 kilometres downriver from Kiev. There are three main groups of princes taking part in the campaign; the Kievan army is represented by Grand Prince Mstislav Romanovich (the Old). The second group are the Chernigov and Smolensk armies under Prince Mstislav II. The third group is the Galician-Volhynian army under Mstislav Mstislavich with his son-in-law Daniel of Galicia, leaving from northern Ukraine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1336497375#Mongol_Empire", "title": "1223", "revid": 1336497375, "section": "Events › Other events, by place › Mongol Empire"}}, {"year": 1238, "year_label": "1238 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 4", "text": "March 4 – Battle of the Sit River: The Mongols defeat a Kievan Rus' army (some 4,000 men) under Grand Prince Yuri II of Vladimir in an engagement at the Sit River (located in the Sonkovsky District). With Yuri's death, so too dies the hope of any united Rus' resistance against the Mongols. Batu Khan splits his forces up into several contingents – ordering each to wreak havoc across the Rus' territories (modern-day Russia and Ukraine).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1337076438#Mongol_Empire", "title": "1238", "revid": 1337076438, "section": "Events › By place › Mongol Empire"}}, {"year": 1360, "year_label": "1360 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Dmitri Konstantinovich is installed as ruler of Vladimir (in modern-day western Russia) by the Khan of the White Horde.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292555105#Date_unknown", "title": "1360", "revid": 1292555105, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1375, "year_label": "1375 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Russian town of Kostroma is destroyed by the ushkuynik pirates from Novgorod.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370334386#Date_unknown", "title": "1375", "revid": 1370334386, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1375, "year_label": "1375 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 31", "text": "March 31 – In the Principality of Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal (now part of Russia), the Grand Prince Dmitry of Suzdal oversees the massacre of the Tatar prisoners of war who had been captured during the Blue Horde's unsuccessful attempt by Sary-Aka to incite a rebellion against the principality's domination by Moscow.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370334386#January–March", "title": "1375", "revid": 1370334386, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1379, "year_label": "1379 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 28", "text": "February 28 – In what is now part of Kazakhstan and Russia, Tulak Khan of Borjigin is confirmed by the Beylerbey Mamai of the Golden Horde, with the approval of the ruler Tokhtamysh, after Mamai arranges the assassination of Tulak's cousin, the former khan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368794716#January–March", "title": "1379", "revid": 1368794716, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1383, "year_label": "1383 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 5", "text": "June 5 – Dmitry Konstantinovich, Russian prince (b. 1324)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360411139#Deaths", "title": "1383", "revid": 1360411139, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1397, "year_label": "1397 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery is founded in northwestern Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363907908#Date_unknown", "title": "1397", "revid": 1363907908, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1398, "year_label": "1398 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Ferapontov Monastery is founded in modern-day northwest Russia by Therapont of Belozersk.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370372737#Date_unknown", "title": "1398", "revid": 1370372737, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1582, "year_label": "1582 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 15", "text": "January 15 – Russia cedes its conquered areas in Livonia (Northern Latvia and Southern Estonia), to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373325265#January–March", "title": "1582", "revid": 1373325265, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1584, "year_label": "1584 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 28", "text": "March 28 (O.S. March 18) – Ivan the Terrible, ruler of Russia since 1533, dies; he is succeeded as Tsar by his son, Feodor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561067#January–March", "title": "1584", "revid": 1369561067, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1608, "year_label": "1608 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 23", "text": "September 23 – The siege of the Troitsky monastery by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth begins in Russia north of Moscow, but fails after 16 months.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352783723#July–September", "title": "1608", "revid": 1352783723, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1613, "year_label": "1613 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 3", "text": "March 3 (February 21 O.S.) – An assembly of the Russian Empire elects Mikhail Romanov Tsar of Russia, ending the Time of Troubles. The House of Romanov will remain a ruling dynasty until 1917.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366649732#January–March", "title": "1613", "revid": 1366649732, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1660, "year_label": "1660 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 27", "text": "May 27 – William Morice takes office as the first Secretary of State for the Northern Department in Great Britain, with responsibility for conducting foreign relations with the Netherlands, Scandinavia, Poland, Russia, and the Holy Roman Empire. Relations with France, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, the Italian states, and the Ottoman Empire are assigned to the Secretary of State for the Southern Department. The position will eventually evolve into the office of the Foreign Secretary.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986539#April–June", "title": "1660", "revid": 1365986539, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1704, "year_label": "1704 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Nerchinsky Zavod is founded in the Nerchinsko-Zavodsky District of Zabaykalsky Krai, Russia by Greek mining engineers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358992532#Date_unknown", "title": "1704", "revid": 1358992532, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1719, "year_label": "1719 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "July 11", "text": "July 11 – Russia's Baltic Sea fleet is first spotted from the Swedish coast, starting the Russian Pillage of 1719–21 as part of the Great Northern War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365415998#July–September", "title": "1719", "revid": 1365415998, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1723, "year_label": "1723 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 23", "text": "October 23 – Russian Emperor Peter the Great authorizes an incentive for men of Serbia to join a new Russian Imperial Army unit, the Serbian Hussar Regiment. The Emperor sends Jovan Albanez to recruit new officers and troops with a grant of farmable land in Russia, and 1,070 take advantage of the offer over the next two years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350255771#October–December", "title": "1723", "revid": 1350255771, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1724, "year_label": "1724 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 28", "text": "January 28 – Saint Petersburg State University is established in Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372325153#January–March", "title": "1724", "revid": 1372325153, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1734, "year_label": "1734 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "June 30", "text": "June 30 – War of the Polish Succession: Russian troops take Gdańsk (German: Danzig), which had been besieged since February 1734, after the failure of a French expedition to relieve the city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363450203#April–June", "title": "1734", "revid": 1363450203, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1737, "year_label": "1737 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 9", "text": "January 9 – The Empires of Austria and Russia enter into a secret military alliance that leads to Austria's disastrous entry into the Russo-Turkish War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367176390#January–March", "title": "1737", "revid": 1367176390, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1737, "year_label": "1737 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "October 16", "text": "October 16 – An earthquake with an estimated magnitude of 9.3 occurs off the shore of Russia's Kamchatka Peninsula. Tsunamis up to 60 m ft high follow in the Pacific ocean.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367176390#October–December", "title": "1737", "revid": 1367176390, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1744, "year_label": "1744 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "May 11", "text": "May 11 – Russia's treasury begins an effort to reduce the number of copper five-kopeck pieces (20 of which equal a Russian ruble) by declaring that it will buy them back at a ruble for every 20 until August 1, after which kopecks would be redeemed at a ruble for every 25; then at the rate of 33 for a ruble on October 1, and 50 for a ruble on and after August 28, 1746.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370823870#April–June", "title": "1744", "revid": 1370823870, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1750, "year_label": "1750 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 25", "text": "December 25 – Prussia and Russia break off diplomatic relations after the Russians refuse to stop assisting the Electorate of Saxony. Five years later, the two Empires fight the Seven Years' War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349828876#October–December", "title": "1750", "revid": 1349828876, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1758, "year_label": "1758 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 22", "text": "January 22 – Russian troops under the command of William Fermor invade East Prussia and capture Königsberg with 34,000 soldiers; although the city is later abandoned by Russia after the Seven Years' War ends, the city again comes under Russian control in 1945 during World War II and is now named Kaliningrad.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366206062#January–March", "title": "1758", "revid": 1366206062, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1784, "year_label": "1784 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 22", "text": "September 22 – Russia establishes a colony at Kodiak, Alaska.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370567291#July–September", "title": "1784", "revid": 1370567291, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1794, "year_label": "1794 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 28", "text": "September 28 – Austria, Britain and Russia ally against France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362801189#July–September", "title": "1794", "revid": 1362801189, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1822, "year_label": "1822 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 20", "text": "October 20 – The Congress of Verona opens in the Austrian-ruled province of Lombardy-Venetia. The event is the largest diplomatic gathering since the Congress of Vienna seven years earlier. The Congress lasts until December 14, and Russia, Austria and Prussia approve French intervention in Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367154222#October–December", "title": "1822", "revid": 1367154222, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1831, "year_label": "1831 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 8", "text": "September 8– Battle of Warsaw: The Army of Russia takes the Polish capital after a two-day battle to crush the Polish uprising.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360358594#July–September", "title": "1831", "revid": 1360358594, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1911, "year_label": "1911 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August 27", "text": "August 27 – CSKA Moscow, a professional multi-sports club in Russia, is officially founded.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373497014#August", "title": "1911", "revid": 1373497014, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1914, "year_label": "1914 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 29", "text": "January 29 – Tsar Nicholas II of Russia dismisses his 4th Prime Minister, Vladimir Kokovtsov due to his \"lack of control over the press\", he is succeeded by Ivan Goremykin for his second term", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373518346#January", "title": "1914", "revid": 1373518346, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1917, "year_label": "1917 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 12", "text": "April 12 (N.S.) (March 30 O.S.) – The Autonomous Governorate of Estonia is formed within Russia, from the Governorate of Estonia and the northern part of the Governorate of Livonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373519608#April", "title": "1917", "revid": 1373519608, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1917, "year_label": "1917 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 8", "text": "April 8 (N.S.) (March 26, O.S.) – In Petrograd, 40,000 ethnic Estonians demand national autonomy within Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373519608#April", "title": "1917", "revid": 1373519608, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1922, "year_label": "1922 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 1", "text": "June 1 – The first issue of the magazine Krestyanka is published in Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369983934#June", "title": "1922", "revid": 1369983934, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1956, "year_label": "1956 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "July 31", "text": "July 31 – Luzhniki Stadium, well known sports venue of Russia and the Soviet Union, officially opens in Moscow.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022627#July", "title": "1956", "revid": 1370022627, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1986, "year_label": "1986 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "April 26", "text": "April 26 – Chernobyl disaster: A mishandled safety test at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Pripyat, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union \"killed at least 4,056 people and damaged almost $7 billion of property\". Radioactive fallout from the accident is concentrated near Belarus, Ukraine and Russia and at least 350,000 people are forcibly resettled away from these areas. After the accident, \"traces of radioactive deposits unique to Chernobyl were in nearly every country in the northern hemisphere\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373510075#April", "title": "1986", "revid": 1373510075, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1989, "year_label": "1989 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "August", "text": "August – Gazprom, an energy production and sales organization in Russia, becomes state-run enterprise, changing from the Soviet Ministry of Gas Industry.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557705#August", "title": "1989", "revid": 1369557705, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1990, "year_label": "1990 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "October 17", "text": "October 17 – A major financial service of Russia, VTB Bank is founded in Russia SSR, former part of Soviet Union, as predecessor name was Vneshtorg Bank.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366571855#October", "title": "1990", "revid": 1366571855, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1996, "year_label": "1996 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "March 26", "text": "March 26 – The International Monetary Fund approves a $10.2 billion loan to Russia for economic reform.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371596794#March", "title": "1996", "revid": 1371596794, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 2004, "year_label": "2004 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 7", "text": "May 7 – Vladimir Putin is sworn in for a second term as Russia's president.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373088592#May", "title": "2004", "revid": 1373088592, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2008, "year_label": "2008 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 7", "text": "August 7 – Georgia intervenes against Russian-backed separatists in its South-Ossetia and Abkhazia regions, causing Russia to invade Georgia and spark the Russo-Georgian war, the first major European land war of the 21st century.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372634791#August", "title": "2008", "revid": 1372634791, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 2009, "year_label": "2009 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "December 5", "text": "December 5 – Fire at the Lame Horse nightclub in Perm, Russia kills 156 people. The nightclub owner was sentenced to nearly ten years in prison.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367728140#December", "title": "2009", "revid": 1367728140, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 2009, "year_label": "2009 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 12", "text": "May 12–16 – The Eurovision Song Contest 2009 takes place in Moscow, Russia, and is won by Norwegian entrant Alexander Rybak with the song \"Fairytale\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367728140#May", "title": "2009", "revid": 1367728140, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2010, "year_label": "2010 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "April 10", "text": "April 10 – The president of Poland, Lech Kaczyński, is among 96 killed when their airplane crashes near Smolensk, Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372829682#April", "title": "2010", "revid": 1372829682, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 2015, "year_label": "2015 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 24", "text": "November 24 – Turkey shoots down a Russian fighter jet on the Turkish–Syrian border in the first case of a NATO member destroying a Russian aircraft since the 1950s.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373300271#November", "title": "2015", "revid": 1373300271, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 2018, "year_label": "2018 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 14", "text": "June 14–July 15 – The 2018 FIFA World Cup is held in Russia and is won by France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373090883#June", "title": "2018", "revid": 1373090883, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 2018, "year_label": "2018 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "June 8", "text": "June 8–9 – The 44th G7 summit is held in Canada. President Trump pushes for the reinstatement of the G8 (to include Russia). He also proposes the elimination of tariffs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373090883#June", "title": "2018", "revid": 1373090883, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 2019, "year_label": "2019 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 9", "text": "December 9 – The World Anti-Doping Agency votes unanimously to ban Russia from international sport for four years for doping offences, meaning it will be excluded from the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing and the 2022 World Cup in Qatar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373255188#December", "title": "2019", "revid": 1373255188, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 2019, "year_label": "2019 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "October 14", "text": "October 14 – A New York Times investigation reveals that Russian planes had bombed at least 50 hospitals and clinics in opposition-held Idlib, Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373255188#October", "title": "2019", "revid": 1373255188, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 2019, "year_label": "2019 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "September 16", "text": "September 16 – A gas explosion in Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia sets off a fire in a bioweapons plant that houses viruses including smallpox, ebola and anthrax.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373255188#September", "title": "2019", "revid": 1373255188, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 2019, "year_label": "2019 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "September 7", "text": "September 7 – Ukrainian filmmaker Oleg Sentsov and 66 others are released in a prisoner exchange between Ukraine and Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373255188#September", "title": "2019", "revid": 1373255188, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 2020, "year_label": "2020 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "December 5", "text": "December 5 – COVID-19 pandemic: Russia begins mass vaccination against COVID-19 with the Sputnik V candidate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371633312#December", "title": "2020", "revid": 1371633312, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 2022, "year_label": "2022 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "December 2", "text": "December 2 – The G7 and Australia join the EU in imposing a cap of $60 a barrel on Russian crude oil, designed to \"prevent Russia from profiting from its war of aggression against Ukraine.\"", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371998228#December", "title": "2022", "revid": 1371998228, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 2022, "year_label": "2022 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 11", "text": "November 11 – 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine: Ukrainian forces recapture Kherson, the only regional capital to be taken by Russia since the start of the war.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371998228#November", "title": "2022", "revid": 1371998228, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 2023, "year_label": "2023 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 16", "text": "February 16 – Lawmakers in the Russian State Duma vote to withdraw Russia from 21 conventions of the Council of Europe.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372811827#February", "title": "2023", "revid": 1372811827, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 2023, "year_label": "2023 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 17", "text": "February 17 – The South African Navy hosts a 10-day joint military exercise in the Indian Ocean with Russia and China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372811827#February", "title": "2023", "revid": 1372811827, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 2024, "year_label": "2024 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August 1", "text": "August 1 – 2024 American–Russian prisoner exchange: 26 individuals are released from Ankara Esenboğa Airport in the largest prisoner exchange between the United States and Russia since the Cold War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371869228#August", "title": "2024", "revid": 1371869228, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 2025, "year_label": "2025 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 18", "text": "February 18 – Vladimir Putin announces that Russia and the United States have officially agreed to restore diplomatic relations. A four-hour summit between the US and Russia is held in Saudi Arabia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372865033#February", "title": "2025", "revid": 1372865033, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 2025, "year_label": "2025 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 19", "text": "September 19 – Estonian airspace near Vaindloo island is violated by three Russian MiG-31 jets. In response, Estonia invokes Article 4 of NATO.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372865033#September", "title": "2025", "revid": 1372865033, "section": "Events › September"}}]}