{"slug": "sardinia", "label": "Sardinia", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1462", "qid": "Q1462", "description": "island and autonomous region of Italy", "entries": 47, "years": 43, "span": [-269, 1858], "span_label": ["270 BCE", "1858 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 22}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 10}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 7}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 3}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 2}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "corsica", "label": "Corsica", "shared": 12}, {"slug": "sicily", "label": "Sicily", "shared": 11}, {"slug": "roman-republic", "label": "Roman Republic", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "carthage", "label": "Carthage", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "spain", "label": "Spain", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "republic-of-pisa", "label": "Republic of Pisa", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "balearic-islands", "label": "Balearic Islands", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "liguria", "label": "Liguria", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "ancient-rome", "label": "Ancient Rome", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "roman-senate", "label": "Roman Senate", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "africa-roman-province", "label": "Africa (Roman province)", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "tripolitania", "label": "Tripolitania", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": -269, "year_label": "270 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Carthage, already in control of Sardinia, southern Spain and Numidia, is ruled by an oligarchy of merchants under two Suffetes or chief magistrates. While Carthage's military commanders are strong, the state relies on mercenaries (including Spanish ones) for its soldiers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1317756359#Carthage", "title": "270 BC", "revid": 1317756359, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -256, "year_label": "257 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Romans attack Sardinia and try to capture it from the Carthaginians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1128152509#Roman_Republic", "title": "257 BC", "revid": 1128152509, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -254, "year_label": "255 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Battle of Adis (or Adys) is fought near the city of that name, 40 mi km southeast of Carthage, between Carthaginian forces and a Roman army led by Marcus Atilius Regulus. The Romans inflict a crushing defeat upon the Carthaginians, and the latter then sue for peace. The ensuing negotiations between the parties lead to Regulus demanding Carthage agree to an unconditional surrender, cede Sicily, Corsica and Sardinia to Rome, renounce the use of their navy, pay an indemnity, and sign a vassal-like treaty. These terms are so harsh that the people of Carthage resolve to keep fighting.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340601033#Roman_Republic", "title": "255 BC", "revid": 1340601033, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -238, "year_label": "239 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Sardinia revolts against Carthage and Rome takes the opportunity to annex the island.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1212004865#Carthage", "title": "239 BC", "revid": 1212004865, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -237, "year_label": "238 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Rome captures Corsica and Sardinia", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342094383#Rome", "title": "238 BC", "revid": 1342094383, "section": "Events › By place › Rome"}}, {"year": -237, "year_label": "238 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Romans declare war on the Carthaginians over which state controls Sardinia. However, Carthage defers to Rome rather than enter yet another war and gives up any claim to Sardinia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342094383#Carthage", "title": "238 BC", "revid": 1342094383, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -233, "year_label": "234 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Corsica, Sardinia and Liguria rebel unsuccessfully against Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1218450136#Roman_Republic", "title": "234 BC", "revid": 1218450136, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -226, "year_label": "227 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Sardinia and Corsica are made a combined province. Rome appoints, and in the future annually elects, two praetors (with autocratic consular powers) for this province and for Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1288758207#Roman_Republic", "title": "227 BC", "revid": 1288758207, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -214, "year_label": "215 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A Carthaginian invasion fleet bound for Sardinia is delayed by bad weather giving the Romans the time to organize an intervention; the Roman general Titus Manlius Torquatus, one of it original conquerors, is sent to Sardinia with an army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1337286145#Sardinia", "title": "215 BC", "revid": 1337286145, "section": "Events › By place › Sardinia"}}, {"year": -175, "year_label": "176 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Roman general, Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, subdues Sardinia, enslaving some of the population.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370483923#Roman_Republic", "title": "176 BC", "revid": 1370483923, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -76, "year_label": "77 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Lepidus, with some 21,000 troops, manages to escape to Sardinia. Soon afterwards he becomes ill and dies, his battered army, now under command by Marcus Perperna Vento, sails on to the Iberian Peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364740529#Roman_Republic", "title": "77 BC", "revid": 1364740529, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -39, "year_label": "40 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Sextus Pompey dispatches Menas with four legions and captures Sardinia, driving out Octavian's governor Marcus Lurius. He seizes the capital, Caralis and occupies Corsica. Sextus besieges Cosenza in Bruttium and Thurii in Lucania, ravaging the territory with his cavalry.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267076849#Roman_Republic", "title": "40 BC", "revid": 1267076849, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -31, "year_label": "32 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – The Roman Senate declares war upon Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII. Octavian Caesar is proclaimed dux and the West - Gallic and Spanish provinces, Africa, Sicily and Sardinia - swear an oath (sacramentum) of loyalty to him. In order to assure this oath, Octavian forces the high priest of the Vestal Virgins in Rome to hand over Antony's will, which contains information about the Roman-conquered territories as kingdoms and plans to build a tomb in Alexandria for him and Cleopatra.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325920749#Roman_Republic", "title": "32 BC", "revid": 1325920749, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 235, "year_label": "235 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 28", "text": "September 28 – Pope Pontian resigns, the first to abdicate, because he and Hippolytus, church leader of Rome, are exiled to the mines of Sardinia. Emperor Maximinus persecutes the Christians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371191982#Religion", "title": "235", "revid": 1371191982, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 306, "year_label": "306 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 28", "text": "October 28 – Maxentius, son of former Western Emperor Maximian, leads a revolt by the Praetorian Guard and members of the Senate in Rome, and is proclaimed Emperor. Southern Italy supports Maxentius, as do Africa, Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily. Maxentius recalls Maximian from retirement, who joins his son in Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330171617#Roman_Empire", "title": "306", "revid": 1330171617, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 468, "year_label": "468 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Anthemius sends a Roman expedition under command of Marcellinus. He expels the Vandals from Sicily and retakes Sardinia. The Eastern general Heraclius of Edessa lands with a force on the Libyan coast, east of Carthage, and advances from Tripolitania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360138410#Roman_Empire", "title": "468", "revid": 1360138410, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 476, "year_label": "476 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Winter – Zeno recognizes the full extent of the Vandal Kingdom, including all of western Africa, the Balearic Islands, Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily. King Gaiseric gives Sicily, with the exception of the city of Lilybaeum, to Odoacer in return for tribute.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355222972#Roman_Empire", "title": "476", "revid": 1355222972, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 526, "year_label": "526 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Amalasuintha rules the Ostrogothic Kingdom that extends throughout the Italian Peninsula, Dalmatia, Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754141#Europe", "title": "526", "revid": 1364754141, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 533, "year_label": "533 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Vandalic War: Anti-Vandal revolt in Tripolitania and Sardinia; Gelimer, king of the Vandals, dispatches the bulk of the Vandal fleet (120 ships and 5,000 men) under his brother Tzazo to Sardinia. Byzantine forces from Cyrenaica occupy Leptis Magna and Tripolis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340793764#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "533", "revid": 1340793764, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 550, "year_label": "550 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Totila plunders Sicily, after he subdues Corsica and Sardinia. He sends a Gothic fleet to raid the coasts of Greece.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340799644#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "550", "revid": 1340799644, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 724, "year_label": "724 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "A Muslim fleet raids the Byzantine-ruled Balearic Islands, as well as Byzantine Sardinia and Lombard Corsica.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808653#Arabian_Empire", "title": "724", "revid": 1340808653, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 740, "year_label": "740 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Sicily, Sardinia, Provence, and Greece are raided by a fleet of Arab Muslim ships sent by the governor of Ifriqya, the ones raiding South Western Europe are led by Habīb Ibn Abi ‘Ubayda Al-Fihrī, while the fleet raiding Greece is led by Mu’awiya ibn Hishām. All of them are successful, submitting the Islands and returning with much wealth from the spoils of war.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352534655#Europe", "title": "740", "revid": 1352534655, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 798, "year_label": "798 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "King Charles the Younger, a son of Charlemagne, conquers Corsica and Sardinia (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848766#Europe", "title": "798", "revid": 1340848766, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 849, "year_label": "849 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Battle of Ostia: A Saracen Arab fleet from Sardinia sets sail towards Rome. In response, Pope Leo IV forms a coalition of maritime Italian cities, including Naples, Amalfi and Gaeta, led by Admiral Caesar — which is assembled off the re-fortified port of Ostia — and repels the Saracen marauders. Their navy is scattered, resulting in many sunken vessels. Rome is saved from plunder and the expansion of the Aghlabids.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129155#Europe", "title": "849", "revid": 1341129155, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 935, "year_label": "935 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Fatimid caliph al-Qa'im dispatches a naval expedition under Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Tamimi to raid the coast of Provence and Liguria, sacking Genoa on 16 August and attacking Pisa. Ya'qub also raids Corsica and Sardinia before returning to Mahdia with some 8,000 prisoners.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468168#Europe", "title": "935", "revid": 1364468168, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1016, "year_label": "1016 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Pisan and the Genoese republics launch a naval offensive against the Muslim strongholds of Sardinia, in particular Porto Torres, and defeat the fleet of the taifa king of Dénia, Mujāhid al-ʿĀmirī.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365261531#Europe", "title": "1016", "revid": 1365261531, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1049, "year_label": "1049 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Republic of Pisa successfully completes the conquest of Sardinia, from the Andalusian occupiers. [Dubious claim; since Sardinia was already governed by the Giudici by this time]", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129777#Europe", "title": "1049", "revid": 1350129777, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1323, "year_label": "1323 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "April 11", "text": "April 11 – Hugh II, the self-styled King of Arborea", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332018212#April_–_June", "title": "1323", "revid": 1332018212, "section": "Events › April – June"}}, {"year": 1324, "year_label": "1324 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 29", "text": "February 29 – Battle of Lucocisterna: Aragonese forces led by Prince Alfonso defeat a Pisan army, which is disembarked near the area of Capoterra. During the battle, Alfonso loses some 150 knights. On the same day, a Pisan fleet (some 30 galleys) is defeated in the Gulf of Cagliari at Sardinia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1303312513#January_–_March", "title": "1324", "revid": 1303312513, "section": "Events › January – March"}}, {"year": 1388, "year_label": "1388 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 24", "text": "January 24 – Eleanor of Arborea, regent for her son Marianus V of the independent Judicate of Arborea, on the island of Sardinia, signs a peace agreement with the Crown of Aragon in Spain, ending a war between the two nations.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360557860#January–March", "title": "1388", "revid": 1360557860, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1391, "year_label": "1391 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 1", "text": "April 1 – Rebelling against the rule of King Martin of Sicily, the rebel Brancaleone Doria begins the takeover of the island of Sardinia by laying siege to the Castel di Cagliari.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365430899#April–June", "title": "1391", "revid": 1365430899, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1391, "year_label": "1391 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 16", "text": "August 16 – Brancaleone Doria takes control of Sassari and Osilo as he gains further power in Sardinia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365430899#July–September", "title": "1391", "revid": 1365430899, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1391, "year_label": "1391 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 3", "text": "October 3 – Brancaleone Doria captures Villa di Chiesa in Sardinia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365430899#October–December", "title": "1391", "revid": 1365430899, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1392, "year_label": "1392 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 3", "text": "February 3 – Brancaleone Doria, the conqueror of most of the island of Sardinia, announces that he has recovered most of the territories that had been captured by his challenger, Martin of Aragon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360558319#January–March", "title": "1392", "revid": 1360558319, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1392, "year_label": "1392 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 16", "text": "March 16 – A fleet from Sicily, commanded by King Martin of Aragon, arrives at Capo San Marco on the island of Sardinia and makes, an unsuccessful attempt to capture the Sardinian leader Brancaleone Doria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360558319#January–March", "title": "1392", "revid": 1360558319, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1409, "year_label": "1409 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 30", "text": "June 30 – The Battle of Sanluri is fought at Sardinia between the Kingdom of Sicily and the Judicate of Arborea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361998092#April–June", "title": "1409", "revid": 1361998092, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1540, "year_label": "1540 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 10", "text": "September 10 – Gibraltar is sacked by the fleet of Barbary pirate Ali Hamet, a Sardinian renegade in the service of the Ottoman Empire, and many of its leading citizens are taken as captives to Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera in Morocco. This leads to construction of the defensive Charles V Wall, at this time known as the Muralla de San Benito.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366494590#July–September", "title": "1540", "revid": 1366494590, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1616, "year_label": "1616 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "In Sardinia, the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery of the University of Sassari is founded.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366307823#Date_unknown", "title": "1616", "revid": 1366307823, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1624, "year_label": "1624 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 3", "text": "October 3 – A combined squadron of fifteen Neapolitan (Spain), Tuscan, and Papal galleys defeat a squadron of six Algerian ships on the island of San Pietro, near Sardinia. (details)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331350573#October–December", "title": "1624", "revid": 1331350573, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1664, "year_label": "1664 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "September 23", "text": "September 23 – The French Navy ship Tigre sinks off of the coast of the island of Sardinia, with the loss of 64 men. Another 58 of the crew are rescued.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372648278#July–September", "title": "1664", "revid": 1372648278, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1717, "year_label": "1717 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 22", "text": "August 22 – Spanish troops arrive on the island of Sardinia, at this time a part of the Holy Roman Empire, beginning the conquest of the island, completed by October 30.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366802832#July–September", "title": "1717", "revid": 1366802832, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1720, "year_label": "1720 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 20", "text": "May 20 – The Treaty of The Hague, signed between Spain and the Quadruple Alliance (Britain, France, the Netherlands and Austria) on February 17, goes into effect. Spain renounces its claims to the Italian possessions of the French throne, and Austria and the Duchy of Savoy trade Sicily for Sardinia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358044251#April–June", "title": "1720", "revid": 1358044251, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1743, "year_label": "1743 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 13", "text": "September 13 – The Treaty of Worms is signed between Great Britain, Austria and Sardinia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360887949#July–September", "title": "1743", "revid": 1360887949, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1744, "year_label": "1744 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 30", "text": "September 30 – Battle of Madonna dell'Olmo: France and Spain defeat the Kingdom of Sardinia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370823870#July–September", "title": "1744", "revid": 1370823870, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1793, "year_label": "1793 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "February 11", "text": "February 11 – French expedition to Sardinia (Expédition de Sardaigne): A French fleet under admiral Laurent Truguet debarks troops near Cagliari in Sardinia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358426983#January–June", "title": "1793", "revid": 1358426983, "section": "Events › January–June"}}, {"year": 1794, "year_label": "1794 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "April 28", "text": "April 28 – Sardinian Vespers: The people of Cagliari in Sardinia oust the viceroy and his Piedmontese functionaries.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362801189#April–June", "title": "1794", "revid": 1362801189, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1858, "year_label": "1858 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour goads Austria into attacking Sardinia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371625769#July–September", "title": "1858", "revid": 1371625769, "section": "Events › July–September"}}]}